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Garces P, Antoniades CA, Sobanska A, Kovacs N, Ying SH, Gupta AS, Perlman S, Szmulewicz DJ, Pane C, Németh AH, Jardim LB, Coarelli G, Dankova M, Traschütz A, Tarnutzer AA. Quantitative Oculomotor Assessment in Hereditary Ataxia: Systematic Review and Consensus by the Ataxia Global Initiative Working Group on Digital-motor Biomarkers. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:896-911. [PMID: 37117990 PMCID: PMC11102387 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Oculomotor deficits are common in hereditary ataxia, but disproportionally neglected in clinical ataxia scales and as outcome measures for interventional trials. Quantitative assessment of oculomotor function has become increasingly available and thus applicable in multicenter trials and offers the opportunity to capture severity and progression of oculomotor impairment in a sensitive and reliable manner. In this consensus paper of the Ataxia Global Initiative Working Group On Digital Oculomotor Biomarkers, based on a systematic literature review, we propose harmonized methodology and measurement parameters for the quantitative assessment of oculomotor function in natural-history studies and clinical trials in hereditary ataxia. MEDLINE was searched for articles reporting on oculomotor/vestibular properties in ataxia patients and a study-tailored quality-assessment was performed. One-hundred-and-seventeen articles reporting on subjects with genetically confirmed (n=1134) or suspected hereditary ataxia (n=198), and degenerative ataxias with sporadic presentation (n=480) were included and subject to data extraction. Based on robust discrimination from controls, correlation with disease-severity, sensitivity to change, and feasibility in international multicenter settings as prerequisite for clinical trials, we prioritize a core-set of five eye-movement types: (i) pursuit eye movements, (ii) saccadic eye movements, (iii) fixation, (iv) eccentric gaze holding, and (v) rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex. We provide detailed guidelines for their acquisition, and recommendations on the quantitative parameters to extract. Limitations include low study quality, heterogeneity in patient populations, and lack of longitudinal studies. Standardization of quantitative oculomotor assessments will facilitate their implementation, interpretation, and validation in clinical trials, and ultimately advance our understanding of the evolution of oculomotor network dysfunction in hereditary ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garces
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chrystalina A Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna Sobanska
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Norbert Kovacs
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sarah H Ying
- Department of Otology and Laryngology and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anoopum S Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Perlman
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David J Szmulewicz
- Balance Disorders and Ataxia Service, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Chiara Pane
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea H Németh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura B Jardim
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica/Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Neurogene National Reference Centre for Rare Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Dankova
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Research Division "Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases", Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander A Tarnutzer
- Neurology, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, 5404, Baden, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kammerer MK, Bott A, Strakeljahn F, Lincoln TM. Sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences: Examining the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a daytime nap study. Sleep Med 2024; 116:43-50. [PMID: 38422784 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Decreased sleep spindle activity in individuals with psychotic disorders is well studied, but its contribution to psychotic symptom formation is not well understood. This study explored potential underlying mechanisms explaining the association between decreased sleep spindle activity and psychotic symptoms. To this end, we analysed the links between sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences and probed for the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a community sample of young adults (N = 70; 26.33 ± 4.84 years). Polysomnography was recorded during a 90-min daytime nap and duration, amplitude, and density from slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) spindles were extracted. Attentional performance was assessed via a test battery and with an antisaccadic eye movement task. Psychotic experiences (i.e., paranoid thoughts; hallucinatory experiences) and perceptual distortions (i.e., anomalous perceptions; sensory gating deficits) were assessed via self-report questionnaires. We conducted sequential mediation analyses with spindle activity as predictor, psychotic experiences as dependent variable, and attentional performance and perceptual distortions as mediators. We found reduced right central spindle amplitude to be associated with paranoid thoughts. Increased antisaccadic error rate was associated with anomalous perceptions and perceptual distortions were associated with psychotic experiences. We did not find significant mediation effects. The findings support the notion that reduced sleep spindle activity is involved in the formation of paranoid thoughts and that decreased antisaccadic performance is indicative of perceptual distortions as potential precursors for psychotic experiences. However, further research is needed to corroborate the proposed mediation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K Kammerer
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonia Bott
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Strakeljahn
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Li D, Butala AA, Moro-Velazquez L, Meyer T, Oh ES, Motley C, Villalba J, Dehak N. Automating the analysis of eye movement for different neurodegenerative disorders. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:107951. [PMID: 38219646 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The clinical observation and assessment of extra-ocular movements is common practice in assessing neurodegenerative disorders but remains observer-dependent. In the present study, we propose an algorithm that can automatically identify saccades, fixation, smooth pursuit, and blinks using a non-invasive eye tracker. Subsequently, response-to-stimuli-derived interpretable features were elicited that objectively and quantitatively assess patient behaviors. The cohort analysis encompasses persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease mimics (PDM), and controls (CTRL). Overall, results suggested that the AD/MCI and PD groups had significantly different saccade and pursuit characteristics compared to CTRL when the target moved faster or covered a larger visual angle during smooth pursuit. These two groups also displayed more omitted antisaccades and longer average antisaccade latency than CTRL. When reading a text passage silently, people with AD/MCI had more fixations. During visual exploration, people with PD demonstrated a more variable saccade duration than other groups. In the prosaccade task, the PD group showed a significantly smaller average hypometria gain and accuracy, with the most statistical significance and highest AUC scores of features studied. The minimum saccade gain was a PD-specific feature different from CTRL and PDM. These features, as oculographic biomarkers, can be potentially leveraged in distinguishing different types of NDs, yielding more objective and precise protocols to diagnose and monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA.
| | - Ankur A Butala
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Laureano Moro-Velazquez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Meyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Chelsey Motley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Jesús Villalba
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Najim Dehak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
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Cvancara DJ, Wood HA, Aboueisha M, Marshall TB, Kao TC, Phillips JO, Humphreys IM, Abuzeid WM, Lehmann AE, Kojima Y, Jafari A. Cognition and saccadic eye movement performance are impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024. [PMID: 38268115 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can experience cognitive dysfunction. The literature on this topic mostly reflects patient-reported measurements. Our goal was to assess cognitive function in patients with CRS using objective measures, including saccadic eye movements-a behavioral response reflecting cognitive and sensory information integration that is often compromised in conditions with impaired cognition. METHODS Participants (N = 24 with CRS, N = 23 non-CRS healthy controls) enrolled from rhinology clinic underwent sinonasal evaluation, quality of life assessment (Sino-nasal Outcome Test 22 [SNOT-22]), and cognitive assessment with the Neuro-QOL Cognitive Function-Short Form, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and recording of eye movements using video-oculography. RESULTS Participants with CRS were more likely to report cognitive dysfunction (Neuro-QOL; 45.8% vs. 8.7%; p = 0.005) and demonstrate mild or greater cognitive impairment (MoCA; 41.7% vs. 8.7%; p = 0.005) than controls. Additionally, participants with CRS performed worse on the MoCA overall and within the executive functioning and memory domains (all p < 0.05) and on the anti-saccade (p = 0.014) and delay saccade (p = 0.044) eye movement tasks. Poorer performance on the MoCA (r = -0.422; p = 0.003) and the anti-saccade (r = -0.347; p = 0.017) and delay saccade (r = -0.419; p = 0.004) eye movement tasks correlated with worse CRS severity according to SNOT-22 scores. CONCLUSION This study is the first to utilize objective eye movement assessments in addition to researcher-administered cognitive testing in patients with CRS. These patients demonstrated a high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction, most notably within executive functioning and memory domains, with the degree of dysfunction correlating with the severity of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Cvancara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A Wood
- Department of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mohamed Aboueisha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Thomas B Marshall
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Tzu-Cheg Kao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James O Phillips
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian M Humphreys
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Waleed M Abuzeid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashton E Lehmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoshiko Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aria Jafari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Antoniades CA, Spering M. Eye movements in Parkinson's disease: from neurophysiological mechanisms to diagnostic tools. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:71-83. [PMID: 38042680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) impact oculomotor function - the ability to move the eyes accurately and purposefully to serve a multitude of sensory, cognitive, and secondary motor tasks. Decades of neurophysiological research in monkeys and behavioral studies in humans have characterized the neural basis of healthy oculomotor control. This review links eye movement abnormalities in persons living with PD to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and pathways. Building on this foundation, we highlight recent progress in using eye movements to gauge symptom severity, assess treatment effects, and serve as potential precision biomarkers. We conclude that whereas eye movements provide insights into PD mechanisms, based on current evidence they appear to lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to serve as a standalone diagnostic tool. Their full potential may be realized when combined with other disease indicators in big datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalina A Antoniades
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Hildebrand AS, Breuer F, Leehr EJ, Finke JB, Bucher L, Klucken T, Dannlowski U, Roesmann K. Inhibitory control and its modification in spider phobia - Study protocol for an antisaccade training trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292471. [PMID: 38113211 PMCID: PMC10729957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibitory control deficits are considered a key pathogenic factor in anxiety disorders. To assess inhibitory control, the antisaccade task is a well-established measure that assesses antisaccade performance via latencies and error rates. The present study follows three aims: (1) to investigate inhibitory control via antisaccade latencies and errors in an antisaccade task, and their associations with multiple measures of fear in patients with spider phobia (SP) versus healthy controls (HC), (2) to investigate the modifiability of antisaccade performance via a fear-specific antisaccade training in patients with SP and HC, and (3) to explore associations between putative training-induced changes in antisaccade performance in SPs and changes in diverse measures of fear. METHODS Towards aim 1, we assess antisaccade latencies (primary outcome) and error rates (secondary outcome) in an emotional antisaccade task. Further, the baseline assessment includes assessments of psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric indices of fear in patients with SP and HCs. To address aim 2, we compare effects of a fear-specific antisaccade training with effects of a prosaccade training as a control condition. The primary and secondary outcomes are reassessed at a post-1-assessment in both SPs and HCs. Aim 3 employs a cross-over design and is piloted in patients with SP, only. Towards this aim, primary and secondary outcomes, as well as psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric measures of fear are reassessed at a post-2-assessment after the second training block. CONCLUSION This study aims to better understand inhibitory control processes and their modifiability in spider phobia. If successful, antisaccade training may assist in the treatment of specific phobia by directly targeting the putative underlying inhibitory control deficits. This study has been preregistered with ISRCTN (ID: ISRCTN12918583) on 28th February 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Hildebrand
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Fabian Breuer
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Johannes B. Finke
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Leandra Bucher
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kati Roesmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Demian D, Petrak M, Zielinski G, Massingale S, Alexander A, Fuemmeler L, Lin CC. Clinical Saccadometry: Establishing Evaluative Standards Using a Simplified Video Oculography Protocol in the Adult Population. J Am Acad Audiol 2023. [PMID: 37989200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadometry is an advanced ocular motor test battery that allows for the functional evaluation of the varied brain regions and circuits involved in the generation of fast, purposeful, and accurate saccadic eye movements. The test battery is composed of prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tests that progressively increase cognitive demand. Existing saccadometry protocols qualitatively describe trends across the lifespan, but have not been widely adopted by clinicians. PURPOSE The aims of this study are to design an efficient and simplified clinical saccadometry protocol using video oculography (VOG) equipment and establish associated evaluative standards across the lifespan. STUDY SAMPLE Data were reported on 273 adults ages 18 to 69 years. RESULTS Evaluative data on four measures: directional error rate (DE), latency (Lat), peak velocity (Vel), and accuracy (Acc) during PS and AS measurements were provided. Age-group differences were found in Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p = 0.04) during PS and age-group differences were found in DE (p = 0.04), Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p < 0.01) during AS. Gender differences were found in DE (p = 0.01) and Lat (p < 0.01) during AS. CONCLUSIONS This study established a standardized and time-efficient protocol with evaluative standards for individuals ages 18 to 69 years old to enable the use of saccadometry as an objective measure in the clinic. Saccadometry allows clinicians to look beyond the traditional saccade test and evaluate complex oculomotor and cognitive functions that will better help clinicians differentiate between peripheral and central diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Demian
- Venn Med, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Michelle Petrak
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Speech and Hearing, Arlington Heights, Illinois
| | - Glen Zielinski
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Functional Neurology, Lake Oswego, Oregon
| | - Shelly Massingale
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amy Alexander
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Liz Fuemmeler
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Hearing and Balance Specialists of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Krasovskaya S, Kristjánsson Á, MacInnes WJ. Microsaccade rate activity during the preparation of pro- and antisaccades. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2257-2276. [PMID: 37258896 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsaccades belong to the category of fixational micromovements and may be crucial for image stability on the retina. Eye movement paradigms typically require fixational control, but this does not eliminate all oculomotor activity. The antisaccade task requires a planned eye movement in the direction opposite of an onset, allowing separation of planning and execution. We build on previous studies of microsaccades in the antisaccade task using a combination of fixed and mixed pro- and antisaccade blocks. We hypothesized that microsaccade rates may be reduced prior to the execution of antisaccades as compared with regular saccades (prosaccades). In two experiments, we measured microsaccades in four conditions across three trial blocks: one block each of fixed prosaccade and antisaccade trials, and a mixed block where both saccade types were randomized. We anticipated that microsaccade rates would be higher prior to antisaccades than prosaccades due to the need to preemptively suppress reflexive saccades during antisaccade generation. In Experiment 1, with monocular eye tracking, there was an interaction between the effects of saccade and block type on microsaccade rates, suggesting lower rates on antisaccade trials, but only within mixed blocks. In Experiment 2, eye tracking was binocular, revealing suppressed microsaccade rates on antisaccade trials. A cluster permutation analysis of the microsaccade rate over the course of a trial did not reveal any particular critical time for this difference in microsaccade rates. Our findings suggest that microsaccade rates reflect the degree of suppression of the oculomotor system during the antisaccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Krasovskaya
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nýi Garður, Sæmundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nýi Garður, Sæmundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - W Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Calvo Córdoba A, García Cena CE, Montoliu C. Automatic Video-Oculography System for Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Using Machine Learning Tools. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8073. [PMID: 37836903 PMCID: PMC10575013 DOI: 10.3390/s23198073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an automatic gaze-tracker system to assist in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy by analyzing eye movements with machine learning tools. To record eye movements, we used video-oculography technology and developed automatic feature-extraction software as well as a machine learning algorithm to assist clinicians in the diagnosis. In order to validate the procedure, we selected a sample (n=47) of cirrhotic patients. Approximately half of them were diagnosed with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), a common neurological impairment in patients with liver disease. By using the actual gold standard, the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score battery, PHES, patients were classified into two groups: cirrhotic patients with MHE and those without MHE. Eye movement tests were carried out on all participants. Using classical statistical concepts, we analyzed the significance of 150 eye movement features, and the most relevant (p-values ≤ 0.05) were selected for training machine learning algorithms. To summarize, while the PHES battery is a time-consuming exploration (between 25-40 min per patient), requiring expert training and not amenable to longitudinal analysis, the automatic video oculography is a simple test that takes between 7 and 10 min per patient and has a sensitivity and a specificity of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Calvo Córdoba
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Center for Automation and Robotics, UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal St., 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia E. García Cena
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Center for Automation and Robotics, UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia, 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Francino G, Álvarez J, Pastén-Hidalgo W, Moreno-Reyes P, Jiménez S, Herrera N, Moraga D. [Effects of postural control upon anti-saccade error rate in older people]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2023; 58:101405. [PMID: 37666070 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2023.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-saccadic (AS) error-rate is used to diagnose neurological disorders. The natural aging process could generate difficulty in carrying out parallel neural processes of conscious motor inhibition and eye movement. Therefore, if balance control is imposed on an elderly person in biped positions during an AS movement, an increase in the AS error-rate is expected. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of postural control on the AS error-rate in older people. METHODS An intra and intergroup comparison was made of AS error-rate in an experimental group of older people (PM) and another control group of young people (PJ). For this, blocks of AS and pro-saccadic movements (control) were used randomly in four different postures: (1)sitting (SENT), (2)standing normally (NORMAL), (3)feet together (REDUC), and (4)feet in line (TANDEM). RESULTS The PM group, compared to the PJ group, showed a progressive increase in the AS error-rate from the sitting position to all standing positions, with the maximum AS error-rate in more complex vertical postures. In contrast, the PJ group did not present significative variability of this AS error-rate in all positions. CONCLUSIONS It is confirmed that the aging process is associated with an increase in the AS error-rate. This study reveals for the first time a significant increase in the AS error-rate when control of body balance is required for PM, implying a decrease in the multiple processing capacity in PM for the execution of complex and parallel tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Francino
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Álvarez
- Carrera de Kinesiología y Rehabilitación, Departamento de Kinesiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Wilson Pastén-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Paula Moreno-Reyes
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Sergio Jiménez
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Natalia Herrera
- Carrera de Enfermería, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Daniel Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
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11
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Jonikaitis D, Zhu S. Action space restructures visual working memory in prefrontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.13.553135. [PMID: 37645942 PMCID: PMC10462047 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Visual working memory enables flexible behavior by decoupling sensory stimuli from behavioral actions. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the storage component of working memory, the role of future actions in shaping working memory remains unknown. To answer this question, we used two working memory tasks that allowed the dissociation of sensory and action components of working memory. We measured behavioral performance and neuronal activity in the macaque prefrontal cortex area, frontal eye fields. We show that the action space reshapes working memory, as evidenced by distinct patterns of memory tuning and attentional orienting between the two tasks. Notably, neuronal activity during the working memory period predicted future behavior and exhibited mixed selectivity in relation to the sensory space but linear selectivity relative to the action space. This linear selectivity was achieved through the rapid transformation from sensory to action space and was subsequently maintained as a stable cross-temporal population activity pattern. Combined, we provide direct physiological evidence of the action-oriented nature of frontal eye field neurons during memory tasks and demonstrate that the anticipation of behavioral outcomes plays a significant role in transforming and maintaining the contents of visual working memory.
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12
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Edelman JA, Ahles TA, Prashad N, Fernbach M, Li Y, Melara RD, Root JC. The effect of visual target presence and age on antisaccade performance. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:307-319. [PMID: 36576265 PMCID: PMC9886357 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00186.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisaccade and prosaccade (PS) performance were studied in a large cohort of females (age range 42-74 yr). Antisaccade performance was assessed in two variants of the task, a "traditional" antisaccade (TA) task, in which no visual stimuli were present at the saccade goal, and a visually guided antisaccade (VGA) task, in which small visual stimuli were present at the possible saccade goals prior to the imperative visual stimulus. Directional error frequency was similar in the two antisaccade tasks. However, reaction time (RT) was ∼33 ms longer in the VGA task than in the TA task. Across participants, the average saccade amplitudes of prosaccades and TAs were both correlated with those of VGAs but not with each other. TAs had a hypermetria that increased with age. Saccade amplitude variability was much higher for TAs than for PSs and VGAs. Saccade polar angle variability was low for all three tasks. Age diminished performance with modest task dependence, except for an increase in TA hypermetria. These results suggest that the generation of antisaccade directional errors does not depend on visual target presence at the saccade goal, that antisaccade RT can be affected by target presence, that age can increase saccade hypermetria in the absence of visual guidance, and that visually guided antisaccades are governed by distinct voluntary and visually guided saccade mechanisms. Moreover, these results suggest that an understanding of human motor performance benefits from the use of a participant pool with a larger age range than that used in most studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study uses a visually guided antisaccade (VGA) task to determine whether poor performance in a large middle-aged participant pool on an antisaccade task results from problems with executive control or voluntary saccade generation. Spatial and temporal attributes of saccade performance as a function of task and age are analyzed comprehensively. Correlational analysis is used to determine how VGAs are governed jointly by voluntary and visually guided movement mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Edelman
- Department of Biology, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
- Doctoral Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Tim A Ahles
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neelam Prashad
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Yuelin Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert D Melara
- Doctoral Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Psychology, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - James C Root
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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13
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Šašinka Č, Lacko D, Čeněk J, Popelka S, Ugwitz P, Řádová H, Fabianová M, Šašinková A, Brančík J, Jankovská M. ImGo: A Novel Tool for Behavioral Impulsivity Assessment Based on Go/NoGo Tasks. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:434-476. [PMID: 34424085 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript aims to present a novel behavioral impulsivity test ImGo, which is suitable for impulsivity assessment in the general population. A series of three studies was conducted to validate its psychometric qualities. In Study 1 we describe the principles of ImGo and verify its test-retest and split-half reliability and its convergent validity with an impulsivity self-report scale and Stop Signal test. In Study 2 we re-analyze the convergent validity of ImGo with a Stop Signal test and examine the potential relationship between ImGo and oculomotor inhibition measured by an Anti-Saccades test. In Study 3 we present a robust research with a large sample size and investigate the discriminant validity of ImGo with tests of other related cognitive and executive processes. Backed by our findings from these studies we can safely claim ImGo is a powerful tool with a good level of reliability (both test-retest and split-half) and validity (convergent and discriminant). Its potential lies in its use in diagnostic and research practice of experts from various countries as the test has already been translated to 9 languages so far. The open-source Hypothesis platform, on which the ImGo test is running, provides the option of both individual and group testing in laboratory conditions as well as remotely through an internet browser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Č Šašinka
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - D Lacko
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; HUME Lab - Experimental Humanities Laboratory, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - J Čeněk
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - S Popelka
- Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - P Ugwitz
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - H Řádová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - M Fabianová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - A Šašinková
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - J Brančík
- Military Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - M Jankovská
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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14
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Holmqvist K, Örbom SL, Hooge ITC, Niehorster DC, Alexander RG, Andersson R, Benjamins JS, Blignaut P, Brouwer AM, Chuang LL, Dalrymple KA, Drieghe D, Dunn MJ, Ettinger U, Fiedler S, Foulsham T, van der Geest JN, Hansen DW, Hutton SB, Kasneci E, Kingstone A, Knox PC, Kok EM, Lee H, Lee JY, Leppänen JM, Macknik S, Majaranta P, Martinez-Conde S, Nuthmann A, Nyström M, Orquin JL, Otero-Millan J, Park SY, Popelka S, Proudlock F, Renkewitz F, Roorda A, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Sharif B, Shic F, Shovman M, Thomas MG, Venrooij W, Zemblys R, Hessels RS. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:364-416. [PMID: 35384605 PMCID: PMC9535040 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Holmqvist
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- Department of Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Saga Lee Örbom
- Department of Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ignace T C Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick C Niehorster
- Lund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert G Alexander
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Blignaut
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Lewis L Chuang
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Denis Drieghe
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matt J Dunn
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Foulsham
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | | | - Dan Witzner Hansen
- Machine Learning Group, Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Enkelejda Kasneci
- Human-Computer Interaction, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Paul C Knox
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ellen M Kok
- Department of Education and Pedagogy, Division Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Online Learning and Instruction, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Lee
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joy Yeonjoo Lee
- School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jukka M Leppänen
- Department of Psychology and Speed-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen Macknik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Päivi Majaranta
- TAUCHI Research Center, Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Antje Nuthmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Nyström
- Lund University Humanities Lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob L Orquin
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Research in Marketing and Consumer Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jorge Otero-Millan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Soon Young Park
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Popelka
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Proudlock
- The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Frank Renkewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Bonita Sharif
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of General Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Shovman
- Eyeviation Systems, Herzliya, Israel
- Department of Industrial Design, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mervyn G Thomas
- The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ward Venrooij
- Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roy S Hessels
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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EyeT4Empathy: Dataset of foraging for visual information, gaze typing and empathy assessment. Sci Data 2022; 9:752. [PMID: 36463232 PMCID: PMC9719458 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset of eye-movement recordings collected from 60 participants, along with their empathy levels, towards people with movement impairments. During each round of gaze recording, participants were divided into two groups, each one completing one task. One group performed a task of free exploration of structureless images, and a second group performed a task consisting of gaze typing, i.e. writing sentences using eye-gaze movements on a card board. The eye-tracking data recorded from both tasks is stored in two datasets, which, besides gaze position, also include pupil diameter measurements. The empathy levels of participants towards non-verbal movement-impaired people were assessed twice through a questionnaire, before and after each task. The questionnaire is composed of forty questions, extending a established questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Finally, our dataset presents an opportunity for analysing and evaluating, among other, the statistical features of eye-gaze trajectories in free-viewing as well as how empathy is reflected in eye features.
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16
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Chamorro Y, Betz LT, Philipsen A, Kambeitz J, Ettinger U. The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1090-1102. [PMID: 34052459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in oculomotor inhibition have been proposed as a potential biomarker of the disorder. The present meta-analysis summarizes the effects reported in studies comparing oculomotor inhibition in ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Inhibitory outcomes were derived from oculomotor experimental paradigms including the antisaccade (AS), memory-guided saccade, and prolonged fixation tasks. Temporal and spatial measures were also extracted from these tasks and from visually guided saccade tasks as secondary outcomes. Data were available from k = 31 studies (N = 1567 participants). Summary effect sizes were computed using random-effects models and a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. RESULTS Among inhibitory outcomes, direction errors in AS, after correcting for publication bias, showed a moderate effect and large between-study heterogeneity (k = 18, n = 739, g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.27, 0.88], I2= 74%); anticipatory saccades in memory-guided saccade showed a large effect and low heterogeneity (k = 11, n = 487; g = 0.86, 95% CI [0.64, 1.08], I2 = 17.7%); and saccades during prolonged fixation evidenced large effect size and heterogeneity (k = 6, n = 325 g = 1.11, 95% CI [0.56, 1.65], I2 = 79.1%) partially related to age. Among secondary outcomes, saccadic reaction time in AS (k = 22, n = 932, g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06, 0.63], I2 = 53.12%) and coefficient of variability in visually guided saccade (k = 5, n = 282, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.28, 0.78], I2 = 0.01%) indicated significant effects with small to moderate effects sizes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD groups commit more oculomotor inhibition failures than control groups. The substantial effects support the conclusion that oculomotor disinhibition is a relevant ADHD-related mechanism. Moderate effects observed in saccadic reaction time variability suggest that fluctuant performance in oculomotor tasks is another relevant characteristic of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Chamorro
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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17
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Park TY, Jeong JH, Chung YA, Yeo SH, Kim H. Application of subject-specific helmets for the study of human visuomotor behavior using transcranial focused ultrasound: a pilot study. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 226:107127. [PMID: 36126434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE As a novel non-invasive human brain stimulation method, transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is receiving growing attention due to its superior spatial specificity and depth penetrability. Since the focal point of tFUS needs to be fixated precisely to the target brain region during stimulation, a critical issue is to identify and maintain the accurate position and orientation of the tFUS transducer relative to the subject's head. This study aims to propose the entire framework of tFUS stimulation integrating the methods previously proposed by the authors for tFUS transducer configuration optimization and a subject-specific 3D-printed helmet, and to validate this complete setup in a human behavioral neuromodulation study. METHODS To find the optimal configuration of the tFUS transducer, a numerical method based on subject-specific tFUS beamlines simulation was used. Then, the subject-specific 3D-printed helmet has been applied to effectively secure the transducer at the estimated optimal configuration. To validate this tFUS framework, a common behavioral neuromodulation paradigm was chosen; the effect of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation on anti-saccade (AS) behavior. While human participants (n=2) were performing AS tasks, tFUS stimulations were randomly applied to the left DLPFC right after the fixation target disappeared. RESULTS The neuromodulation result strongly suggests that the cortical stimulation using the proposed tFUS setup is effective in significantly reducing the error rates of anti-saccades (about -10 %p for S1 and -16 %p for S2), whereas no significant effect was observed on their latencies. These observed behavioral effects are consistent with the previous results based on conventional brain stimulation or lesion studies. CONCLUSIONS The proposed subject-specific tFUS framework has been effectively used in human neuromodulation study. The result suggests that the tFUS stimulation targeted to the DLPFC can generate a neuromodulatory effect on AS behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Park
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeok Jeong
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong An Chung
- Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Yeo
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Imaoka Y, Flury A, Hauri L, de Bruin ED. Effects of different virtual reality technology driven dual-tasking paradigms on posture and saccadic eye movements in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18059. [PMID: 36302813 PMCID: PMC9613688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural sway and eye movements are potential biomarkers for dementia screening. Assessing the two movements comprehensively could improve the understanding of complicated syndrome for more accurate screening. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of comprehensive assessment in healthy older adults (OA), using a novel concurrent comprehensive assessment system consisting of stabilometer and virtual reality headset. 20 healthy OA (70.4 ± 4.9 years) were recruited. Using a cross-sectional study design, this study investigated the effects of various dual-tasking paradigms with integrated tasks of visuospatial memory (VM), spatial orientation (SO), and visual challenge on posture and saccades. Dual-task paradigms with VM and SO affected the saccadic eye movements significantly. Two highly intensive tests of anti-saccade with VM task and pro-saccade with SO task also influenced postural sway significantly. Strong associations were seen between postural sway and eye movements for the conditions where the two movements theoretically shared common neural pathways in the brain, and vice versa. This study suggests that assessing posture and saccades with the integrated tasks comprehensively and simultaneously could be useful to explain different functions of the brain. The results warrant a cross-sectional study in OA with and without dementia to explore differences between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Imaoka
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Flury
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hauri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.510272.3School of Health Professions, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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19
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Carbone F, Zamarian L, Rass V, Bair S, Ritter M, Beer R, Mahlknecht P, Heim B, Limmert V, Peball M, Ellmerer P, Schiefecker AJ, Kofler M, Lindner A, Pfausler B, Putnina L, Kindl P, Löffler-Ragg J, Kiechl S, Seppi K, Djamshidian A, Helbok R. Cognitive dysfunction 1 year after COVID-19: evidence from eye tracking. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1826-1831. [PMID: 36264758 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests persistent cognitive dysfunction after COVID-19. In this cross-sectional study, frontal lobe function was assessed 12 months after the acute phase of the disease, using tailored eye tracking assessments. Individuals who recovered from COVID-19 made significantly more errors in all eye tracking tasks compared to age/sex-matched healthy controls. Furthermore, patients who were treated as inpatients performed worse compared to outpatients and controls. Our results show impaired inhibitory cortical control in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. The association between disease severity and its sequelae may contribute to a better understanding of post-COVID-19 cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Zamarian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Rass
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Bair
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation Group, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrice Heim
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Limmert
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina Peball
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Mario Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Lindner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lauma Putnina
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Kindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Dann KM, Veldre A, Hay P, Touyz S, Andrews S. Assessing cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa using eye tracking: A registered report. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1411-1417. [PMID: 35841161 PMCID: PMC9796072 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive flexibility research in anorexia nervosa (AN) has primarily focused on group differences between clinical and control participants, but research in the general population utilizing the mixed pro- anti-saccade flexibility task has demonstrated individual differences in trait anxiety are a determinant of switching performance, and switching impairments are more pronounced for keypress than saccadic (eye-movement) responses. The aim of the current research is to explore trait anxiety and differences in saccadic and keypress responding as potential determinants of performance on flexibility tasks in AN. METHOD We will compare performance on the mixed pro- anti-saccade paradigm between female adult participants with a current diagnosis of AN and matched control participants, observing both saccadic and keypress responses while controlling for trait anxiety (State - Trait Anxiety Inventory) and spatial working memory (Corsi Block Tapping Test). Associations with eating disorder-related symptoms (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire), flexibility in everyday life (Eating Disorder Flexibility Index), and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire will also be assessed. RESULTS Data which controls for individual differences in trait anxiety and assesses flexibility at both the task- and response-set level may be used to more accurately understand differences in performance on cognitive flexibility tasks by participants with AN. DISCUSSION Clarifying the effects of trait anxiety on flexibility, and differences between task- and response-set switching may advance our understanding of how cognitive flexibility relates to flexibility in everyday life and improve translation to therapeutic approaches. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This research will compare performance on a flexibility task between participants with anorexia nervosa (AN) and controls while observing their eye-movements to examine whether trait anxiety and type of response (eye-movement and keypress) are associated with performance. This data may improve our understanding of why participants with AN perform more poorly on cognitive flexibility tasks, and how poor cognitive flexibility relates to eating disorder-related issues with flexibility in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Dann
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Aaron Veldre
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of MedicineWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Stephen Touyz
- InsideOut InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Sally Andrews
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
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21
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Helmchen C, Machner B, Schwenke H, Sprenger A. Bilateral lesion of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus: Effects on smooth pursuit acceleration and non-reflexive visually-guided saccades. Front Neurol 2022; 13:883213. [PMID: 36203994 PMCID: PMC9530709 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.883213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background“Central dizziness” due to acute bilateral midline cerebellar disease sparing the posterior vermis has specific oculomotor signs. The oculomotor region of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FOR) crucially controls the accuracy of horizontal visually-guided saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements. Bilateral FOR lesions elicit bilateral saccade hypermetria with preserved pursuit. It is unknown whether the initial acceleration of smooth pursuit is impaired in patients with bilateral FOR lesions.ObjectiveWe studied the effect of a cerebellar lesion affecting the deep cerebellar nuclei on the initial horizontal pursuit acceleration and investigated whether saccade dysmetria also affects other types of volitional saccades, i.e., memory-guided saccades and anti-saccades, which are not performed in immediate response to the visual target.MethodsWe recorded eye movements during a sinusoidal and step-ramp target motion paradigm as well as visually-guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and anti-saccades in one patient with a circumscribed cerebellar hemorrhage and 18 healthy control subjects using a video-based eye tracker.ResultsThe lesion comprised the FOR bilaterally but spared the posterior vermis. The initial pursuit acceleration was low but not significantly different from the healthy control subjects and sinusoidal pursuit was normal. Bilateral saccade hypermetria was not only seen with visually-guided saccades but also with anti-saccades and memory-guided saccades. The final eye position remained accurate.ConclusionWe provide new insights into the contribution of the bilateral deep cerebellar nuclei on the initial acceleration of human smooth pursuit in midline cerebellar lesions. In line with experimental bilateral FOR lesion data in non-human primates, the initial pursuit acceleration in our patient was not significantly reduced, in contrast to the effects of unilateral experimental FOR lesions. Working memory and neural representation of target locations seem to remain unimpaired. Our data argue against an impaired common command feeding the circuits controlling saccadic and pursuit eye movements and support the hypothesis of independent influences on the neural processes generating both types of eye movements in the deep cerebellar nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Helmchen
| | - Björn Machner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannes Schwenke
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Bredemeyer O, Patel S, FitzGerald JJ, Antoniades CA. Oculomotor deficits in Parkinson's disease: Increasing sensitivity using multivariate approaches. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:939677. [PMID: 35990016 PMCID: PMC9387998 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.939677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects several domains of neurological function, from lower-level motor programs to higher cognitive processing. As certain types of eye movements (saccades) are fast, non-fatiguing, and can be measured objectively and non-invasively, they are a promising candidate for quantifying motor and cognitive dysfunction in PD, as well as other movement disorders. In this pilot study, we evaluate the latency (reaction time), damping (resistance to oscillation), and amplitude of saccadic movements in two tasks performed by 25 PD patients with mild to moderate disease and 26 age-matched healthy controls. As well as general increases in reaction time caused by PD, the damping of saccadic eye movements was found to be task-dependent and affected by disease. Finally, we introduce a proof-of-concept multivariate model to demonstrate how information from saccadometry can be combined to infer disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bredemeyer
- NeuroMetrology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Salil Patel
- NeuroMetrology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James J FitzGerald
- NeuroMetrology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chrystalina A Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Snegireva N, Derman W, Patricios J, Welman KE. Blink duration is increased in concussed youth athletes: a validity study using eye tracking in male youth and adult athletes of selected contact sports. Physiol Meas 2022; 43. [PMID: 35709708 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnosing a sports-related concussion (SRC) remains challenging, and research into diagnostic tools is limited. This study investigated whether selected eye tracking variables would be a valid tool to diagnose and monitor SRC in adult and youth participants in selected contact sports, such as Rugby Union (rugby) and football (soccer). METHODS This prospective cohort study, with 70 concussed and 92 non-concussed adult and youth athletes, assessed the validity of five previously selected eye tracking variables for SRC diagnostics and management. The performance between concussed and age-matched control (non-concussed) athletes, as well as between three successive testing sessions in the concussed athletes were compared. Self-paced saccade count in adult group; blink duration in the memory-guided saccade and sinusoidal smooth pursuit tasks, proportion of antisaccade errors, and gain of diagonal smooth pursuit in the youth group were assessed. RESULTS The youth concussed group had higher blink duration in the fast memory-guided saccades task (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.17) and a tendency for higher blink duration in the sinusoidal smooth pursuit task (p = 0.016, η2 = 0.06) compared to the youth control group. In both tasks the blink duration in the concussed youth group decreased from session 1 to session 2 by 24% and 18%, accordingly, although statistical significance was not reached. The concussed adult group demonstrated a lower number of self-paced saccades compared to controls (p = 0.05, η2 = 0.09), which gradually increased, with the largest difference between session 1 and session 3 (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Blink duration in youth athletes holds promise as a valid metric for concussion diagnostics and monitoring. It is recommended to focus future studies on comparing eye tracking performance within the same concussed athletes over time rather than comparing them to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Snegireva
- Sports Science, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Suidwal Road, Coetzenburg, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7601, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7505, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Jon Patricios
- Wits Institute for Sport and Health, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, 27 St Andrews Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Karen Estelle Welman
- Sports Science, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Suidwal Road, Coetzenburg, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7601, SOUTH AFRICA
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McDonald MA, Holdsworth SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers. J Eye Mov Res 2022; 15:10.16910/jemr.15.2.4. [PMID: 36439911 PMCID: PMC9682364 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, or concussion), results from direct and indirect trauma to the head (i.e. a closed injury of transmitted forces), with or without loss of consciousness. The current method of diagnosis is largely based on symptom assessment and clinical history. There is an urgent need to identify an objective biomarker which can not only detect injury, but inform prognosis and recovery. Ocular motor impairment is argued to be ubiquitous across mTBI subtypes and may serve as a valuable clinical biomarker with the recent advent of more affordable and portable eye tracking technology. Many groups have positively correlated the degree of ocular motor impairment to symptom severity with a minority attempting to validate these findings with diffusion tract imaging and functional MRI. However, numerous methodological issues limit the interpretation of results, preventing any singular ocular biomarker from prevailing. This review will comprehensively describe the anatomical susceptibility, clinical measurement, and current eye tracking literature surrounding saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence, pupillary light reflex, and accommodation in mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Cardiovascular reactivity during sadness induction predicts inhibitory control performance. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113869. [PMID: 35691588 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher negative affectivity has an association with decreased executive function and cognitive control. Heart rate variability (HRV) serves as an index of cardiac vagal regulation differences in the autonomic nervous system for both cognition and emotion. The current study investigates this association using a classic as well as emotional antisaccade paradigm to study inhibitory control performance. Ninety participants completed affective questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Mood Scale), a 6-minute baseline electrocardiogram, and two different antisaccade tasks. After the baseline, subjects were presented with a video sequence with either neutral, sad, or emotionally arousing content. By subtracting the baseline from the video sequence, we computed HRV reactivity and tested whether the reactivity score could predict inhibitory control performance. We hypothesized that this would be the case in both the sadness and arousal group, but not in the neutral one. Furthermore, we awaited significant performance differences between experimental groups. Contrary to our assumption, inhibitory control performance did not differ between experimental groups. Moreover, there was no significant relation between affective measures and task performance. Nevertheless, cardiovascular reactivity in terms of HRV was predictive of error rates in both antisaccade tasks in the sadness group. We could find this effect neither in the neutral nor in the arousal group. In addition, BDI scores moderated the effect in the emotional task. Results indicate that emotional reactivity to a sad video stimulus as indexed by HRV as well as the interaction with current emotional state predict inhibitory control performance.
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Navas-León S, Sánchez-Martín M, Tajadura-Jiménez A, De Coster L, Borda-Más M, Morales L. Eye movements and eating disorders: protocol for an exploratory experimental study examining the relationship in young-adult women with subclinical symptomatology. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:47. [PMID: 35395955 PMCID: PMC8991955 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research indicates that patients with anorexia (AN) show specific eye movement abnormalities such as shorter prosaccade latencies, more saccade inhibition errors, and increased rate of saccadic intrusions compared to participants without AN. However, it remains unknown whether these abnormal eye movement patterns, which may serve as potential biomarkers and endophenotypes for an early diagnosis and preventive clinical treatments, start to manifest also in people with subclinical eating disorders (ED) symptomatology. Therefore, we propose a protocol for an exploratory experimental study to investigate whether participants with subclinical ED symptomatology and control participants differ in their performance on several eye movement tasks. METHODS The sample will be recruited through convenience sampling. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire will be administered as a screening tool to split the sample into participants with subclinical ED symptomatology and control participants. A fixation task, prosaccade/antisaccade task, and memory-guided task will be administered to both groups. Additionally, we will measure anxiety and premorbid intelligence as confounding variables. Means comparison, exploratory Pearson's correlations and discriminant analysis will be performed. DISCUSSION This study will be the first to elucidate the presence of specific eye movement abnormalities in participants with subclinical ED symptomatology. The results may open opportunities for developing novel diagnostic tools/therapies being helpful to the EDs research community and allied fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navas-León
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ana Tajadura-Jiménez
- DEI Interactive Systems Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
- UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lize De Coster
- UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC), University College London, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Luis Morales
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
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27
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Hoffmann A, Nolte JP, Sachse P. Variation in antisaccadic response latencies investigated with the hierarchical LATER process model. Brain Cogn 2022; 158:105850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lazaridi M, Panagiotaropoulou G, Covanis P, Karantinos T, Aggelopoulos E, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Brain-Heart Link in Schizophrenia: Cognitive Inhibitory Control Deficit in Patients Is Specifically Related to Parasympathetic Dysregulation. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1155-1163. [PMID: 35357485 PMCID: PMC9434444 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the connection between two prominent deficits in schizophrenia: the deficit in parasympathetic regulation and the deficit in cognitive inhibitory control, within the framework of the Neurovisceral Integration Model (NIM). STUDY DESIGN Thirty healthy controls and 30 patients with schizophrenia performed the internationally standardized antisaccade protocol while their electrocardiographic data were recorded. The interaction between the group, the cognitive inhibitory control as measured with error rate (ER) in the antisaccade task and parasympathetic activity as measured with the High Frequency power component of Heart Rate Variability (HF-HRV) was tested. STUDY RESULTS Findings confirmed that decreased HF-HRV was specifically related to increased ER in patients with schizophrenia. In contrast, patient deficits in other oculomotor function measures such as reaction time and reaction time variability related to volitional movement control and cognitive stability respectively were not linked to the deficit in parasympathetic regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our study validates the theory behind NIM proposing that cognitive inhibition has common physiological substrate with parasympathetic regulation. Future research could test this brain-heart link in other mental disorders especially those with a prominent deficit in inhibitory cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lazaridi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece,1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Panagiotaropoulou
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece,Department of Psychiatry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Covanis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Karantinos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Aggelopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, 1 Rimini St., Athens GR-12462, Greece; tel: +302105832426, fax: 2106528354, e-mail:
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Reverse Visually Guided Reaching in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:8132923. [PMID: 35386952 PMCID: PMC8979744 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8132923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor symptoms such as difficulty in movement initiation and bradykinesia, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) display nonmotor executive cognitive dysfunction with deficits in inhibitory control. Preoperative psychological assessments are used to screen for impulsivity that may be worsened by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, it is unclear whether anti-Parkinson’s therapy, such as dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) or DBS, which has beneficial effects on motor function, adversely affects inhibitory control or its domains. The detrimental effects of STN-DBS are more apparent when tasks test the inhibition of habitual prepotent responses or involve complex cognitive loads. Our goal was to use a reverse visually guided reaching (RVGR) task, a hand-based version of the antisaccade task, to simultaneously measure motor performance and response inhibition in subjects with PD. We recruited 55 healthy control subjects, 26 PD subjects receiving treatment with DRTs, and 7 PD subjects receiving treatment with STN-DBS and DRTs. In the RVGR task, a cursor moved opposite to the subject’s hand movement. This was compared to visually guided reaching (VGR) where the cursor moved in the same direction as the subject’s hand movement. Reaction time, mean speed, and direction errors (in RVGR) were assessed. Reaction times were longer, and mean speeds were slower during RVGR compared to VGR in all three groups but worse in untreated subjects with PD. Treatment with DRTs, DBS, or DBS + DRT improved the reaction time and speed on the RVGR task to a greater extent than VGR. Additionally, DBS or DBS + DRT demonstrated an increase in direction errors, which was correlated with decreased reaction time. These results show that the RVGR task quantifies the benefit of STN-DBS on bradykinesia and the concomitant reduction of proactive inhibitory control. The RVGR task has the potential to be used to rapidly screen for preoperative deficits in inhibitory control and to titrate STN-DBS, to maximize the therapeutic benefits on movement, and minimize impaired inhibitory control.
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Pearlstein JG, Johnson SL, Madole JW, Modavi K. Emotion-related impulsivity: Testing a model of arousal effects on cognitive control. Brain Neurosci Adv 2022; 6:23982128221079572. [PMID: 35237727 PMCID: PMC8883381 DOI: 10.1177/23982128221079572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The trait-based tendency to respond rashly to emotions is robustly tied to many forms of psychopathology and poor behavioural outcomes, including aggression and suicidality. Researchers have found associations between response inhibition and emotion-related impulsivity; however, effect sizes are often small. Because emotion-related impulsivity emerges in the context of heightened positive and negative emotions, arousal is a candidate trigger of impulsivity. The goals of the present study were to (1) replicate the association between emotion-related impulsivity and response inhibition, and (2) test whether emotion-related impulsivity is associated with arousal-induced decays in response inhibition performance. Participants (N = 55) completed a self-report measure of emotion-related impulsivity, and then completed a computer-based response inhibition task (the antisaccade task, in which participants must make a rapid saccadic eye movement away from a cue rather than toward it) before and after a well-validated stress induction (the Trier Social Stress Test). Psychophysiological indices of arousal were measured throughout the session. Findings provide partial support for the association between emotion-related impulsivity and pre-stress response inhibition. Contrary to hypotheses, emotion-related impulsivity did not interact with arousal to predict post-stress response inhibition performance after controlling for pre-stress response inhibition performance. Future research is needed to consider clinical samples and to assess whether emotion-related impulsivity is related to deficits in other facets of cognitive control and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G. Pearlstein
- University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kiana Modavi
- University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Eye Movement Alterations in Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041481. [PMID: 35214383 PMCID: PMC8875414 DOI: 10.3390/s22041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence pointing out eye movement alterations in several neurological diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video-oculography study describing potential alterations of eye movements in the post-COVID-19 condition. Visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and antisaccades in horizontal axis were measured. In all visual tests, the stimulus was deployed with a gap condition. The duration of the test was between 5 and 7 min per participant. A group of n=9 patients with the post-COVID-19 condition was included in this study. Values were compared with a group (n=9) of healthy volunteers whom the SARS-CoV-2 virus had not infected. Features such as centripetal and centrifugal latencies, success rates in memory saccades, antisaccades, and blinks were computed. We found that patients with the post-COVID-19 condition had eye movement alterations mainly in centripetal latency in visually guided saccades, the success rate in memory-guided saccade test, latency in antisaccades, and its standard deviation, which suggests the involvement of frontoparietal networks. Further work is required to understand these eye movements' alterations and their functional consequences.
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Waldthaler J, Stock L, Student J, Sommerkorn J, Dowiasch S, Timmermann L. Antisaccades in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:628-642. [PMID: 33742354 PMCID: PMC8592977 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of eye-tracking tasks as potential biomarkers for motor or cognitive disease burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been subject of debate for many years. Several studies suggest that the performance in the antisaccade task may be altered in patients with PD and associated with motor disease severity or executive dysfunction. In this meta-analysis, random effects models were used to synthesize the existing evidence on antisaccade error rates and latency in PD. Furthermore, meta-regressions were performed to assess the role of motor and cognitive disease severity, dopaminergic medication and methodological factors. Additionally, the impact of acute levodopa administration and activation of deep brain stimulation was evaluated in two separate sub-analyses.This meta-analysis confirms that antisaccade latency and error rate are significantly increased in PD. Disease duration, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale score and Hoehn and Yahr stage mediate the effect of PD on antisaccade latency with higher motor burden being associated with increased antisaccade latency.Acute administration of levodopa had no significant effects on antisaccade performance in a small number of eligible studies. Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, may alter the speed accuracy trade-off supporting an increase of impulsivity following deep brain stimulation in PD.According to the results of the meta-analysis, antisaccade latency may provide a potential marker for disease severity and progression in PD which needs further confirmation in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Waldthaler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany.
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Stock
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Justus Student
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Sommerkorn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dowiasch
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Nij Bijvank JA, Strijbis EMM, Nauta IM, Kulik SD, Balk LJ, Stam CJ, Hillebrand A, Geurts JJG, Uitdehaag BMJ, van Rijn LJ, Petzold A, Schoonheim MM. Impaired saccadic eye movements in multiple sclerosis are related to altered functional connectivity of the oculomotor brain network. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102848. [PMID: 34624635 PMCID: PMC8503580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired eye movements in multiple sclerosis (MS) and functional connectivity (FC) Eye movements related to altered FC of the oculomotor brain network. Lower (beta band) and higher (theta/delta band) FC related to abnormal eye movements. Regional changes were more informative than whole-network measures. Eye movement parameters also related to disability and cognitive dysfunction.
Background Impaired eye movements in multiple sclerosis (MS) are common and could represent a non-invasive and accurate measure of (dys)functioning of interconnected areas within the complex brain network. The aim of this study was to test whether altered saccadic eye movements are related to changes in functional connectivity (FC) in patients with MS. Methods Cross-sectional eye movement (pro-saccades and anti-saccades) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from the Amsterdam MS cohort were included from 176 MS patients and 33 healthy controls. FC was calculated between all regions of the Brainnetome atlas in six conventional frequency bands. Cognitive function and disability were evaluated by previously validated measures. The relationships between saccadic parameters and both FC and clinical scores in MS patients were analysed using multivariate linear regression models. Results In MS pro- and anti-saccades were abnormal compared to healthy controls A relationship of saccadic eye movements was found with FC of the oculomotor network, which was stronger for regional than global FC. In general, abnormal eye movements were related to higher delta and theta FC but lower beta FC. Strongest associations were found for pro-saccadic latency and FC of the precuneus (beta band β = -0.23, p = .006), peak velocity and FC of the parietal eye field (theta band β = -0.25, p = .005) and gain and FC of the inferior frontal eye field (theta band β = -0.25, p = .003). Pro-saccadic latency was also strongly associated with disability scores and cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions Impaired saccadic eye movements were related to functional connectivity of the oculomotor network and clinical performance in MS. This study also showed that, in addition to global network connectivity, studying regional changes in MEG studies could yield stronger correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nij Bijvank
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - E M M Strijbis
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I M Nauta
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S D Kulik
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L J Balk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Stam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Hillebrand
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Magnetoencephalography Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J G Geurts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B M J Uitdehaag
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L J van Rijn
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Petzold
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Moorfields Eye Hospital, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - M M Schoonheim
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Gorina E, Kulikova AA, MacInnes WJ. Comparing saccadic and manual responses in the attention network test. Cortex 2021; 144:29-42. [PMID: 34597874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention is proposed to be a system of multiple functional networks, including alertness, orienting and executive control. A popular experimental paradigm for testing these networks and their interactions within a single design is the Attentional Networks Test (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). The role of the oculomotor system in these various networks, however, has not been tested despite the strong link between attention and eye movements. We modified the executive control component of the manual response ANT version (ANTm) that allows testing the networks' involvement with oculomotor responses. Specifically, we used a central target to signal pro or anti-saccades that allows us to match the saccadic response compatibility of the original ANTm. We conducted three experiments to compare interactions of the networks between the traditional ANTm that used a flanker task response, our new ANTs with saccadic responses signalled with a fixation arrow, and a manual response version with the response arrow at fixation (ANTf). Results for all three experiments showed typical main effects of all three attention networks, but we observed differences in their interactions. The ANTm showed only an interaction of alerting enhancing the orienting; ANTs showed a congruency by orienting interaction with the orienting effect only observed for pro-saccades. The ANTf showed both alerting by orienting, and orienting by congruency. Although the saccadic response did differ from the original ANTm, key differences were also highlighted by the switch from peripheral to central target. Overall the proposed ANTf is a valid tool to test main effects of attentional networks. Further investigation of interaction differences between manual and oculomotor systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorina
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - W Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
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Hoffmann A, Büsel C, Ritter M, Sachse P. Do emotional stimuli interfere with response inhibition? evidence from the antisaccade paradigm. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1626-1633. [PMID: 34556000 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1979475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When it comes to measuring cognitive control and inhibition, the antisaccade paradigm is a popular task to apply. Usually, simple, perceptually and affectively neutral stimuli, e.g. white circles, are used. Recently, researchers also employed a version of the paradigm displaying emotional faces. Differences in cognitive processing due to stimulus size and emotional valence have not been investigated yet. Thus, in the present study, we applied both versions of the antisaccade paradigm in a healthy sample. In addition, we used scrambled faces to control for stimulus size and emotional valence. We hypothesised slower reaction times and higher error rates for emotional face stimuli compared to circular and scrambled ones as well as significant differences between individual emotions. In contrast to our hypotheses, results showed faster reaction times fewer errors for emotional faces compared to circular and scrambled stimuli. Furthermore, ANOVA models showed no meaningful differences between different emotions. Our study shows specific patterns in inhibitory control due to stimulus size and valence in an antisaccade eye-tracking task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Büsel
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Psychology Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Computer Science Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Psychology Innsbruck, Austria
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Eye tracking to assess concussions: an intra-rater reliability study with healthy youth and adult athletes of selected contact and collision team sports. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3289-3302. [PMID: 34467416 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eye movements that are dependent on cognition hold promise in assessing sports-related concussions but research on reliability of eye tracking measurements in athletic cohorts is very limited. This observational test-retest study aimed to establish whether eye tracking technology is a reliable tool for assessing sports-related concussions in youth and adult athletes partaking in contact and collision team sports. Forty-three youth (15.4 ± 2.2 years) and 27 adult (22.2 ± 2.9 years) Rugby Union and soccer players completed the study. Eye movements were recorded using SMIRED250mobile while participants completed a test battery twice, with a 1-week interval that included self-paced saccade (SPS), fixation stability, memory-guided sequence (MGS), smooth pursuit (SP), and antisaccades (AS) tasks. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), measurement error (SEM) and smallest real difference (SRD) were calculated for 47 variables. Seventeen variables achieved an ICC > 0.50. In the adults, saccade count in SPS had good reliability (ICC = 0.86, SRD = 146.6 saccades). In the youth, the average blink duration in MGS had excellent reliability (ICC = 0.99, SRD = 59.4 ms); directional errors in AS tasks and gain of diagonal SP had good reliability (ICC = 0.78 and 0.77, SRD = 25.3 and 395.1%, respectively). Four metrics were found in this study to be reliable candidates for further biomarker validity research in contact and collision sport cohorts. Many variables failed to present a sufficient level of robustness for a practical diagnostic tool; possibly, because athletic cohorts have higher homogeneity, along with latent adverse effects of undetected concussions and repetitive head impacts. Since reliability of a measure can influence type II error, effect sizes, and confidence intervals, it is strongly advocated to conduct dedicated reliability evaluations prior to any validity studies.
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Wolf C, Lappe M. Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:547-568. [PMID: 34367360 PMCID: PMC8286912 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets' luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets' relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Carbone F, Ellmerer P, Ritter M, Spielberger S, Mahlknecht P, Hametner E, Hussl A, Hotter A, Granata R, Seppi K, Boesch S, Poewe W, Djamshidian A. Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye-Tracking Study. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1246-1250. [PMID: 33416199 PMCID: PMC8247854 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of cervical dystonia is still unclear. Recent evidence points toward a network disorder affecting several brain areas. The objective of this study was to assess the saccadic inhibition as a marker of corticostriatal function in cervical dystonia. METHODS We recruited 31 cervical dystonia patients and 17 matched healthy controls. Subjects performed an overlap prosaccade, an antisaccade, and a countermanding task on an eye tracker to assess automatic visual response and response inhibition. RESULTS Cervical dystonia patients made more premature saccades (P = 0.041) in the overlap prosaccade task and more directional errors in the antisaccade task (P = 0.011) and had a higher rate of failed inhibition in the countermanding task (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest altered saccadic inhibition in cervical dystonia, possibly as a consequence of dysfunctional corticostriatal networks. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether these abnormalities are affected by the available therapies and whether this type of impairment is found in other focal dystonias. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation GroupUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Eva Hametner
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hussl
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hotter
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Roberta Granata
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Chen JT, Yep R, Hsu YF, Cherng YG, Wang CA. Investigating Arousal, Saccade Preparation, and Global Luminance Effects on Microsaccade Behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:602835. [PMID: 33746722 PMCID: PMC7973374 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.602835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsaccades, small saccadic eye movements occurring during fixation, have been suggested to be modulated by various sensory, cognitive, and affective processes relating to arousal. Although the modulation of fatigue-related arousal on microsaccade behavior has previously been characterized, the influence of other aspects of arousal, such as emotional arousal, is less understood. Moreover, microsaccades are modulated by cognitive processes (e.g., voluntary saccade preparation) that could also be linked to arousal. To investigate the influence of emotional arousal, saccade preparation, and global luminance levels on microsaccade behavior, emotional auditory stimuli were presented prior to the onset of a fixation cue whose color indicated to look either at the peripheral stimulus (pro-saccade) or in the opposite direction of the stimulus (anti-saccade). Microsaccade behavior was found to be significantly modulated by saccade preparation and global luminance level, but not emotional arousal. In the pro- and anti-saccade task, microsaccade rate was lower during anti-saccade preparation as compared to pro-saccade preparation, though microsaccade dynamics were comparable during both trial types. Our results reveal a differential role of arousal linked to emotion, fatigue, saccade preparation, and global luminance level on microsaccade behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Fan Hsu
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Max SM, Plewnia C, Zipfel S, Giel KE, Schag K. Combined antisaccade task and transcranial direct current stimulation to increase response inhibition in binge eating disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:17-28. [PMID: 32661703 PMCID: PMC7867531 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with deficient response inhibition. Malfunctioning response inhibition is linked to hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where excitability could be increased by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Response inhibition can be assessed using an antisaccade task which requires supressing a dominant response (i.e. saccade) towards a newly appearing picture in the visual field. We performed a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept-study in which we combined a food-modified antisaccade task with tDCS in people with BED. We expected task learning and modulatory tDCS effects. Sixteen people were allocated to a 1 mA condition, 15 people to a 2 mA condition. Each participant underwent the food-modified antisaccade task at three measurement points: baseline without stimulation, anodal verum and sham stimulation at the right dlPFC in a crossover design. The error rate and the latencies of correct antisaccades decreased over time. No tDCS effect on the error rate could be observed. Compared to sham stimulation, 2 mA tDCS decreased the latencies of correct antisaccades, whereas 1 mA tDCS increased it. Self-reported binge eating episodes were reduced in the 2 mA condition, while there was no change in the 1 mA condition. Participants demonstrated increased response inhibition capacities by a task learning effect concerning the error rate and latencies of correct antisaccades over time as well as a nonlinear tDCS effect represented by ameliorated latencies in the 2 mA and impaired latencies in the 1 mA condition. The reduction of binge eating episodes might indicate a transfer effect to everyday life. Given that the reduction in binge eating was observed before tDCS administration, this effect could not be the result of neuromodulation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to fully understand this reduction, and to explore the efficacy of a combined antisaccade and tDCS training for BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Max
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology and Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology and Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Competence Center for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin E Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Competence Center for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Competence Center for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), Tübingen, Germany
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Moser C, Schmitt L, Schmidt J, Fairchild A, Klusek J. Response Inhibition Deficits in Women with the FMR1 Premutation are Associated with Age and Fall Risk. Brain Cogn 2020; 148:105675. [PMID: 33387817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One in 113-178 females worldwide carry a premutation allele on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation is linked to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments, although the phenotype is not fully understood, particularly with respect to age effects. This study sought to define oculomotor response inhibition skills in women with the FMR1 premutation and their association with age and fall risk. We employed an antisaccade eye-tracking paradigm to index oculomotor inhibition skills in 35 women with the FMR1 premutation and 28 control women. The FMR1 premutation group exhibited longer antisaccade latency and reduced accuracy relative to controls, indicating deficient response inhibition skills. Longer response latency was associated with older age in the FMR1 premutation and was also predictive of fall risk. Findings highlight the utility of the antisaccade paradigm for detecting early signs of age-related executive decline in the FMR1 premutation, which is related to fall risk. Findings support the need for clinical prevention efforts to decrease and delay the trajectory of age-related executive decline in women with the FMR1 premutation during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Moser
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Lyndsay Schmitt
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Joseph Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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Cherng YG, Crevecoeur F, Wang CA. Effects of pupillary light and darkness reflex on the generation of pro- And anti-saccades. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1769-1782. [PMID: 33314426 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saccades are often directed toward a stimulus that provides useful information for observers to navigate the visual world. The quality of visual signals of a stimulus is influenced by global luminance, and the pupil constricts or dilates after a luminance increase or decrease, respectively, to optimize visual signals for further information processing. Although luminance level changes regularly in the real environment, saccades are mostly studied in the luminance-unchanged setup. Whether pupillary responses triggered by global luminance changes modulate saccadic behavior are yet to be explored. Through varying background luminance level in an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade paradigm, we investigated the modulation of pupillary luminance responses on the generation of reflexive and voluntary saccades. Subjects were instructed to either automatically look at the peripheral stimulus (pro-saccade) or to suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction from the stimulus (anti-saccade). Level of background luminance was increased (light), decreased (dark), or unchanged (control) during the instructed fixation period. Saccade reaction time distributions of correct pro- and anti-saccades in the light and dark conditions were differed significantly from those in the control condition. Moreover, the luminance condition modulated saccade kinematics, showing reduced performances in the light condition than in the control condition, particularly in pro-saccades. Modeling results further suggested that both pupil diameter and pupil size derivative significantly modulated saccade behavior, though effect sizes were small and mainly mediated by intersubject differences. Together, our results demonstrated the influence of pupillary luminance responses on the generation of pro- and anti-saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frédéric Crevecoeur
- Institute of information Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Belgium.,Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Belgium
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin G, Al Ani R, Niechwiej-Szwedo E. Age-Related Deficits in Binocular Vision Are Associated With Poorer Inhibitory Control in Healthy Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:605267. [PMID: 33324156 PMCID: PMC7723854 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.605267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust association between reduced visual acuity and cognitive function in older adults has been revealed in large population studies. The aim of this work was to assess the relation between stereoacuity, a key aspect of binocular vision, and inhibitory control, an important component of executive functions. Inhibition was tested using the antisaccade task in older adults with normal or reduced stereopsis (study 1), and in young adults with transiently reduced stereopsis (study 2). Older adults with reduced stereopsis made significantly more errors on the antisaccade task in comparison to those with normal stereopsis. Specifically, there was a significant correlation between stereoacuity and antisaccade errors (r = 0.27, p = 0.019). In contrast, there were no significant differences in antisaccade errors between the normal and reduced stereopsis conditions in the young group. Altogether, results suggest that the association between poorer stereopsis and lower inhibitory control in older adults might arise due to central nervous system impairment that affects the processing of binocular disparity and antisaccades. These results add to a growing body of literature, which highlights the interdependence of sensory and cognitive decline in older adults.
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Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15718. [PMID: 32973283 PMCID: PMC7515892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil dilation is consistently evoked by affective and cognitive processing, and this dilation can result from sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. The relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the pupillary response induced by emotion and cognition may be different. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by global luminance level. Higher luminance levels lead to greater activation of the parasympathetic system while lower luminance levels lead to greater activation of the sympathetic system. To understand the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to pupillary responses associated with emotion and saccade preparation, emotional auditory stimuli were presented following the fixation cue whose color indicated instruction to perform a pro- or anti-saccade while varying the background luminance level. Pupil dilation was evoked by emotional auditory stimuli and modulated by arousal level. More importantly, greater pupil dilation was observed with a dark background, compared to a bright background. In contrast, pupil dilation responses associated with saccade preparation were larger with the bright background than the dark background. Together, these results suggest that arousal-induced pupil dilation was mainly mediated by sympathetic activation, but pupil dilation related to saccade preparation was primarily mediated by parasympathetic inhibition.
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Aging Effects and Test-Retest Reliability of Inhibitory Control for Saccadic Eye Movements. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0459-19.2020. [PMID: 32907833 PMCID: PMC7540934 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0459-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies indicate that healthy aging is associated with a decline of inhibitory control of attentional and behavioral systems. A widely accepted measure of inhibitory control is the antisaccade task that requires both the inhibition of a reflexive saccadic response toward a visual target and the initiation of a voluntary eye movement in the opposite direction. To better understand the nature of age-related differences in inhibitory control, we evaluated antisaccade task performance in 78 younger (20-35 years) and 78 older (60-80 years) participants. In order to provide reliable estimates of inhibitory control for individual subjects, we investigated test-retest reliability of the reaction time, error rate, saccadic gain, and peak saccadic velocity and further estimated latent, not directly observable processed contributing to changes in the antisaccade task execution. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for an older group of participants emerged as good to excellent for most of our antisaccade task measures. Furthermore, using Bayesian multivariate models, we inspected age-related differences in the performances of healthy younger and older participants. The older group demonstrated higher error rates, longer reaction times, significantly more inhibition failures, and late prosaccades as compared with young adults. The consequently lower ability of older adults to voluntarily inhibit saccadic responses has been interpreted as an indicator of age-related inhibitory control decline. Additionally, we performed a Bayesian model comparison of used computational models and concluded that the Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition and Late Action (SERIA) model explains our data better than PRO-Stop-Antisaccade (PROSA) that does not incorporate a late decision process.
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A Multimodal Analysis Combining Behavioral Experiments and Survey-Based Methods to Assess the Cognitive Effect of Video Game Playing: Good or Evil? SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113219. [PMID: 32517096 PMCID: PMC7308934 DOI: 10.3390/s20113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to bridge the gap between the discrepant views of existing studies in different modalities on the cognitive effect of video game play. To this end, we conducted a set of tests with different modalities within each participant: (1) Self-Reports Analyses (SRA) consisting of five popular self-report surveys, and (2) a standard Behavioral Experiment (BE) using pro- and antisaccade paradigms, and analyzed how their results vary between Video Game Player (VGP) and Non-Video Game Player (NVGP) participant groups. Our result showed that (1) VGP scored significantly lower in Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) than NVGP (p = 0.023), and (2) VGP showed significantly higher antisaccade error rate than NVGP (p = 0.005), suggesting that results of both SRA and BE support the existing view that video game play has a maleficent impact on the cognition by increasing impulsivity. However, the following correlation analysis on the results across individual participants found no significant correlation between SRA and BE, indicating a complex nature of the cognitive effect of video game play.
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Differential Impact of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Timing on Reflexive Versus Inhibitory Control of Attention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7270. [PMID: 32350303 PMCID: PMC7190648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a visually stimulating environment with competing stimuli, we continually choose where to allocate attention, and what to ignore. Wake and circadian-dependent modulation of attentional control and resolution of conflict is poorly understood. Twenty-two participants (17males; 25.6 ± 5.6 years) completed ocular motor tasks throughout 40 hours of sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions. A prosaccade task required a reflexive saccade toward a stimulus (no conflict), while an antisaccade task required inhibiting a reflexive saccade to the peripheral stimulus, and looking in the mirror opposite instead (conflict resolution). Antisaccade inhibitory errors showed circadian modulation, being highest in the morning, progressively decreasing until melatonin onset, before returning to the prior morning's peak throughout the biological night. This diurnal rhythm was blunted by sleep loss (>24 hours), with inhibitory control remaining impaired across the second biological day. For prosaccade, responses slowed down during the biological night. Taken together, we provide evidence for a circadian modulation of attentional bias: the morning being biased toward reflexive responding, and the evening toward higher inhibitory control. Our data show that sleep loss and circadian timing differentially impact attention, depending on whether a response conflict is present (antisaccade) or absent (prosaccade).
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Abstract
We present Titta, an open-source toolbox for controlling eye trackers manufactured by Tobii AB from MATLAB and Python. The toolbox provides a wrapper around the Tobii Pro SDK, providing a convenient graphical participant setup, calibration and validation interface implemented using the PsychToolbox and PsychoPy toolboxes. The toolbox furthermore enables MATLAB and Python experiments to communicate with Tobii Pro Lab through the TalkToProLab tool. This enables experiments to be created and run using the freedom of MATLAB and Python, while the recording can be visualized and analyzed in Tobii Pro Lab. All screen-mounted Tobii eye trackers that are supported by the Tobii Pro SDK are also supported by Titta. At the time of writing, these are the Spectrum, Nano, TX300, T60XL, X3-120, X2-60, X2-30, X60, X120, T60 and T120 from Tobii Pro, and the 4C from Tobii Tech.
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Nij Bijvank J, Petzold A, Coric D, Tan H, Uitdehaag B, Balk L, van Rijn L. Saccadic delay in multiple sclerosis: A quantitative description. Vision Res 2020; 168:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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