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Janićijević A, Filipović S, Sknepnek A, Vlahović B, Đorđević N, Kovacević D, Mirković M, Petronijević I, Zivković P, Rogan J, Pavlović VB. Dielectric and Structural Properties of the Hybrid Material Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4080. [PMID: 37896324 PMCID: PMC10609936 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for environmentally friendly materials with a wide range of properties, polymer composites have emerged as a promising alternative due to their multifunctional properties. This study focuses on the synthesis of composite materials consisting of four components: bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) modified with magnetic Fe3O4, and a mixture of BaTiO3 (BT) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The BT powder was mechanically activated prior to mixing with PVDF. The influence of BT mechanical activation and BNC with magnetic particles on the PVDF matrix was investigated. The obtained composite films' structural characteristics, morphology, and dielectric properties are presented. This research provides insights into the relationship between mechanical activation of the filler and structural and dielectric properties in the PVDF/BT/BNC/Fe3O4 system, creating the way for the development of materials with a wide range of diverse properties that support the concept of green technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Janićijević
- The Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Đ.); (D.K.)
| | - Suzana Filipović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Sknepnek
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.S.); (V.B.P.)
| | - Branislav Vlahović
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
- NASA University Research Center for Aerospace Device Research and Education, NSF Center of Research Excellence in Science, Technology Computational Center for Fundamental and Applied Science and Education, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nenad Đorđević
- The Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Đ.); (D.K.)
| | - Danijela Kovacević
- The Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Đ.); (D.K.)
| | - Miljana Mirković
- Department of Material Science, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Predrag Zivković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (P.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Jelena Rogan
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (P.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Vladimir B. Pavlović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.S.); (V.B.P.)
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Lin HT, Nakajima K, Yamasue E, Ishihara KN. An optimum treatment for waste electronic home appliance in remote area: The case of Kinmen, Taiwan. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 89:379-385. [PMID: 31079752 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An optimum treatment system for the waste electronic home appliance in remote area by local pre-processing and outsourcing post-processing is proposed. The cost reduction potential of the proposed treatment system is presented for main four types of electronic home appliances by the case study of Kinmen, Taiwan. Implementation of local pre-processing in Kinmen, Taiwan can provide 42, 54, 32, and 41 TWD unit cost reduction for television, washing machine, refrigerator, and air conditioner, respectively, comparing to the current treatment system. The different treatment characteristics according to the type of the appliances are the major factors for the applicability and cost reduction potential of the local pre-processing system. The application of this system to other cases is presented by sensitivity analysis with relative labor cost and transportation distance as the parameters. The results and the analysis process can be applied to the domestic systems with regions without recycling facilities, and also the international systems under the extended producer responsibility concept to take back the products for recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tien Lin
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Nakajima
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamasue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keiichi N Ishihara
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Bovea MD, Pérez-Belis V, Ibáñez-Forés V, Quemades-Beltrán P. Disassembly properties and material characterisation of household small waste electric and electronic equipment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 53:225-236. [PMID: 27140656 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper is focused on characterising small waste electric and electronic equipment, specifically small household appliances, from two different points of views: disassembly properties and material identification. The sample for this characterisation was obtained from a selective collection campaign organised in Castellón de la Plana (Spain). A total amount of 833.7kg (749 units) of small waste electric and electronic equipment was collected, of which 23.3% by weight and 22.4% by units belonged to the subcategory household equipment. This subcategory, composed of appliances such as vacuum cleaners, toasters, sandwich makers, hand blenders, juicers, coffee makers, hairdryers, scales, irons and heaters, was first disassembled in order to analyse different aspects of the disassembly process for each equipment type: type of joints, ease of identification of materials, ease of access to joints for extracting components, ease of separation of components from the whole, uniformity of tools needed for the disassembly process and possibility of reassembly after disassembly. Results show that the most common joints used in these equipment types are snap-fits and screws, although some permanent joints have also been identified. Next, the material composition of each component of each appliance belonging to each equipment type was identified visually and with additional mechanical trials and testing. It can be observed that plastic and electric/electronic components are present in all the equipment types analysed and are also the material fractions that appear with higher percentages in the material composition: 41.1wt% and 39.1wt% for the plastic fraction and electric/electronic components, respectively. The most common plastics are: polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC), while the most common electric/electronic components are: cable, plug and printed circuit boards. Results also show that disassembly properties and material characterisation vary widely from one equipment type to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Bovea
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universitat Jaume I, Av Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Victoria Pérez-Belis
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universitat Jaume I, Av Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Valeria Ibáñez-Forés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universitat Jaume I, Av Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar Quemades-Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universitat Jaume I, Av Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Woo SH, Lee DS, Lim SR. Potential resource and toxicity impacts from metals in waste electronic devices. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:364-370. [PMID: 27017840 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the continuous release of new electronic devices, existing electronic devices are quickly made obsolete and rapidly become electronic waste (e-waste). Because e-waste contains a variety of metals, information about those metals with the potential for substantial environmental impact should be provided to manufacturers, recyclers, and disposers to proactively reduce this impact. This study assesses the resource and toxicity (i.e., cancer, noncancer, and ecotoxicity) potentials of various heavy metals commonly found in e-waste from laptop computers, liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitors, LCD TVs, plasma TVs, color cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs, and cell phones and then evaluates such potentials using life cycle impact-based methods. Resource potentials derive primarily from Cu, Sb, Ag, and Pb. Toxicity potentials derive primarily from Pb, Ni, and Hg for cancer toxicity; from Pb, Hg, Zn, and As for noncancer toxicity; and from Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn for ecotoxicity. Therefore, managing these heavy metals should be a high priority in the design, recycling, and disposal stages of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung H Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seong-Rin Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
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5
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Pérez-Belis V, Bovea MD, Ibáñez-Forés V. An in-depth literature review of the waste electrical and electronic equipment context: trends and evolution. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:3-29. [PMID: 25406121 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14557382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is continuously increasing worldwide and, consequently, so is the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) it generates at its end-of-life. In parallel to this growth, legislation related to this issue has been passed in different countries with the aim of improving the management of WEEE. In order to raise awareness about the situation in which the generation, composition, management or final treatment of this kind of waste currently finds itself, an extensive number of articles have been published around the world. The aim of this paper is to define and analyse the main areas of research on WEEE by offering a broader analysis of the relevant literature in this field published between 1992 and August 2014. The literature researched comprises 307 articles, which are analysed according to the topic they focus on (WEEE management, WEEE generation, WEEE characterisation, social aspects of WEEE, re-use of EEE or economic aspects of WEEE). In addition, a deeper analysis is also presented, which takes into account the temporal evolution (globally and by topic), location of the study, categories and subcategories analysed, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pérez-Belis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - M D Bovea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
| | - V Ibáñez-Forés
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
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Mahmoud ME, Yakout AA, Abed El Aziz MT, Osman MM, Abdel-Fattah TM. A novel cellulose-dioctyl phthate-baker's yeast biosorbent for removal of Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Pb(II). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1072-1081. [PMID: 26121022 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1038184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, dioctyl phthalate (Dop) was used as a highly plasticizing material to coat and link the surface of basic cellulose (Cel) with baker's yeast for the formation of a novel modified cellulose biosorbent (Cel-Dop-Yst). Characterization was accomplished by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) measurements. The feasibility of using Cel-Dop-Yst biosorbent as an efficient material for removal of Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions was explored using the batch equilibrium technique along with various experimental controlling parameters. The optimum pH values for removal of these metal ions were characterized in the range of 5.0-7.0. Cel-Dop-Yst was identified as a highly selective biosorbent for removal of the selected divalent metal ions. The Cel-Dop-Yst biosorbent was successfully implemented in treatment and removal of these divalent metal ions from industrial wastewater, sea water and drinking water samples using a multistage microcolumn technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Mahmoud
- a Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry Department , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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7
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González-Gómez R, Ortega A, Lazo LM, Burillo G. Retention of heavy metal ions on comb-type hydrogels based on acrylic acid and 4-vinylpyridine, synthesized by gamma radiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Bandara HMD, Darcy JW, Apelian D, Emmert MH. Value analysis of neodymium content in shredder feed: toward enabling the feasibility of rare earth magnet recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6553-6560. [PMID: 24934194 DOI: 10.1021/es405104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the development of recycling technologies for rare earth magnets from postconsumer products, we present herein an analysis of the neodymium (Nd) content in shredder scrap. This waste stream has been chosen on the basis of current business practices for the recycling of steel, aluminum, and copper from cars and household appliances, which contain significant amounts of rare earth magnets. Using approximations based on literature data, we have calculated the average Nd content in the ferrous shredder product stream to be between 0.13 and 0.29 kg per ton of ferrous scrap. A value analysis considering rare earth metal prices between 2002 and 2013 provides values between $1.32 and $145 per ton of ferrous scrap for this material, if recoverable as pure Nd metal. Furthermore, we present an analysis of the content and value of other rare earths (Pr, Dy, Tb).
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Dhammika Bandara
- Center for Resource Recovery and Recycling, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Department of Mechanical Engineering, 100 Institute Road, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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Deng J, Guo J, Zhou X, Zhou P, Fu X, Zhang W, Lin K. Hazardous substances in indoor dust emitted from waste TV recycling facility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7656-7667. [PMID: 24622986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various hazardous substances contained in waste TV sets might be released into environment via dust during recycling activities. Two brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and five kinds of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) were detected in indoor dust collected from two workshops (TV dismantling workshop and subsequent recycling workshop). PBDEs concentrations in dust from waste wires recycling line (722,000 ng/g) were the highest among the studied sites, followed by those in manual dismantling-sorting line (117,000 ng/g), whereas TBBPA concentrations were the highest in manual dismantling-sorting line (557 ng/g) and printed circuit board (PCB) recycling line (428 ng/g). For heavy metals, Cu and Pb were the most enriched metals in all dust samples. The highest concentration of Pb (22,900 mg/kg) was found in TV dismantling workshop-floor dust. Meanwhile, Cu was the predominant metal in dust from the PCB recycling line, especially in dust collected from electrostatic separation area (42,700 mg/kg). Occupational exposure assessment results showed that workers were the most exposed to BDE-209 among the four PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-209) in both workshops. The hazard quotient (HQ) indicated that noncancerous effects were unlikely for both BFRs and heavy metals (HQ < 1), and carcinogenic risks for Cd, Cr, and Ni (risk < 10(-6)) on workers in two workshops were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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Milovantseva N, Saphores JD. E-waste bans and U.S. households' preferences for disposing of their e-waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 124:8-16. [PMID: 23603771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To deal with the inadequate disposal of e-waste, many states have instituted bans on its disposal in municipal landfills. However, the effectiveness of e-waste bans does not seem to have been analyzed yet. This paper starts addressing this gap. Using data from a survey of U.S. households, we estimate multivariate logit models to explain past disposal behavior by households of broken/obsolete ("junk") cell phones and disposal intentions for "junk" TVs. Our explanatory variables include factors summarizing general awareness of environmental issues, pro-environmental behavior in the past year, attitudes toward recycling small electronics (for the cell phones model only), socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and the presence of state e-waste bans. We find that California's Cell Phone Recycling Act had a significant and positive impact on the recycling of junk cell phones; however, state disposal bans for junk TVs seem to have been mostly ineffective, probably because they were poorly publicized and enforced. Their effectiveness could be enhanced by providing more information about e-waste recycling to women, and more generally to adults under 60. Given the disappointing performance of policies implemented to-date to enhance the collection of e-waste, it may be time to explore economic instruments such as deposit-refund systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Milovantseva
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Milovantseva N, Saphores JD. Time bomb or hidden treasure? Characteristics of junk TVs and of the US households who store them. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:519-529. [PMID: 22892479 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Within the growing stockpile of electronic waste (e-waste), TVs are especially of concern in the US because of their number (which is known imprecisely), their low recycling rate, and their material content: cathode ray tube televisions contain lead, and both rear projection and flat panel displays contain mercury, in addition to other potentially toxic materials. Based on a unique dataset from a 2010 survey, our count models show that pro-environmental behavior, age, education, household size, marital status, gender of the head of household, dwelling type, and geographic location are statistically significant variables for explaining the number of broken or obsolete (junk) TVs stored by US households. We also estimate that they are storing approximately 84.1 million junk TVs, which represents 40 pounds of scrap per household. Materials in each of these junk TVs are worth $21 on average at January 2012 materials prices, which sets an upper bound on collecting and recycling costs. This information should be helpful for developing more effective recycling strategies for TVs in the e-waste stream.
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12
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Ling TC, Poon CS, Lam WS, Chan TP, Fung KKL. Utilization of recycled cathode ray tubes glass in cement mortar for X-ray radiation-shielding applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 199-200:321-327. [PMID: 22118845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recycled glass derived from cathode ray tubes (CRT) glass with a specific gravity of approximately 3.0 g/cm(3) can be potentially suitable to be used as fine aggregate for preparing cement mortars for X-ray radiation-shielding applications. In this work, the effects of using crushed glass derived from crushed CRT funnel glass (both acid washed and unwashed) and crushed ordinary beverage container glass at different replacement levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume) of sand on the mechanical properties (strength and density) and radiation-shielding performance of the cement-sand mortars were studied. The results show that all the prepared mortars had compressive strength values greater than 30 MPa which are suitable for most building applications based on ASTM C 270. The density and shielding performance of the mortar prepared with ordinary crushed (lead-free) glass was similar to the control mortar. However, a significant enhancement of radiation-shielding was achieved when the CRT glasses were used due to the presence of lead in the glass. In addition, the radiation shielding contribution of CRT glasses was more pronounced when the mortar was subject to a higher level of X-ray energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Chai Ling
- Deartment of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zhu H, Jia S, Wan T, Jia Y, Yang H, Li J, Yan L, Zhong C. Biosynthesis of spherical Fe3O4/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as adsorbents for heavy metal ions. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Townsend TG. Environmental issues and management strategies for waste electronic and electrical equipment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:587-610. [PMID: 21751577 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.6.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Issues surrounding the impact and management of discarded or waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) have received increasing attention in recent years. This attention stems from the growing quantity and diversity of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) used by modern society, the increasingly rapid turnover of EEE with the accompanying burden on the waste stream, and the occurrence of toxic chemicals in many EEE components that can pose a risk to human and environmental health if improperly managed. In addition, public awareness of the WEEE or "e-waste" dilemma has grown in light of popular press features on events such as the transition to digital television and the exportation of WEEE from the United States and other developed countries to Africa, China, and India, where WEEE has often not been managed in a safe manner (e.g., processed with proper safety precautions, disposed of in a sanitary landfill, combusted with proper air quality procedures). This paper critically reviews current published information on the subject of WEEE. The definition, magnitude, and characteristics of this waste stream are summarized, including a detailed review of the chemicals of concern associated with different components and how this has changed and continues to evolve over time. Current and evolving management practices are described (e.g., reuse, recycling, incineration, landfilling). This review discusses the role of regulation and policies developed by governments, institutions, and product manufacturers and how these initiatives are shaping current and future management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.
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Tsydenova O, Bengtsson M. Chemical hazards associated with treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:45-58. [PMID: 20869229 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the existing knowledge on the chemical hazards associated with recycling and other end-of-life treatment options of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste). The hazards arise from the presence of heavy metals (e.g., mercury, cadmium, lead, etc.), flame retardants (e.g., pentabromophenol, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), etc.) and other potentially harmful substances in e-waste. If improperly managed, the substances may pose significant human and environmental health risks. The review describes the potentially hazardous content of e-waste, examines the existing e-waste management practices and presents scientific data on human exposure to chemicals, workplace and environmental pollution associated with the three major e-waste management options, i.e., recycling, incineration and landfilling. The existing e-waste management practices and associated hazards are reviewed separately for developed and developing countries. Finally, based on this review, the paper identifies gaps in the existing knowledge and makes some recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyuna Tsydenova
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
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Lim SR, Schoenung JM. Human health and ecological toxicity potentials due to heavy metal content in waste electronic devices with flat panel displays. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 177:251-259. [PMID: 20056318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Display devices such as cathode-ray tube (CRT) televisions and computer monitors are known to contain toxic substances and have consequently been banned from disposal in landfills in the State of California and elsewhere. New types of flat panel display (FPD) devices, millions of which are now purchased each year, also contain toxic substances, but have not previously been systematically studied and compared to assess the potential impact that could result from their ultimate disposal. In the current work, the focus is on the evaluation of end-of-life toxicity potential from the heavy metal content in select FPD devices with the intent to inform material selection and design-for-environment (DfE) decisions. Specifically, the metals antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, vanadium, and zinc in plasma TVs, LCD (liquid crystal display) TVs, LCD computer monitors and laptop computers are considered. The human health and ecotoxicity potentials are evaluated through a life cycle assessment perspective by combining data on the respective heavy metal contents, the characterization factors in the U.S. EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI), and a pathway and impact model. Principal contributors to the toxicity potentials are lead, arsenic, copper, and mercury. Although the heavy metal content in newer flat panel display devices creates less human health toxicity potential than that in CRTs, for ecological toxicity, the new devices are worse, especially because of the mercury in LCD TVs and the copper in plasma TVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Rin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 2017 Kemper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Processing and properties of engineering plastics recycled from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nnorom IC, Osibanjo O. Toxicity characterization of waste mobile phone plastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:183-188. [PMID: 18448243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Waste plastic housing units (N=60) of mobile phones (of different models, and brands), were collected and analyzed for lead, cadmium, nickel and silver using atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion using a 1:1 mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. The mean (+/-S.D.) and range of the results are 58.3+/-50.4mg/kg (5.0-340mg/kg) for Pb, 69.9+/-145mg/kg (4.6-1005mg/kg) for Cd, 432+/-1905mg/kg (5.0-11,000mg/kg) for Ni, and 403+/-1888mg/kg (5.0-12,500mg/kg) for Ag. Approximately 90% of the results for the various metals were < or =100mg/kg. Results greater than 300mg/kg were generally less than 7% for each metal and could be attributed to exogenous contamination of the samples. These results suggest that there may not be any immediate danger from end-of-life (EoL) mobile phone plastic housing if appropriately treated/managed. However, considering the large quantities generated and the present low-end management practices in most developing countries, such as open burning, there appears a genuine concern over the potential for environmental pollution and toxicity to man and the ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Nnorom
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, P.O. Box 809, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
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Asari M, Fukui K, Sakai SI. Life-cycle flow of mercury and recycling scenario of fluorescent lamps in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 393:1-10. [PMID: 18237763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We summarized the mercury flow of mercury-containing products from their manufacture to their disposal in Japan and discussed the current management of mercury-containing hazardous household waste (HHW). The mercury flow originating from these products was estimated to be about 10-20 tonnes annually, about 5 tonnes of which was attributable to fluorescent lamps, the major mercury-containing product in Japan. The recent rapid increase in digital home electronics with liquid crystal displays (e.g.,televisions, personal computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras) has led to a marked increase in the production of backlights, which are also fluorescent and contain mercury. Most of the annual flow was disposed of as waste, with only 0.6 tonnes Hg recovered. The mercury flow for end-of-life fluorescent lamps (excluding backlights) was analyzed under three scenarios for Kyoto, Japan for 2003: the present condition scenario, the improved recycling scenario, and the complete recycling scenario. Under the present condition scenario, mercury flow was calculated to be 34 kg Hg for incineration, 21 kg Hg for landfill, and only 4 kg Hg for recycling. The complete recycling scenario shows a simple flow, with all mercury recycled. Under this scenario for Kyoto, we calculated that a cyclic system having 47 kg of mercury (3.5 tonnes Hg in Japan) could be established if all fluorescent lamps (excluding those stored in residences) were collected and recycled. Mercury is a HHW priority chemical, and we need to limit its use and establish a closed-loop system. There are currently no regulations to achieve this, and the management of most HHWs is left to local governments. Therefore, products are disposed of in landfills or incinerated, except for some that are voluntarily collected and recycled. In order to recycle all of the waste fluorescent lamps, we must have a complete recycling system that has a high rate of public participation in collection. We also must have a closed-loop system of mercury recovery and reuse in which all stakeholders participate. Furthermore, it is important to share information and policies regarding fluorescent lamp recycling and related technologies with other countries, especially those in other countries, where fluorescent lamps are becoming more popular because of their high energy efficiency and long life. Also, it is important to develop mercury free and energy efficient lamps including LEDs (light emitting diodes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Asari
- Kyoto University, Environment Preservation Center, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan.
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Balart R, Sánchez L, López J, Jiménez A. Kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene mixtures from waste electric and electronic equipment. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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