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Haider KM, Focsa C, Decuq C, Esnault B, Lafouge F, Loubet B, Petitprez D, Ciuraru R. Chemical characterization of volatile organic compounds emitted by animal manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121453. [PMID: 38875988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal manure is considered a valuable organic fertilizer due to its important nutrient content enhancing soil fertility and plant growth in agriculture. Besides its beneficial role as fertilizer, animal manure represents a significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), playing a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. Understanding the composition of VOCs Understanding VOCs from animal manure is crucial for assessing their environmental impact, as they can cause air pollution, odors, and harm to human health and ecosystems. Laboratory studies enhance field measurements by providing a precise inventory of manure emissions, addressing gaps in existing literature. Both approaches complement each other in advancing our understanding of manure emissions. In this context, we conducted an experimental study involving various animal manures (cow, horse, sheep, and goat) taken from a farm in Grignon (near Paris, France). We employed atmospheric simulation chambers within a controlled laboratory environment. The analysis of VOCs involved the combination of Proton Transfer Reaction-Quadrupole ion guide-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-QiTOF-MS) and Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Using PTR-QiTOF-MS, 368 compounds were detected and quantified within the manure samples. The complementary analysis by TD-GC-MS enhanced our identification of VOCs. Our findings revealed various chemical groups of VOCs, including oxygenated compounds (e.g., ethanol, cresol, acetaldehyde, etc.), nitrogenated compounds (ammonia, trimethylamine, etc.), sulfur compounds (methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, etc.), aromatic compounds (phenols and indoles), terpenes (isoprene, D-limonene, etc.) and halogenated compounds. Cow manure exhibited the highest VOC emission fluxes, followed by goat, sheep, and horse manures. Notably, oxygenated VOCs were dominant contributors to total VOC emission fluxes in all samples. Statistical analysis highlighted the distinct nature of cow manure emissions, characterized by oxygenated compounds and nitrogenated compounds. In addition, goat manure was isolated from the other samples with high emissions of compounds having both oxygen and nitrogen atoms in their molecular formulas (e.g., CH3NO2). The experimental dataset obtained in this study provides an inventory reference for both VOCs and their emission fluxes in animal manures. Furthermore, it highlights odorant compounds and VOCs that serve as atmospheric aerosol precursor. Future studies can explore the effectiveness of various manure treatment methods to promote sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Haider
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - C Focsa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - C Decuq
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - B Esnault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Lafouge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - B Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - D Petitprez
- Univ.Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - R Ciuraru
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Li R, Xi B, Wang X, Li Y, Yuan Y, Tan W. Anaerobic oxidation of methane in landfill and adjacent groundwater environments: Occurrence, mechanisms, and potential applications. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121498. [PMID: 38522398 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Landfills remain the predominant means of solid waste management worldwide. Widespread distribution and significant stockpiles of waste in landfills make them a significant source of methane emissions, exacerbating climate change. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) has been shown to play a critical role in mitigating methane emissions on a global scale. The rich methane and electron acceptor environment in landfills provide the necessary reaction conditions for AOM, making it a potentially low-cost and effective strategy for reducing methane emissions in landfills. However, compared to other anaerobic habitats, research on AOM in landfill environments is scarce, and there is a lack of analysis on the potential application of AOM in different zones of landfills. Therefore, this review summarizes the existing knowledge on AOM and its occurrence in landfills, analyzes the possibility of AOM occurrence in different zones of landfills, discusses its potential applications, and explores the challenges and future research directions for AOM in landfill management. The identification of research gaps and future directions outlined in this review encourages further investigation and advancement in the field of AOM, paving the way for more effective waste stabilization, greenhouse gas reduction, and pollutant mitigation strategies in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
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Randazzo A, Venturi S, Tassi F. Soil processes modify the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from CO 2- and CH 4-dominated geogenic and landfill gases: A comprehensive study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171483. [PMID: 38458441 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Degradation mechanisms affecting non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during gas uprising from different hypogenic sources to the surface were investigated through extensive sampling surveys in areas encompassing a high enthalpy hydrothermal system associated with active volcanism, a CH4-rich sedimentary basin and a municipal waste landfill. For a comprehensive framework, published data from medium-to-high enthalpy hydrothermal systems were also included. The investigated systems were characterised by peculiar VOC suites that reflected the conditions of the genetic environments in which temperature, contents of organic matter, and gas fugacity had a major role. Differences in VOC patterns between source (gas vents and landfill gas) and soil gases indicated VOC transformations in soil. Processes acting in soil preferentially degraded high-molecular weight alkanes with respect to the low-molecular weight ones. Alkenes and cyclics roughly behaved like alkanes. Thiophenes were degraded to a larger extent with respect to alkylated benzenes, which were more reactive than benzene. Furan appeared less degraded than its alkylated homologues. Dimethylsulfoxide was generally favoured with respect to dimethylsulfide. Limonene and camphene were relatively unstable under aerobic conditions, while α-pinene was recalcitrant. O-bearing organic compounds (i.e., aldehydes, esters, ketones, alcohols, organic acids and phenol) acted as intermediate products of the ongoing VOC degradations in soil. No evidence for the degradation of halogenated compounds and benzothiazole was observed. This study pointed out how soil degradation processes reduce hypogenic VOC emissions and the important role played by physicochemical and biological parameters on the effective VOC attenuation capacity of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Randazzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - S Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - F Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Zhang J, Li X, Qian A, Xu X, Lv Y, Zhou X, Yang X, Zhu W, Zhang H, Ding Y. Effects of operating conditions on the in situ control of sulfur-containing odors by using a novel alternative landfill cover and its transformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:7959-7976. [PMID: 38175505 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing gases are main sources of landfill odors, which has become a big issue for pollution to environment and human health. Biocover is promising for treating landfill odors, with advantages of durability and environmental friendliness. In this study, charcoal sludge compost was utilized as the main effective component of a novel alternative landfill cover and the in situ control of sulfur-containing odors from municipal solid waste landfilling process was simulated under nine different operating conditions. Results showed that five sulfur-containing odors (hydrogen sulfide, H2S; methyl mercaptan, CH3SH; dimethyl sulfide, CH3SCH3; ethylmercaptan, CH3CH2SH; carbon disulfide, CS2) were monitored and removed by the biocover, with the highest removal efficiencies of 77.18% for H2S, 87.36% for CH3SH, and 92.19% for CH3SCH3 in reactor 8#, and 95.94% for CH3CH2SH and 94.44% for CS2 in reactor 3#. The orthogonal experiment showed that the factors influencing the removal efficiencies of sulfur-containing odors were ranked from high to low as follows: temperature > weight ratio > humidity content. The combination of parameters of 20% weight ratio, 25°C temperature, and 30% water content was more recommended based on the consideration of the removal efficiencies and economic benefits. The mechanisms of sulfur conversion inside biocover were analyzed. Most organic sulfur was firstly degraded to reduced sulfides or element sulfur, and then oxidized to sulfate which could be stable in the layer as the final state. In this process, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria play a great role, and the distribution of them in reactor 1#, 5#, and 8# was specifically monitored. Bradyrhizobiaceae and Rhodospirillaceae were the dominant species which can utilize sulfide as substance to produce sulfate and element sulfur, respectively. Based on the results of OUTs, the biodiversity of these sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, these microorganisms, was demonstrated to be affected by the different parameters. These results indicate that the novel alternative landfill cover modified with bamboo charcoal compost is effective in removing sulfur odors from landfills. Meanwhile, the findings have direct implications for addressing landfill odor problems through parameter adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiai Qian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwen Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Lv
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Q, Xie H, Peng Y, Mohammad A, Singh DN. VOCs emission from a final landfill cover system induced by ground surface air temperature and barometric pressure fluctuation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122391. [PMID: 37633438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission flux and their concentration profiles were measured at a final municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill cover in Hangzhou, China. The influencing parameters, especially ground surface air temperature and pressure were monitored concomitantly. Furthermore, a numerical model incorporating coupled thermo-hydro-chemical interaction to assess VOCs emission from this final landfill cover (LFC) system was developed and validated with the field test results. The tested total VOC emission flux from the final cover is 0.0124 μg/m2/s, which indicates that the total amount of VOCs emitted into the atmosphere is 391 mg/m2 annually. Among these, dichloromethane (DCM) dominated VOCs emission flux during May, comprising 51.8% of the total emission flux. The numerical simulation results indicated that the diffusive emission flux of VOCs varied consistently with the fluctuation of atmospheric temperature. Whereas, the advective flux varied inversely with the fluctuation of barometric pressure. The highest difference in diffusive emission flux induced by temperature variation is 183 μg/m2/day and occurred in spring. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the impact of atmospheric temperature and pressure fluctuation on the emission of VOC from final covers is non-negligible when reasonably assessing the risks of landfill and landfill gas emission budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China; Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
| | - Yingfei Peng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Arif Mohammad
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Devendra Narain Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Xing Z, Chen S, Xu F, Su X, Gou F, Shi Y, Chen H, Xiang J, Li J, Zhao T. Quantitative analysis of TCE biodegradation pathway in landfill cover utilizing continuous monitoring, droplet digital PCR and multi-omics sequencing technology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118509. [PMID: 37413727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the quasi-vadose zone has become a significant challenge. We applied an integrated approach to assess the biodegradability of trichloroethylene to identify the biotransformation mechanism. The formation of the functional zone biochemical layer was assessed by analyzing the distribution of landfill gas, physical and chemical properties of cover soil, spatial-temporal variations of micro-ecology, biodegradability of landfill cover soil and distributional difference metabolic pathway. Real-time online monitoring showed that trichloroethylene continuously undergoes anaerobic dichlorination and simultaneous aerobic/anaerobic conversion-aerobic co-metabolic degradation on the vertical gradient of the landfill cover system and reduction in trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the anoxic zone but not 1,1-dichloroethylene. PCR and diversity sequencing revealed the abundance and spatial distribution of known dichlorination-related genes within the landfill cover, with 6.61 ± 0.25 × 104-6.78 ± 0.09 × 106 and 1.17 ± 0.78 × 103-7.82 ± 0.07 × 105 copies per g/soil of pmoA and tceA, respectively. In addition, dominant bacteria and diversity were significantly linked with physicochemical factors, and Mesorhizobium, Pseudoxanthomonas and Gemmatimonas were responsible for biodegradation in the aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic zones. Metagenome sequencing identified 6 degradation pathways of trichloroethylene that may occur in the landfill cover; the main pathway was incomplete dechlorination accompanied by cometabolic degradation. These results indicate that the anoxic zone is important for trichloroethylene degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
| | - Shangjie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Fuqing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Xia Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Fang Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Yunchun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Jinxin Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Juan Li
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400060, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
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Randazzo A, Zorzi F, Venturi S, Bicocchi G, Viti G, Tatàno F, Tassi F. Degradation of biogas in a simulated landfill cover soil at laboratory scale: Compositional changes of main components and volatile organic compounds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:229-241. [PMID: 36577274 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory experiment lasting 28 days was run to simulate a typical landfill system and to investigate the compositional changes affecting the main components (CH4, CO2, and H2) and nonmethane volatile organic compounds from biogas generated by anaerobic digestion of food waste and passing through a soil column. Gas samples were periodically collected from both the digester headspace and the soil column at increasing distances from the biogas source. CH4 and H2 were efficiently degraded along the soil column. The isotopic values of δ13C measured in CH4 and CO2 from the soil column were relatively enriched in 13C compared to the biogas. Aromatics and alkanes were the most abundant groups in the biogas samples. Among these compounds, alkylated benzenes and long-chain C3+ alkanes were significantly degraded within the soil column, whereas benzene and short-chain alkanes were recalcitrant. Terpene and O-substituted compounds were relatively stable under oxidising conditions. Cyclic, alkene, S-substituted, and halogenated compounds, which exhibited minor amounts in the digester headspace, were virtually absent in the soil column. These results pointed out how many recalcitrant potentially toxic and polluting compounds tend to be relatively enriched along the soil column, claiming action to minimise diffuse landfill gas (LFG) emissions. The proposed experimental approach represents a reliable tool for investigating the attenuation capacities of landfill cover soils for LFG components and developing optimised covers by adopting proper soil treatments and operating conditions to improve their degradation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Francesca Zorzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bicocchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gregorio Viti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Tatàno
- DiSPeA - Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Section ChEM - Chemistry, Environment, and Materials, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Campus Scientifico "E. Mattei", 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Franco Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Huang D, Liang M, Wang N, Xu Q. The efficiency and mechanism of humidity in alleviating CO 2 inhibition on H 2S adsorption to straw biochars. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:113008. [PMID: 35219631 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption tests were conducted to clarify the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal to straw biochars and the role of humidity in affecting the CO2 impact. When straw biochars were dry, CO2 proved significantly detrimental to their H2S adsorption, regardless of the CO2 contents. In contrast, when adjusting the humidity of the biochars to 20%, the presence of CO2 promoted the conversion of H2S into sulfites, though still inhibited the generation of elemental sulfur, through which the original negative CO2 impact was nearly compensated. The presence of low to medium contents of CO2 even slightly improved the adsorption capacity and extended the breakthrough time. This phenomenon was ascribed to a favorable carbon surface environment for H2S dissociation and oxidation, created from the reactions of the major minerals (Ca and Mg) with CO2 and water. To sum up, the CO2 inhibition on the H2S adsorption to biochars was ascribed to the competition of CO2 for the active sites; however, humidity induced a series of CO2-participated chemical reactions between H2S and the minerals, sufficiently alleviating the CO2 inhibition. The results also highlight the necessity to recognize the most critical biochar properties or an efficient balance of crucial biochar properties in achieving an optimal H2S removal when CO2 is present in the syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Mingshen Liang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the environment and air quality, playing an important role in global warming, depletion of atmospheric ozone and emission of unpleasant odors, but also directly affect human health. This study investigated the health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) compounds and biogas released in and around the municipal landfill. Sampling of the VOCs was carried out by the 1501NIOSH method from 8 points over 5 months. The samples were analyzed for BTEX in the ambient air of the landfill, resulting in 0.03–18.09 ppm concentrations, while for biogases a 0.08–25.2 ppm range was found. Assessment of definite health and potential risks showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene and hazard quotient (HQ) for the BTEX components in all studied sampling sites are higher than the acceptable standard. The high concentration of benzene measured in ambient air indicated that petroleum compounds containing benzene and its derivatives have the highest value in the category of BTEX compounds among all emissions. Therefore, high concentrations of volatile compounds derived from VOCs, especially benzene, should be reduced at the site with control engineering measures.
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10
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Huang D, Du Y, Xu Q, Ko JH. Quantification and control of gaseous emissions from solid waste landfill surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114001. [PMID: 34731706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is the most common option for solid waste disposal worldwide. Landfill sites can emit significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs; e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) and release toxic and odorous compounds (e.g., sulfides). Due to the complex composition and characteristics of landfill surface gas emissions, the quantification and control of landfill emissions are challenging. This review attempts to comprehensively understand landfill emission quantification and control options by primarily focusing on GHGs and odor compounds. Landfill emission quantification was highlighted by combining different emissions monitoring approaches to improve the quality of landfill emission data. Also, landfill emission control requires a specific approach that targets emission compounds or a systematic approach that reduces overall emissions by combining different control methods since the diverse factors dominate the emissions of various compounds and their transformation. This integrated knowledge of emission quantification and control options for GHGs and odor compounds is beneficial for establishing field monitoring campaigns and incorporating mitigation strategies to quantify and control multiple landfill emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yue Du
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jae Hac Ko
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Chu YX, Wang J, Tian G, He R. Reduction in VOC emissions by intermittent aeration in bioreactor landfills with gas-water joint regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118059. [PMID: 34488158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfill mining and reclamation is a new strategy for addressing the lack of space available for new landfills and realizing the sustainable development of landfills. A gas-water joint bioreactor landfill is regulated by injecting water and/or recirculating leachate, and a blasting aeration system to optimize waste stabilization. In this study, four landfill reactors were constructed to investigate the effects of ventilation methods, including continuous (20 h d-1) and intermittent aeration (4 h d-1 in continuous or 2-h aeration per 12 h, twice a day), on the degradation of organic matter and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in comparison with traditional landfills. A total of 62 VOCs were detected in the landfill reactors. Among them, halogenated compounds had the highest abundance (39.8-65.4 %), followed by oxygenated compounds, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatic compounds. Both intermittent and continuous aeration could accelerate the degradation of landfilled waste and increase the volatilization rate of VOCs. Compared with intermittent aeration, the degradation of landfilled waste was more quickly in the landfill reactor with continuous aeration. However, intermittent aeration could create anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic conditions, which were conducive to the growth and metabolism of anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms in landfills and thereby reduced more than 63.4 % of total VOC emissions from the landfill reactor with continuous aeration. Moreover, intermittent aeration could reduce the ventilation rate and decrease the cost of aeration by 80 % relative to continuous aeration. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes predominated in the landfill reactors. The environmental variables including organic matter and VOCs concentrations had significant influences on microbial community structure in the landfilled waste. These findings indicated that intermittent aeration was an effective way to accelerate the stabilization of landfilled waste and reduce the cost and environmental risks in bioreactor landfills with gas-water joint regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Chu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guangming Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruo He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Evaluation of Occupational Exposure Risk for Employees Working in Dynamic Olfactometry: Focus On Non-Carcinogenic Effects Correlated with Exposure to Landfill Emissions. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health effects related to landfill odor emissions, therefore focusing on workers involved in dynamic olfactometry. Currently, the most common technique to quantify odor emissions is dynamic olfactometry, a sensorial analysis involving human assessors. During the analysis, assessors are directly exposed, at increasing concentrations, to odor samples, and thus to the hazardous pollutants contained therein. This entails the need to estimate the associated exposure risk to guarantee examiners’ safety. Therefore, this paper evaluates the exposure risk for olfactometric examiners to establish the minimum dilution level to be adopted during the analysis of landfills’ odorous samples to guarantee panelists’ safety. For this purpose, an extensive literature review regarding the pollutants emitted by landfill odor sources was conducted, comparing compounds’ chemical concentrations and threshold limit values (TLVs) to calculate the Hazard Index (HI) and thus establish a minimum dilution value. The data collected indicate that a non-negligible non-carcinogenic risk exists for all landfill emissions considered. However, from the data considered, the minimum dilution factor to be adopted is lower than the typical odor concentration observed for these sources. Therefore, the olfactometric analysis of landfill samples can be generally conducted in safe conditions.
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Ta Bui L, Hoang Nguyen P, Chau My Nguyen D. A web based methane emissions modelling platform: Models and software development. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:120-135. [PMID: 34418742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a platform using a modelling and web technology approach to estimate methane emissions from landfills to assess methane emissions across the region. The web technology-based software EnLandFill, which was developed, allows users to log in, interact with landfill databases, and document and extract information regarding landfill emissions. Models that integrate web technology with databases and geographic information systems (GIS) are described. One of the achievements of this study was the development of an inverse algorithm to determine the waste source capacity according to a dispersion model, accounting for complex terrain and meteorological time-series data extracted from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. EnLandFill software was applied to quantify CH4 emissions for key developing regions, predicting approximately 158,977 tonnes, equivalent to 167,786,878 m3 of CH4 for the period of 2019 - 2030. The software also allows the evaluation of the scope and level of impacts of landfill emissions under given meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ta Bui
- Laboratory for Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Phong Hoang Nguyen
- Laboratory for Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Duyen Chau My Nguyen
- Laboratory for Environmental Modelling, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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14
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Manheim DC, Yeşiller N, Hanson JL. Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of Global Data. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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16
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Duan Z, Hansen POR, Scheutz C, Kjeldsen P. Mitigation of methane and trace gas emissions through a large-scale active biofilter system at Glatved landfill, Denmark. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:367-376. [PMID: 33813314 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biocover systems are a cost-effective technology utilised to mitigate methane (CH4) and trace gas emissions from landfills. A full-scale biofilter system was constructed at Glatved landfill, Denmark, consisting of three biofilters with a total area of 3950 m2. Landfill gas collected mainly from shredder waste cells was mixed with ambient air and fed actively into the biofilter, resulting in an average load of 60-75 g m-2 d-1 for CH4 and 0.15-0.21 g m-2 d-1 for trace gases (e.g., aromatics, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), aliphatic hydrocarbons). The initial CH4 surface screening showed uneven gas distribution into the system, and elevated surface concentrations were observed close to the gas inlet. Both positive and negative CH4 fluxes, ranging from -0.36 to 4.25 g m-2 d-1, were measured across the surface of the biofilter. Total trace gas emissions were between -0.005 and 0.042 g m-2 d-1, and the emission flux of individual compounds were generally small (10-8 to 10-3 g m-2 d-1). Vertical gas concentration profiles showed that the oxidation of CH4 and easily degradable trace compounds such as aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons happened in the aerobic zones, while CFCs were degraded in the anaerobic zone inside the compost layer. In addition, oxidation/degradation of CH4 and trace gases also occurred in the gas distribution layer, which contributed significantly to the overall mitigation efficiency of the biofilter system. Overall, the biofilter system showed mitigation efficiencies of nearly 100% for both CH4 and trace gases, and it might have the potential to work under higher loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Duan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Duan Z, Scheutz C, Kjeldsen P. Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:39-62. [PMID: 33039980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills have received increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews literature published between 1983 and 2019, focusing on (i) the origin and fate of trace gas in MSW landfills, (ii) sampling and analytical techniques, (iii) quantitative emission measurement techniques, (iv) concentration and surface emission rates of common trace compounds at different landfill units and (v) the environmental and health concerns associated with trace gas emissions from MSW landfills. Trace gases can be produced from waste degradation, direct volatilisation of chemicals in waste products or from conversions/reactions between other compounds. Different chemical groups dominate the different waste decomposition stages. In general, organic sulphur compounds and oxygenated compounds are connected with fresh waste, while abundant hydrogen sulphide, aromatics and aliphatic hydrocarbons are usually found during the methane fermentation stage. Selection of different sampling, analytical and emission rate measurement techniques might generate different results when quantifying trace gas emission from landfills, and validation tests are needed to evaluate the reliability of current methods. The concentrations of trace gases and their surface emission rates vary largely from site to site, and fresh waste dumping areas and uncovered waste surfaces are the most important fugitive emission sources. The adverse effects of trace gas emission are not fully understood, and more emission data are required in future studies to assess quantitatively their environmental impacts as well as health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Duan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Khabiri B, Ferdowsi M, Buelna G, Jones JP, Heitz M. Simultaneous biodegradation of methane and styrene in biofilters packed with inorganic supports: Experimental and macrokinetic study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126492. [PMID: 32443260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four upflow 0.018 m3 biofilters (3 beds), B-ME, B-200, B-500 and B-700, all packed with inorganic materials, were operated at a constant air flow rate of 0.18 m3 h-1 to eliminate methane (CH4), a harmful greenhouse gas (GHG), and styrene (C8H8), a carcinogenic volatile organic compound (VOC). The biofilters were irrigated with 0.001 m3 of recycled nutrient solution (NS) every day (flow rate of 60 × 10-3 m3 h-1). Styrene inlet load (IL) was kept constant in each biofilter. Different CH4-ILs varying in the range of 7-60 gCH4 m-3 h-1 were examined in B-ME (IL of 0 gC8H8 m-3 h-1), B-200 (IL of 9 gC8H8 m-3 h-1), B-500 (IL of 22 gC8H8 m-3 h-1) and B-700 (IL of 32 gC8H8 m-3 h-1). Finally, the effect of C8H8 on the macrokinetic parameters of CH4 biofiltration was studied based on the Michaelis-Menten model. Average C8H8 removal efficiencies (RE) varying between 64 and 100% were obtained at CH4-ILs increasing from 7 to 60 gCH4 m-3 h-1 and for C8H8-ILs range of 0-32 gC8H8 m-3 h-1. More than 90% of C8H8 was removed in the bottom and middle beds of the biofilters. By increasing C8H8-IL from 0 to 32 gC8H8 m-3 h-1, maximal EC in Michaelis-Menten model and macrokinetic saturation constant declined from 311 to 39 g m-3 h-1 and from 19 to 2.3 g m-3, respectively, which confirmed that an uncompetitive inhibition occurred during CH4 biofiltration in the presence of C8H8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khabiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Milad Ferdowsi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gerardo Buelna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Peter Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michèle Heitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Randazzo A, Asensio-Ramos M, Melián GV, Venturi S, Padrón E, Hernández PA, Pérez NM, Tassi F. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in solid waste landfill cover soil: Chemical and isotopic composition vs. degradation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138326. [PMID: 32305753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Landfills for solid waste disposal release to the atmosphere a large variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Bacterial activity in landfill cover soils can play an important role in mitigating VOC emission. In order to evaluate the effects of degradation processes and characterize VOCs composition in landfill cover soil, gases from 60 sites and along 7 vertical profiles within the cover soil were collected for chemical and isotopic analysis at two undifferentiated urban solid waste disposal sites in Spain: (i) Pinto (Madrid) and (ii) Zurita (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). The CO2/CH4 ratios and δ13C-CO2 and δ13C-CH4 values were controlled by either oxidation or reduction processes of landfill gas (LFG). VOCs were dominated by aromatics, alkanes and O-substituted compounds, with minor cyclics, terpenes, halogenated and S-substituted compounds. Degradation processes, depending on both (i) waste age and (ii) velocity of the uprising biogas through the soil cover, caused (i) an increase of degradation products (e.g., CO2, O-substituted compounds) and (ii) a decrease of degradable components (e.g., CH4, alkanes, alkylated aromatics, cyclic and S-substituted compounds). Terpenes, halogenated compounds, phenol and furans were unaffected by degradation processes and only depended on waste composition. These results highlight the fundamental role played by microbial activity in mitigating atmospheric emissions of VOCs from landfills. Nevertheless, the recalcitrant behaviour shown by compounds hazardous for health and environment remarks the importance of a correct landfill management that has to be carried out for years after the waste disposal activity is completed, since LFG emissions can persist for long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Randazzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - M Asensio-Ramos
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - G V Melián
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - S Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - E Padrón
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Agencia Insular de la Energía de Tenerife (AIET), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - P A Hernández
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Agencia Insular de la Energía de Tenerife (AIET), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - N M Pérez
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Agencia Insular de la Energía de Tenerife (AIET), 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - F Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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20
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Ma J, McHugh T, Beckley L, Lahvis M, DeVaull G, Jiang L. Vapor Intrusion Investigations and Decision-Making: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7050-7069. [PMID: 32384239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
At sites impacted by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), vapor intrusion (VI) is the pathway with the greatest potential to result in actual human exposure. Since sites with VI were first widely publicized in late 1990s, the scientific understanding of VI has evolved considerably. The VI conceptual model has been extended beyond relatively simple scenarios to include nuances, such as biological and hydrogeological factors that may limit the potential for VI and alternative pathways, such as preferential pathways and direct building contact/infiltration that may enhance VI in some cases. Regulatory guidance documents typically recommend initial concentration- or distance-based screening to evaluate whether VI may be a concern, followed by a multiple-lines-of-evidence (MLE) investigation approach for sites that do not screen out. These recommendations for detailed evaluation of VI currently focus on monitoring of VOC concentrations in groundwater, soil gas, and indoor air and can be supplemented by other lines of evidence. In this Critical Review, we summarize key elements important to VI site characterization, provide the status and current understanding, and highlight data interpretation challenges, as well as innovative tools developed to help overcome the challenges. Although there have been significant advances in the understanding of VI in the past 20 years, limitations and knowledge gaps in screening, investigation methods, and modeling approaches still exist. Potential areas for further research include improved initial screening methods that account for the site-specific role of barriers, improved understanding of preferential pathways, and systematic study of buildings and infrastructure other than single-family residences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Thomas McHugh
- GSI Environmental, Houston, Texas 77098, United States
| | - Lila Beckley
- GSI Environmental, Houston, Texas 77098, United States
| | - Matthew Lahvis
- Shell Global Solutions (US), Inc., Shell Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - George DeVaull
- Shell Global Solutions (US), Inc., Shell Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - Lin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
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21
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Mitigation of Methane, NMVOCs and Odor Emissions in Active and Passive Biofiltration Systems at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12083203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration systems are emerging technological solutions for the removal of methane and odors from landfill gas when flaring is no longer feasible. This work analyzed and compared two full-scale biofiltration systems: biofilter and biowindows. The emission mitigation of methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and odors during a two-year management and monitoring period was studied. In addition to diluted methane, more than 50 NMVOCs have been detected in the inlet raw landfill gas and the sulfur compounds resulted in the highest odor activity value. Both systems, biofilter and biowindows, were effective for the oxidation of methane (58.1% and 88.05%, respectively), for the mitigation of NMVOCs (higher than 80%) and odor reduction (99.84% and 93.82% respectively). As for the biofilter monitoring, it was possible to define the oxidation efficiency trend and in fact to guarantee that for an oxidation efficiency of 80%, the methane load must be less than 6.5 g CH4/m2h with an oxidation rate of 5.2 g CH4/m2h.
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22
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Halocarbon Emissions from Hazardous Waste Landfills: Analysis of Sources and Risks. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Landfills are sources of fugitive volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions, including halocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of halogenated VOCs to the health risks associated with the exposure of workers operating in landfills, gathering information on the role of endogenous/exogenous sources present in anthropized areas. A hazardous waste landfill located in Turin, Italy was used as a case study. Ambient concentrations of 10 pollutants (BTEX, styrene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloropropane), measured in 10 points of the landfill area, were considered and analyzed. The data had a monthly frequency and covered two years. A cumulative health risk analysis was conducted by applying a Monte-Carlo method. The results showed that the contribution of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloropropane was 17.9% and 19.4% for the total risk and hazard index respectively. Benzene and ethylbenzene gave the highest contribution to the total risk (56.8% and 24.8%, respectively). In the second phase of the study, waste typologies that are possibly responsible for halocarbon emissions were investigated. Halocarbon concentration trends and waste disposal records were compared. Although further investigation is needed, some waste typologies were not excluded to contribute to halocarbon emissions, in particular sludge coming from wastewater treatment plants.
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Nie E, Zheng G, Gao D, Chen T, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang X. Emission characteristics of VOCs and potential ozone formation from a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:664-672. [PMID: 31096396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major components of the odor emitted from sewage sludge composting plants and are generally associated with odorous nuisances and health risks. However, few studies have considered the potential ozone generation caused by VOCs emitted from sewage sludge composting plants. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a full-scale composting plant. Five major treatment units of the composting plant were chosen as the monitoring locations, including the dewatered room, dewatered sludge, blender room, fermentation workshop, and product units. The fermentation workshop units displayed the highest concentration of VOC emissions at 2595.7 ± 1367.3 μg.m-3, followed by the blender room, product, dewatered sludge, and dewatered room units, whose emissions ranged from 142.2 ± 86.8 μg.m-3 to 2107.6 ± 1045.6 μg.m-3. The detected VOC families included oxygenated compounds, alkanes, alkenes, sulfide compounds, halogenated compounds, and aromatic compounds. Oxygenated compounds, particularly acetone, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the dewatered room and dewatered sludge units clustered closely, as indicated by their similar component emissions. The product units differed from the other sampling units, as their typical compounds were methanethiol, styrene, carbon disulfide, and hexane, all of which were the products of the latter stages of composting. Among the treatment units, the fermentation workshop units had the highest propylene equivalent (propy-equiv) concentration. Dimethyl disulfide and limonene were the major contributors. Limonene had the highest propy-equiv concentration, which contributed to the increased atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air. To control the secondary environmental pollution caused by the VOC emissions during sewage sludge composting, the emission of limonene and dimethyl disulfide must be controlled from the blender room and fermentation workshop units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankai Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Fjelsted L, Christensen AG, Larsen JE, Kjeldsen P, Scheutz C. Assessment of a landfill methane emission screening method using an unmanned aerial vehicle mounted thermal infrared camera - A field study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:893-904. [PMID: 29853253 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted thermal infrared (TIR) camera's ability to delineate landfill gas (LFG) emission hotspots was evaluated in a field test at two Danish landfills (Hedeland landfill and Audebo landfill). At both sites, a test area of 100 m2 was established and divided into about 100 measuring points. The relationship between LFG emissions and soil surface temperatures were investigated through four to five measuring campaigns, in order to cover different atmospheric conditions along with increasing, decreasing and stable barometric pressure. For each measuring campaign, a TIR image of the test area was obtained followed by the measurement of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at each measuring point, using a static flux chamber. At the same time, soil temperatures measured on the surface, at 5 cm and 10 cm depths, were registered. At the Hedeland landfill, no relationship was found between LFG emissions and surface temperatures. In addition, CH4 emissions were very limited, on average 0.92-4.52 g CH4 m-2 d-1, and only measureable on the two days with decreasing barometric pressure. TIR images from Hedeland did not show any significant temperature differences in the test area. At the Audebo landfill, an area with slightly higher surface temperatures was found in the TIR images, and the same pattern with slightly higher temperatures was found at a depth of 10 cm. The main LFG emissions were found in the area with the higher surface temperatures. LFG emissions at Audebo were influenced significantly by changes in barometric pressure, and the average CH4 emissions varied between 111 g m-2 d-1 and 314 g m-2 d-1, depending on whether the barometric pressure gradient had increased or decreased, respectively. The temperature differences observed in the TIR images from both landfills were limited to between 0.7 °C and 1.2 °C. The minimum observable CH4 emission for the TIR camera to identify an emission hotspot was 150 g CH4 m-2 d-1 from an area of more than 1 m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fjelsted
- Niras A/S, Sortemosevej 19, DK-3450 Allerød, Denmark; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - J E Larsen
- Niras A/S, Sortemosevej 19, DK-3450 Allerød, Denmark
| | - P Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Mønster J, Kjeldsen P, Scheutz C. Methodologies for measuring fugitive methane emissions from landfills - A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:835-859. [PMID: 30660403 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fugitive methane (CH4) emissions from landfills are significant global sources of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere; thus, reducing them would be a beneficial way of overall greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. In Europe, landfill owners have to report their annual CH4 emissions, so direct measurements are therefore important for (1) evaluating and improving currently applied CH4 emission models, (2) reporting annual CH4 emissions and (3) quantifying CH4 mitigation initiatives. This paper aims at providing an overview of currently available methodologies used to measure fugitive CH4 emissions escaping from landfills. The measurement methodologies are described briefly, and the advantages and limitations of the different techniques are discussed with reference to published literature on the subject. Examples are given of individual published studies using different methodologies and studies comparing three or more methodologies. This review suggests that accurate, whole-site CH4 emission quantifications are best done using methods measuring downwind of the landfill, such as tracer gas dispersion and differential absorption LiDAR (DIAL). Combining aerial CH4 concentration measurements from aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles with wind field measurements offers a great future potential for improved and cost-efficient integrated landfill CH4 emission quantification. However, these methods are difficult to apply for longer time periods, so in order to measure temporal CH4 emission changes, e.g. due to the effect of changes in atmospheric conditions (pressure, wind and precipitation), a measurement method that is able to measure continuously is required. Such a method could be eddy covariance or static mass balance, although these procedures are challenged by topography and inhomogeneous spatial emission patterns, and as such they can underestimate emissions significantly. Surface flux chambers have been used widely, but they are likely to underestimate emission rates, due to the heterogeneous nature of most landfill covers resulting in sporadic and localised CH4 emission hotspots being the dominant emission routes. Furthermore, emissions from wells, vents, etc. are not captured by surface flux chambers. The significance of any underestimation depends highly on the configuration of individual landfills, their size and emission patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mønster
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Rees-White TC, Mønster J, Beaven RP, Scheutz C. Measuring methane emissions from a UK landfill using the tracer dispersion method and the influence of operational and environmental factors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:870-882. [PMID: 29605306 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The methane emissions from a landfill in south-east, UK were successfully quantified during a six-day measurement campaign using the tracer dispersion method. The fair weather conditions made it necessary to perform measurements in the late afternoon and in the evening when the lower solar flux resulted in a more stable troposphere with a lower inversion layer. This caused a slower mixing of the gasses, but allowed plume measurements up to 6700 m downwind from the landfill. The average methane emission varied between 217 ± 14 and 410 ± 18 kg h-1 within the individual measurement days, but the measured emission rates were higher on the first three days (333 ± 27, 371 ± 42 and 410 ± 18 kg h-1) compared to the last three days (217 ± 14, 249 ± 20 and 263 ± 22 kg h-1). It was not possible to completely isolate the extent to which these variations were a consequence of measuring artefacts, such as wind/measurement direction and measurement distance, or from an actual change in the fugitive emission. Such emission change is known to occur with changes in the atmospheric pressure. The higher emissions measured during the first three days of the campaign were measured during a period with an overall decrease in atmospheric pressure (from approximately 1014 mbar on day 1 to 987 mbar on day 6). The lower emissions measured during the last three days of the campaign were carried out during a period with an initial pressure increase followed by a period of slowly reducing pressure. The average daily methane recovery flow varied between 633 and 679 kg h-1 at STP (1 atm, 0 °C). The methane emitted to the atmosphere accounted for approximately 31% of the total methane generated, assuming that the methane generated is the sum of the methane recovered and the methane emitted to the atmosphere, thus not including a potential methane oxidation in the landfill cover soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Rees-White
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - J Mønster
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R P Beaven
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Morris JWF, Caldwell MD, Obereiner JM, O'Donnell ST, Johnson TR, Abichou T. Modeling methane oxidation in landfill cover soils as indicator of functional stability with respect to gas management. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:13-22. [PMID: 30010508 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1500403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A performance-based method for evaluating methane (CH4) oxidation as the best available control technology (BACT) for passive management of landfill gas (LFG) was applied at a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in central Washington, USA, to predict when conditions for functional stability with respect to LFG management would be expected. The permitted final cover design at the subject landfill is an all-soil evapotranspirative (ET) cover system. Using a model, a correlation between CH4 loading flux and oxidation was developed for the specific ET cover design. Under Washington's regulations, a MSW landfill is functionally stable when it does not present a threat to human health or the environment (HHE) at the relevant point of exposure (POE), which was conservatively established as the cover surface. Approaches for modeling LFG migration and CH4 oxidation are discussed, along with comparisons between CH4 oxidation and biodegradation of non-CH4 organic compounds (NMOCs). The modeled oxidation capacity of the ET cover design is 15 g/m2/day under average climatic conditions at the site, with 100% oxidation expected on an annual average basis for fluxes up to 8 g/m2/day. This translates to a sitewide CH4 generation rate of about 260 m3/hr, which represents the functional stability target for allowing transition to cover oxidation as the BACT (subject to completion of a confirmation monitoring program). It is recognized that less than 100% oxidation might occur periodically if climate and/or cover conditions do not precisely match the model, but that residual emissions during such events would be de minimis in comparison with published limit values. Accordingly, it is also noted that nonzero net emissions may not represent a threat to HHE at a POE (i.e., a target flux between 8 and 15 g/m2/day might be appropriate for functional stability) depending on the site reuse plan and distance to potential receptors.Implications: This study provides a scientifically defensible method for estimating when methane oxidation in landfill cover soils may represent the best available control technology for residual landfill gas (LFG) emissions. This should help operators and regulators agree on the process of safely eliminating active LFG controls in favor of passive control measures once LFG generation exhibits asymptotic trend behavior below the oxidation capacity of the soil. It also helps illustrate the potential benefits of evolving landfill designs to include all-soil vegetated evapotranspirative (ET) covers that meet sustainability objectives as well as regulatory performance objectives for infiltration control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tarek Abichou
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Yeşiller N, Hanson JL, Sohn AH, Bogner JE, Blake DR. Spatial and Temporal Variability in Emissions of Fluorinated Gases from a California Landfill. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6789-6797. [PMID: 29792701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of twelve (hydro)chlorofluorocarbons (F-gases) and methane were quantified using large-scale static chambers as a function of cover type (daily, intermediate, final) and seasonal variation (wet, dry) at a California landfill. The majority of the F-gas fluxes was positive and varied over 7 orders of magnitude across the cover types in a given season (wet: 10-8 to 10-1 g/m2-day; dry: 10-9 to 10-2 g/m2-day). The highest fluxes were from active filling areas with thin, coarse-grained daily covers, whereas the lowest fluxes were from the thick, fine-grained final cover. Historical F-gas replacement trends, waste age, and cover soil geotechnical properties affected flux with significantly lower F-gas fluxes than methane flux (10-4 to 10+1 g/m2-day). Both flux and variability of flux decreased with the order: daily to intermediate to final covers; coarser to finer cover materials; low to high fines content cover soils; high to low degree of saturation cover soils; and thin to thick covers. Cover-specific F-gas fluxes were approximately one order of magnitude higher in the wet than dry season, due to combined effects of comparatively high saturations, high void ratios, and low temperatures. Emissions were primarily controlled by type and relative areal extent of cover materials and secondarily by season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Yeşiller
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California 93407 , United States
| | - James L Hanson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California 93407 , United States
| | - Alexander H Sohn
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California 93407 , United States
| | - Jean E Bogner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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29
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Verginelli I, Pecoraro R, Baciocchi R. Using dynamic flux chambers to estimate the natural attenuation rates in the subsurface at petroleum contaminated sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:470-479. [PMID: 29156267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a screening method for the evaluation of the natural attenuation rates in the subsurface at sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. The method is based on the combination of the data obtained from standard source characterization with dynamic flux chambers measurements. The natural attenuation rates are calculated as difference between the flux of contaminants estimated with a non-reactive diffusive model starting from the concentrations of the contaminants detected in the source (soil and/or groundwater) and the effective emission rate of the contaminants measured using dynamic flux chambers installed at ground level. The reliability of this approach was tested in a contaminated site characterized by the presence of BTEX in soil and groundwater. Namely, the BTEX emission rates from the subsurface were measured in 4 seasonal campaigns using dynamic flux chambers installed in 14 sampling points. The comparison of measured fluxes with those predicted using a non-reactive diffusive model, starting from the source concentrations, showed that, in line with other recent studies, the modelling approach can overestimate the expected outdoor concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons even up to 4 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, by coupling the measured data with the fluxes estimated with the diffusive non-reactive model, it was possible to perform a mass balance to evaluate the natural attenuation loss rates of petroleum hydrocarbons during the migration from the source to ground level. Based on this comparison, the estimated BTEX loss rates in the test site were up to almost 0.5kg/year/m2. These rates are in line with the values reported in the recent literature for natural source zone depletion. In short, the method presented in this work can represent an easy-to-use and cost-effective option that can provide a further line of evidence of natural attenuation rates expected at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iason Verginelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pecoraro
- Versalis, Eni, QHSE, Piazza Boldrini 1, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Renato Baciocchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Xing Z, Zhao T, Zhang L, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang X. Effects of copper on expression of methane monooxygenases, trichloroethylene degradation, and community structure in methanotrophic consortia. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:236-243. [PMID: 32624902 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper plays a key role in regulating the expression of enzymes that promote biodegradation of contaminants in methanotrophic consortia (MC). Here, we utilized MC isolated from landfill cover to investigate cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) at nine different copper (Cu2+) concentrations. The results demonstrated that an increase in Cu2+ concentration from 0 to 15 μM altered the specific first-order rate constant k 1,TCE, the expression levels of methane monooxygenase (pmoA and mmoX) genes, and the specific activity of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). High efficiency TCE degradation (95%) and the expression levels of methane monooxygenase (MMO) were detected at a Cu2+ concentration of 0.03 μM. Notably, sMMO-specific activity ranged from 74.41 nmol/(mgcell h) in 15 μM Cu2+ to 654.99 nmol/(mgcell h) in 0.03 μM Cu2+, which contrasts with cultures of pure methanotrophs in which sMMO activity is depressed at high Cu2+ concentrations, indicating a special regulatory role for Cu2+ in MC. The results of MiSeq pyrosequencing indicated that higher Cu2+ concentrations stimulated the growth of methanotrophic microorganisms in MC. These findings have important implications for the elucidation of copper-mediated regulatory mechanisms in MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xing
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing P. R. China
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31
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Morgott DA. The Human Exposure Potential from Propylene Releases to the Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010066. [PMID: 29300328 PMCID: PMC5800165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A detailed literature search was performed to assess the sources, magnitudes and extent of human inhalation exposure to propylene. Exposure evaluations were performed at both the community and occupational levels for those living or working in different environments. The results revealed a multitude of pyrogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic emission sources. Pyrogenic sources, including biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, appear to be the primary contributors to atmospheric propylene. Despite a very short atmospheric lifetime, measurable levels could be detected in highly remote locations as a result of biogenic release. The indoor/outdoor ratio for propylene has been shown to range from about 2 to 3 in non-smoking homes, which indicates that residential sources may be the largest contributor to the overall exposure for those not occupationally exposed. In homes where smoking takes place, the levels may be up to thirty times higher than non-smoking residences. Atmospheric levels in most rural regions are typically below 2 ppbv, whereas the values in urban levels are much more variable ranging as high as 10 ppbv. Somewhat elevated propylene exposures may also occur in the workplace; especially for firefighters or refinery plant operators who may encounter levels up to about 10 ppmv.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Morgott
- Pennsport Consulting, LLC, 1 Christian Street, Unit#21, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA.
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Liu Y, Lu W, Dastyar W, Liu Y, Guo H, Fu X, Li H, Meng R, Zhao M, Wang H. Fugitive halocarbon emissions from working face of municipal solid waste landfills in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 70:149-157. [PMID: 28917825 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halocarbons are important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to their long lifetime and large characteristic factors. The present study for the first time assessed the global warming potential (GWP) of fugitive halocarbon emissions from the working face of landfills in China. The national emissions of five major halocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-113, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and CCl4) from the working face of municipal solid waste landfills in China were provided through observation-based estimations. The fluxes of halocarbons from working face of landfills were observed much higher than covered cells in landfills hence representing the hot spots of landfill emissions. The annual emissions of the halocarbons from landfills in China were 0.02-15.6kt·y-1, and their GWPs were 128-60,948kt-CO2-eq·y-1 based on their characteristic factors on a 100-year horizon. CFC-113 was the dominant species owing to its highest releasing rate (i.e. 15.4±19.1g·t-1) and largest characteristic factor, resulting in a GWP up to 4036±4855kt-CO2-eq·y-1. The annual emissions of CFC-113 from landfills (i.e. 0.61kt·y-1) made up ∼76% of the total national CFC-113 emissions. The GWPs of halocarbons were estimated ∼14.4% of landfill methane emissions. Therefore, fugitive halocarbons emissions from working face are significant sources of GHGs in landfill sites in China, although they comprise a small fraction of total landfill gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wafa Dastyar
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanwen Guo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xindi Fu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruihong Meng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Xing Z, Zhao T, Gao Y, He Z, Zhang L, Peng X, Song L. Real-time monitoring of methane oxidation in a simulated landfill cover soil and MiSeq pyrosequencing analysis of the related bacterial community structure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:369-377. [PMID: 28532620 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time CH4 oxidation in a landfill cover soil was studied using automated gas sampling that determined biogas (CH4 and CO2) and O2 concentrations at various depths in a simulated landfill cover soil (SLCS) column reactor. The real-time monitoring system obtained more than 10,000 biogas (CH4 and CO2) and O2 data points covering 32 steady states of CH4 oxidation with 32 different CH4 fluxes (0.2-125mol·m-2·d-1). The kinetics of CH4 oxidation at different depths (0-20cm, 20-40cm, and 40-60cm) of SLCS were well fit by a CH4-O2 dual-substrate model based on 32 values (averaged, n=5-15) of equilibrated CH4 concentrations. The quality of the fit (R2 ranged from 0.90 to 0.96) was higher than those reported in previous studies, which suggests that real time monitoring is beneficial for CH4 oxidation simulations. MiSeq pyrosequencing indicated that CH4 flux events changed the bacterial community structure (e.g., increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Methanotrophs) and resulted in a relative increase in the amount of type I methanotrophs (Methylobacter and Methylococcales) and a decrease in the amount of type II methanotrophs (Methylocystis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Yanhui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xuya Peng
- Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Environmental Microbiology and Ecology Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Chongqing 400714, China.
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de Sá Borba PF, Martins EM, Ritter E, Corrêa SM. BTEX Emissions from the Largest Landfill in Operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:624-631. [PMID: 28255609 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission rates and the ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) were measured over the intermediate cover layer and atmosphere of the Seropédica landfill, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BTEX were sampled using coconut shell charcoal cartridges, followed by extraction with dichloromethane and analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Thirteen samples were collected in areas with and without cracks in the cover layer, and six samples were collected from the ambient air. The average emission rates were 11.7, 492.2, 153.7, 67.2, and 21.7 µg m- 2 day- 1, respectively, for benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, m + p-xylenes and o-xylene. No benzene concentrations above the detection limit were observed in ambient air samples. The average concentrations of toluene, ethyl benzene, m + p-xylenes and o-xylene in ambient air samples were 2.14, 1.35, 0.49 and 0.08 µg m- 3, respectively. Higher emissions were found in locations containing larger cracks during the collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisabeth Ritter
- Faculty of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado Corrêa
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 298, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil.
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Cassini F, Scheutz C, Skov BH, Mou Z, Kjeldsen P. Mitigation of methane emissions in a pilot-scale biocover system at the AV Miljø Landfill, Denmark: 1. System design and gas distribution. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 63:213-225. [PMID: 28119037 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas mitigation at landfills by methane oxidation in engineered biocover systems is believed to be a cost effective technology, but so far a full quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of the technology in full scale has only been carried out in a few cases. A third generation semi-passive biocover system was constructed at the AV Miljø Landfill, Denmark. The biocover system was fed by landfill gas pumped out of three leachate collection wells. An innovative gas distribution system was used to overcome the commonly observed surface emission hot spot areas resulting from an uneven gas distribution to the active methane oxidation layer, leading to areas with methane overloading. Performed screening of methane and carbon dioxide surface concentrations, as well as flux measurement using a flux chamber at the surface of the biocover, showed homogenous distributions indicating an even gas distribution. This was supported by results from a tracer gas test where the compound HFC-134a was added to the gas inlet over an adequately long time period to obtain tracer gas stationarity in the whole biocover system. Studies of the tracer gas movement within the biocover system showed a very even gas distribution in gas probes installed in the gas distribution layer. Also the flux of tracer gas out of the biocover surface, as measured by flux chamber technique, showed a spatially even distribution. Installed probes logging the temperature and moisture content of the methane oxidation layer at different depths showed elevated temperatures in the layer with temperature differences to the ambient temperature in the range of 25-50°C at the deepest measuring point due to the microbial processes occurring in the layer. The moisture measurements showed that infiltrating precipitation was efficiently drained away from the methane oxidation layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cassini
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bent H Skov
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zishen Mou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kjeldsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Fu X, Guo H, Meng R, Lu W, Zhao M, Wang H. Health risk impacts analysis of fugitive aromatic compounds emissions from the working face of a municipal solid waste landfill in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:15-27. [PMID: 27770707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds (ACs) emitted from landfills have attracted a lot of attention of the public due to their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. This study assessed the health risk impacts of the fugitive ACs emitted from the working face of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in China. The emission data was acquired by long-term in-situ samplings using a modified wind tunnel system. The uncertainty of aromatic emissions is determined by means of statistics and the emission factors were thus developed. Two scenarios, i.e. 'normal-case' and 'worst-case', were presented to evaluate the potential health risk in different weather conditions. For this typical large anaerobic landfill, toluene was the dominant species owing to its highest releasing rate (3.40±3.79g·m-2·d-1). Despite being of negligible non-carcinogenic risk, the ACs might bring carcinogenic risks to human in the nearby area. Ethylbenzene was the major health threat substance. The cumulative carcinogenic risk impact area is as far as ~1.5km at downwind direction for the normal-case scenario, and even nearly 4km for the worst-case scenario. Health risks of fugitive ACs emissions from active landfills should be concerned, especially for landfills which still receiving mixed MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xindi Fu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanwen Guo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruihong Meng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Moreira JML, Candiani G. Assessment of methane generation, oxidation, and emission in a subtropical landfill test cell. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:464. [PMID: 27406209 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents results of a methane balance assessment in a test cell built in a region with a subtropical climate near São Paulo, Brazil. Measurements and calculations were carried out to obtain the total methane emission to the atmosphere, the methane oxidation rate in the cover, and the total methane generation rate in the test cell. The oxidation rate was obtained through a calculation scheme based on a vertical one-dimensional methane transport in the cover region. The measured maximum and mean methane fluxes to the atmosphere were 124.4 and 15.87 g m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The total methane generation rate obtained for the test cell was 0.0380 ± 0.0075 mol s(-1). The results yielded that 69 % of the emitted methane occurred through the central well and 31 % through the cover interface with the atmosphere. The evaluations of the methane oxidation fraction for localized conditions in the lateral embankment of the test cell yielded 0.36 ± 0.11, while for the whole test cell yielded 0.15 ± 0.10. These results conciliate localized and overall evaluations reported in the literature. The specific methane generation rate obtained for the municipal solid waste with an age of 410 days was 317 ± 62 mol year(-1) ton(-1). This result from the subtropical São Paulo region is lower than reported figures for tropical climates and higher than reported figures for temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M L Moreira
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Giovano Candiani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Antônio Doll de Moraes, 105, Diadema, SP, 09920-540, Brazil
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Qasaimeh A, Abdallah/Q MR, Hani FB. A Review on Biogas Interception Processes in Municipal Landfill. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jest.2016.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lou Z, Wang M, Zhao Y, Huang R. The contribution of biowaste disposal to odor emission from landfills. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:479-484. [PMID: 25947217 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.1002870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The biowaste fractions in municipal solid waste (MSW) are the main odor sources in landfill and cause widespread complaints from residents. The ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation processes were simulated and compared between four typical biowaste fractions individually and combined in the mixed MSW. Food waste was found to be the main contributor to odor emission in mixed MSW, with H2S generation potential of 48.4 μg kg(-1) and NH3 generation potential of 4742 μg kg(-1). Fruit waste was another source for NH3 generation, with 3933 μg kg(-1) NH3 generation potential. Meanwhile, nitrogen (N) was released in a faster way than sulfur (S) in waste, since 31% and 46% of total NH3 and H2S were generated in the first 90 days after disposal, with 1811 and 72 μg kg(-1), and more emphasis should be placed in this initial period. IMPLICATIONS Monitoring of odor generation from biowastes in MSW on a laboratory scale showed that food waste is the main source for NH3 and H2S generation, whereas waste fruit is another main contributor for NH3 released. Generally, N was released in a faster way than S from mixed-waste landfilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Lou
- a The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Saquing JM, Chanton JP, Yazdani R, Barlaz MA, Scheutz C, Blake DR, Imhoff PT. Assessing methods to estimate emissions of non-methane organic compounds from landfills. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2260-2270. [PMID: 25108756 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The non-methane organic compound (NMOC) emission rate is used to assess compliance with landfill gas emission regulations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). A recent USEPA Report (EPA/600/R-11/033) employed a ratio method to estimate speciated NMOC emissions (i.e., individual NMOC emissions): speciated NMOC emissions=measured methane (CH4) emission multiplied by the ratio of individual NMOCs concentration relative to CH4 concentration (C(NMOCs)/C(CH4)) in the landfill header gas. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the efficacy of the ratio method in estimating speciated NMOC flux from landfills; (2) determine for what types of landfills the ratio method may be in error and why, using recent field data to quantify the spatial variation of (C(NMOCs)/C(CH4)) in landfills; and (3) formulate alternative models for estimating NMOC emissions from landfills for cases in which the ratio method results in biased estimates. This study focuses on emissions through landfill covers measured with flux chambers and evaluates the utility of the ratio method for estimating NMOC emission through this pathway. Evaluation of the ratio method was performed using CH4 and speciated NMOC concentration and flux data from 2012/2013 field sampling of four landfills, an unpublished landfill study, and literature data from three landfills. The ratio method worked well for landfills with thin covers (<40 cm), predicting composite NMOC flux (as hexane-C) to within a factor of 10× for 13 out of 15 measurements. However, for thick covers (⩾40 cm) the ratio method overestimated NMOC emissions by ⩾10× for 8 out of 10 measurements. Alternative models were explored incorporating other chemical properties into the ratio method. A molecular weight squared (MW)(2)-modified ratio equation was shown to best address the tendency of the current ratio method to overestimate NMOC fluxes for thick covers. While these analyses were only performed using NMOC fluxes through landfill covers measured with flux chambers, results indicate the current USEPA approach for estimating NMOC emissions may overestimate speciated NMOC emission ⩾10× for many compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovita M Saquing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320, USA.
| | - Ramin Yazdani
- Yolo County Planning & Public Works Department, Division of Integrated Waste Management, Woodland, CA 95776, USA.
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
| | - Charlotte Scheutz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljovej-Building 113, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Don R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, 570 Rowland Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Paul T Imhoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Capanema MA, Cabana H, Cabral AR. Reduction of odours in pilot-scale landfill biocovers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:770-779. [PMID: 24556264 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Unpleasant odours generated from waste management facilities represent an environmental and societal concern. This multi-year study documented odour and total reduced sulfur (TRS) abatement in four experimental landfill biocovers installed on the final cover of the Saint-Nicéphore landfill (Canada). Performance was evaluated based on the reduction in odour and TRS concentrations between the raw biogas collected from a dedicated well and the emitted gases at the surface. Odour analyses were carried out by the sensorial technique of olfactometry, whereas TRS analyses followed the pulse fluorescence technique. The large difference of 2-5 orders of magnitude between raw biogas (average odour concentration=2,100,000OUm(-3)) and emitted gases resulted in odour removal efficiencies of close to 100% for all observations. With respect to TRS concentrations, abatement efficiencies were all greater than 95%, with values averaging 21,000ppb of eq. SO2 in the raw biogas. The influence of water infiltration on odour concentrations was documented and showed that lower odour values were obtained when the 48-h accumulated precipitation prior to sampling was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Capanema
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Resíduos Sólidos, LARESO - Depto de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, CEP 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - H Cabana
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - A R Cabral
- Geoenvironmental Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada.
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42
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Lakhouit A, Schirmer WN, Johnson TR, Cabana H, Cabral AR. Evaluation of the efficiency of an experimental biocover to reduce BTEX emissions from landfill biogas. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 97:98-101. [PMID: 24238915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Landfill emissions include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and, particularly, benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene isomers (collectively called BTEX). The latter are the most common VOCs found in landfill biogas. BTEX affect air quality and may be harmful to human health. In conjunction with a study aiming to evaluate the efficiency of passive methane oxidizing biocovers, a complementary project was developed with the specific goal of evaluating the reduction in VOC emissions due to the installation of a biocover. One of the biocovers constructed at the Saint-Nicéphore (Quebec, Canada) landfill site was instrumented for this purpose. The total BTEX concentration in the raw biogas ranged from 28.7 to 65.4ppmv, and the measured concentration of BTEX in biogas emitted through the biocover ranged from below the limit of detection (BLD) to 2.1ppmv. The other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) concentration varied from 18.8 to 40.4ppmv and from 0.8 to 1.2ppmv in the raw biogas and in the emitted biogas, respectively. The results obtained showed that the biocover effectiveness ranged from 67% to 100% and from 96% to 97% for BTEX and OVOC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Lakhouit
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Geoenvironmental Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Waldir N Schirmer
- Department Environmental Engineering, Universidade Estadual do Centro-oeste, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Terry R Johnson
- Groundwater Protection Program, Waste Management Inc., Suite 202J, 3701 Shoreline Drive, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre R Cabral
- Geoenvironmental Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Gallego E, Perales JF, Roca FJ, Guardino X. Surface emission determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from a closed industrial waste landfill using a self-designed static flux chamber. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:587-599. [PMID: 24176707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Closed landfills can be a source of VOC and odorous nuisances to their atmospheric surroundings. A self-designed cylindrical air flux chamber was used to measure VOC surface emissions in a closed industrial landfill located in Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain. The two main objectives of the study were the evaluation of the performance of the chamber setup in typical measurement conditions and the determination of the emission rates of 60 different VOC from that industrial landfill, generating a valuable database that can be useful in future studies related to industrial landfill management. Triplicate samples were taken in five selected sampling points. VOC were sampled dynamically using multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) connected to SKC AirCheck 2000 pumps. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption coupled with a capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry detector. The emission rates of sixty VOC were calculated for each sampling point in an effort to characterize surface emissions. To calculate average, minimum and maximum emission values for each VOC, the results were analyzed by three different methods: Global, Kriging and Tributary area. Global and Tributary area methodologies presented similar values, with total VOC emissions of 237 ± 48 and 222 ± 46 g day(-1), respectively; however, Kriging values were lower, 77 ± 17 gd ay(-1). The main contributors to the total emission rate were aldehydes (nonanal and decanal), acetic acid, ketones (acetone), aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Most aromatic hydrocarbon (except benzene, naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes) and aldehyde emission rates exhibited strong correlations with the rest of VOC of their family, indicating a possible common source of these compounds. B:T ratio obtained from the emission rates of the studied landfill suggested that the factors that regulate aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the landfill emissions are different from the ones from urban areas. Environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity) did not alter the pollutant emission fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J F Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F J Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - X Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, INSHT, C/Dulcet, 2-10, E 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Friedrich E, Trois C. GHG emission factors developed for the collection, transport and landfilling of municipal waste in South African municipalities. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:1013-1026. [PMID: 23312780 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors are used with increased frequency for the accounting and reporting of GHG from waste management. However, these factors have been calculated for developed countries of the Northern Hemisphere and are lacking for developing countries. This paper shows how such factors have been developed for the collection, transport and landfilling of municipal waste in South Africa. As such it presents a model on how international results and methodology can be adapted and used to calculate country-specific GHG emission factors from waste. For the collection and transport of municipal waste in South Africa, the average diesel consumption is around 5 dm(3) (litres) per tonne of wet waste and the associated GHG emissions are about 15 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2 e). Depending on the type of landfill, the GHG emissions from the landfilling of waste have been calculated to range from -145 to 1016 kg CO2 e per tonne of wet waste, when taking into account carbon storage, and from 441 to 2532 kg CO2 e per tonne of wet waste, when carbon storage is left out. The highest emission factor per unit of wet waste is for landfill sites without landfill gas collection and these are the dominant waste disposal facilities in South Africa. However, cash strapped municipalities in Africa and the developing world will not be able to significantly upgrade these sites and reduce their GHG burdens if there is no equivalent replacement of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) resulting from the Kyoto agreement. Other low cost avenues need to be investigated to suit local conditions, in particular landfill covers which enhance methane oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Friedrich
- CRECHE Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal and Hydrological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa.
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Beylot A, Villeneuve J, Bellenfant G. Life Cycle Assessment of landfill biogas management: sensitivity to diffuse and combustion air emissions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:401-411. [PMID: 23142510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED GOAL AND SCOPE: The life cycle inventory of landfill emissions is a key point in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of waste management options and is highly subject to discussion. Result sensitivity to data inventory is accounted for through the implementation of scenarios that help examine how waste landfilling should be modeled in LCA. METHOD Four landfill biogas management options are environmentally evaluated in a Life Cycle Assessment perspective: (1) no biogas management (open dump), conventional landfill with (2) flaring, (3) combined heat and power (CHP) production in an internal combustion engine and (4) biogas upgrading for use as a fuel in buses. Average, maximum and minimum literature values are considered both for combustion emission factors in flares and engines and for trace pollutant concentrations in biogas. RESULTS Biogas upgrading for use as a fuel in buses appears as the most relevant option with respect to most non-toxic impact categories and ecotoxicity, when considering average values for trace gas concentrations and combustion emission factors. Biogas combustion in an engine for CHP production shows the best performances in terms of climate change, but generates significantly higher photochemical oxidant formation and marine eutrophication impact potentials than flaring or biogas upgrading for use as a fuel in buses. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION However the calculated environmental impact potentials of landfill biogas management options depend largely on the trace gas concentrations implemented in the model. The use of average or extreme values reported in the literature significantly modifies the impact potential of a given scenario (up to two orders of magnitude for open dumps with respect to human toxicity). This should be taken into account when comparing landfilling with other waste management options. Also, the actual performances of a landfill top cover (in terms of oxidation rates) and combustion technology (in terms of emission factors) appear as key parameters affecting the ranking of biogas management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Beylot
- BRGM, BP 6009, 3 av. C. Guillemin, 45060 Orléans Cedex, France.
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46
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Lee EH, Park H, Cho KS. Biodegradation of methane, benzene, and toluene by a consortium MBT14 enriched from a landfill cover soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:273-8. [PMID: 23245302 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.726812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, landfill cover soil was used as an inoculum source to enrich a methane, benzene, and toluene-degrading consortium MBT14. Under a single substrate, the maximum degradation rates of methane, benzene and toluene were 1.96, 0.15, and 0.77 mmole g-DCW(-1) h(-1), respectively. Although the coexistence of benzene and toluene inhibited the methane degradation rates, the consortium was able to simultaneously degrade methane, benzene and toluene. Methane had an insignificant effect on benzene or toluene degradation. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, Cupriavidus spp. are dominant in the consortium MBT14. The combined results of this study indicate that the consortium MBT 14 is a promising bioresource for removing CH(4), benzene, and toluene from a variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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47
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Sánchez G, Esplugas P. Characterization and determination of the odorous charge in the indoor air of a waste treatment facility through the evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using TD-GC/MS. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:2469-81. [PMID: 22883687 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste treatment facilities are generally faced with odorous nuisance problems. Characterizing and determining the odorous charge of indoor air through odour units (OU) is an advantageous approach to evaluate indoor air quality and discomfort. The assessment of the OU can be done through the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations and the knowledge of their odour thresholds. The evaluation of the presented methodology was done in a mechanical-biological waste treatment plant with a processing capacity of 245.000 tons year(-1) of municipal residues. The sampling was carried out in five indoor selected locations of the plant (Platform of Rotating Biostabilizers, Shipping warehouse, Composting tunnels, Digest centrifugals, and Humid pre-treatment) during the month of July 2011. VOC and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) were sampled using multi-sorbent bed (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) and Tenax TA tubes, respectively, with SKC AirCheck 2000 pumps. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with a capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). One hundred and thirty chemical compounds were determined qualitatively in all the studied points (mainly alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and terpenes), from which 86 were quantified due to their odorous characteristics as well as their potentiality of having negative health effects. The application of the present methodology in a municipal solid waste treatment facility has proven to be useful in order to determine which type of VOC contribute substantially to the indoor air odorous charge, and thus it can be a helpful method to prevent the generation of these compounds during the treatment process, as well as to find a solution in order to suppress them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, LCMA-UPC, Avda Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Zhang Y, Yue D, Liu J, Lu P, Wang Y, Liu J, Nie Y. Release of non-methane organic compounds during simulated landfilling of aerobically pretreated municipal solid waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 101:54-58. [PMID: 22406844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emissions during the anaerobic decomposition of untreated (APD-0) and four aerobically pretreated (APD-20, APD-39, APD-49, and APD-63) samples of municipal solid waste (MSW) were investigated in laboratory. The cumulative mass of the NMOCs of APD-20, APD-39, APD-49, and APD-63 accounted for 15%, 9%, 16%, and 15% of that of APD-0, respectively. The intensities of the NMOC emissions calculated by dividing the cumulative NMOC emissions by the quantities of organic matter removed (Q(VS)) decreased from 4.1 mg/kg Q(VS) for APD-0 to 0.8-3.4 mg/kg Q(VS) for aerobically pretreated MSW. The lipid and starch contents might have significant impact on the intensity of the NMOC emissions. Alkanes dominated the NMOCs released from the aerobically pretreated MSW, while oxygenated compounds were the chief component of the NMOCs generated from untreated MSW. Aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling reduces the organic content of the waste and the intensity of the NMOC emissions, and increases the odor threshold, thereby reducing the environmental impact of landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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49
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Archbold ME, Elliot T, Kalin RM. Carbon isotopic fractionation of CFCs during abiotic and biotic degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1764-1773. [PMID: 22191586 DOI: 10.1021/es203386a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon stable isotope ((13)C) fractionation in chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds arising from abiotic (chemical) degradation using zero-valent iron (ZVI) and biotic (landfill gas attenuation) processes is investigated. Batch tests (at 25 °C) for CFC-113 and CFC-11 using ZVI show quantitative degradation of CFC-113 to HCFC-123a and CFC-1113 following pseudo-first-order kinetics corresponding to a half-life (τ(1/2)) of 20.5 h, and a ZVI surface-area normalized rate constant (k(SA)) of -(9.8 ± 0.5) × 10(-5) L m(-2) h(-1). CFC-11 degraded to trace HCFC-21 and HCFC-31 following pseudo-first-order kinetics corresponding to τ(1/2) = 17.3 h and k(SA) = -(1.2 ± 0.5) × 10(-4) L m(-2) h(-1). Significant kinetic isotope effects of ε(‰) = -5.0 ± 0.3 (CFC-113) and -17.8 ± 4.8 (CFC-11) were observed. Compound-specific carbon isotope analyses also have been used here to characterize source signatures of CFC gases (HCFC-22, CFC-12, HFC-134a, HCFC-142b, CFC-114, CFC-11, CFC-113) for urban (UAA), rural/remote (RAA), and landfill (LAA) ambient air samples, as well as in situ surface flux chamber (FLUX; NO FLUX) and landfill gas (LFG) samples at the Dargan Road site, Northern Ireland. The latter values reflect biotic degradation and isotopic fractionation in LFG production, and local atmospheric impact of landfill emissions through the cover. Isotopic fractionations of Δ(13)C ∼ -13‰ (HCFC-22), Δ(13)C ∼ -35‰ (CFC-12) and Δ(13)C ∼ -15‰ (CFC-11) were observed for LFG in comparison to characteristic solvent source signatures, with the magnitude of the isotopic effect for CFC-11 apparently similar to the kinetic isotope effect for (abiotic) ZVI degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Archbold
- Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC), Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture & Civil Engineering, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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Ying D, Chuanyu C, Bin H, Yueen X, Xuejuan Z, Yingxu C, Weixiang W. Characterization and control of odorous gases at a landfill site: a case study in Hangzhou, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:317-326. [PMID: 22137772 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are one of the major sources of offensive odors potentially creating annoyance in adjacent communities. At the end of May 2007, an odor pollution incident occurred at the Tianziling landfill site, Hangzhou, China, where the residents lodged complaints about the intense odor from the landfill, which drew a significant attention from the government. In this study, ambient air monitoring was conducted at the Tianziling landfill site. The main odor composition of the gas samples collected on June 1st 2007 and the reduction of various odorous gases from the samples collected on June 1st 2009 due to the applied odor control techniques were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, variations of primary odorous gaseous (NH(3) and H(2)S) concentrations at different locations in the landfill site from July 2007 to June 2009 were also investigated by using classical spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified among which H(2)S (56.58-579.84 μg/m(3)) and NH(3) (520-4460 μg/m(3)) were the notable odor components contributing to 4.47-10.92% and 83.91-93.94% of total concentrations, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal shifts of H(2)S and NH(3) concentrations were observed and were significantly affected by environmental factors including temperature, air pressure and wind direction. Odor pollution was worse when high temperature, high humidity, low air pressure, and southeast, northeast or east wind appeared. Moreover, the environmental sampling points of the dumping area and the leachate treatment plant were found to be the main odor sources at the Tianziling landfill site. The odor control technologies used in this project had a good mitigating effect on the primary odorous compounds. This study provides long-term valuable information concerning the characteristics and control of odors at landfill sites in a long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ying
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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