Estimating the effectiveness of different environmental law enforcement policies on illegal C&D waste dumping in Israel

Investigation of Axial Tensile Fracture Performance of Recycled Brick Coarse Aggregate Concrete Using a Cohesion Model

Currently, microscopic research on the tensile fracture properties of recycled brick coarse aggregate concrete has mainly adopted microscopy techniques, which can clearly observe the actual damage situations of each phase material but are unable to individually analyze the effect of a specific material factor on the tensile properties of recycled concrete. This brings much uncertainty to the practical application of recycled concrete. Therefore, this study proposes a cohesive zone model (CZM) for simulating the tensile fracture of recycled brick coarse aggregate (RBCA) concrete. To this end, the study explores the effects of various critical factors on the fracture mode and bearing capacity of recycled brick aggregate concrete, including the replacement rate of recycled brick coarse aggregate, pore structure, interfacial transition zone (ITZ) strength, mortar strength, and volume fraction of brick aggregate. The results indicate that, when the minor to major axis ratio of elliptical pores is 0.5 ≤ K < 1, the following order of influence can be observed: random convex polygonal pores, circular pores, and elliptical pores. Moreover, excessively strengthening the ITZ and mortar does not significantly enhance the tensile performance of RBCA concrete. The distribution location of aggregate has a significant impact on the crack shape of recycled concrete, as does the pore structure, due to their randomness. Therefore, this article also discusses these. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the tensile properties of recycled brick coarse aggregate and provide insights into optimizing its behavior.

Assessing and predicting the illegal dumping risks in relation to road characteristics

Using historical data to assess illegal dumping risks has significant potential to enhance the effectiveness of waste management in low-population density counties where the ability to patrol and regulate illegal dumping is limited. Using big data and geographical analysis to identify high-risk areas plays an important role in improving the effectiveness of supervision related to illegal dumping. However, current methods for classifying risk areas have limited accuracy. Taking an area in South Australia as an example, this study aims to improve the accuracy of classifying risk areas by using geo-information technology and machine learning methods. The results show that combining illegal dumping locations with road characteristics allows the high-risk areas to be refined to road sections. Compared with identifying the whole road or area as a high-risk spot, this result could be beneficial for monitoring illegal dumping in real life. Moreover, this model allows the analysis of factors that affect illegal dumping locations. Results show that the influencing factors for different risk levels of illegal dumping vary significantly. The model developed in this research can effectively distinguish risk levels according to these factors, and the model classification accuracy can reach 85%. In addition, there are priorities amongst these factors. This finding could help environmental authorities to allocate equipment and personnel with consideration of varying level of importance of those factors. This study has both technical contributions to identify high risk areas of illegal dumping, and theoretical implications for its management.

Biological and chemical contamination of illegal, uncontrolled refuse storage areas in Poland

This study focused on assessing the microbiological and chemical contamination of air, soil and leachate in uncontrolled refuse storage areas in central Poland. The research included an analysis of the number of microorganisms (culture method), endotoxin concentration (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), heavy metals level (atomic absorption spectrometry), elemental characteristics (elemental analyser), cytotoxicity assessment against A-549 (human lung) and Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cell lines (PrestoBlue™ test) and toxic compound identification (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry). Microbial contamination differed depending on the dump and the group of tested microorganisms. The number of bacteria was: 4.3 × 10² - 1.8 × 10³ CFU m^-3 (air); 1.1 × 10³ - 1.2 × 10⁶ CFU mL^-1 (leachate); 1.0 × 10⁶ - 3.9 × 10⁶ CFU g^-1 (soil). Respectively, for air and soil the number of fungi was: 2.2 × 10² - 4.6 × 10² CFU m^-3; 1.8 × 10² - 3.9 × 10³ CFU g^-1. Metal levels (Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Al, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr) were higher than in the control sample; however, the average concentrations did not exceed the permissible standards. The cytotoxicity of soil and leachate samples depended on the dump, sample and cell line tested. The leachates were more cytotoxic than soil extracts. Compounds belonging to pesticides, surfactants and biocides, chemicals and/or polymer degradation products, medicinal drugs and insect repellents were found. The detection of potential pathogens in the air, soil and leachate, the presence of toxic compounds and the confirmation of the cytotoxic effect of leachate and soil on human cell lines justify the need for further research on the risks posed by illegal dumps. These studies should aim at developing a unified assessment method and a method to minimise the risk of contaminants spreading in the environment, including harmful biological agents.

Experimental Study on the Strength and Hydration Products of Cement Mortar with Hybrid Recycled Powders Based Industrial-Construction Residue Cement Stabilization of Crushed Aggregate

The strength-formation mechanism for industrial-construction residue cement stabilization of crushed aggregate (IRCSCA) is not clear. To expand the application range for recycled micro-powders in road engineering, the dosages of eco-friendly hybrid recycled powders (HRPs) with different proportions of RBP and RCP affecting the strengths of cement-fly ash mortar at different ages, and the strength-formation mechanism, were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the early strength of the mortar was 2.62 times higher than that of the reference specimen when a 3/2 mass ratio of brick powder and concrete powder was mixed to form the HRP and replace some of the cement. With increasing HRP content substituted for fly ash, the strength of the cement mortar first increased and then decreased. When the HRP content was 35%, the compressive strength of the mortar was 1.56 times higher than that of the reference specimen, and the flexural strength was 1.51 times higher; XRD and SEM studies of the hydrated cement mixed with HRP showed that the amount of CH in the cement paste was reduced by the pozzolanic reaction of HRP at later hydration ages, and it was very useful in improving the compactness of the mortar. The XRD spectrum of the cement paste made with HRP indicated that the CH crystal plane orientation index R, with a diffraction angle peak of approximately 34.0, was consistent with the cement slurry strength evolution law, and this research provides a reference for the application of HRP to produce IRCSCA.

Strategies to promote construction and demolition waste management in the context of local dynamics

Achieving a broad analysis of construction and demolition waste (CDW) management without considering local scale dynamics, and its detailed characteristics, is a constraint that has made it challenging to optimally engage in an integrated assessment of the circular economy principles in the construction sector. In this sense, this research demonstrates that investing in local strategies is important, involving municipalities and micro and small construction companies. Firstly, the results reveal the importance of having controlled sites, under local responsibility, for the preliminary storage of CDW, creating in waste producers the habit of separating waste onsite, reducing costs and limitations for municipalities. Secondly, frequent supervision actions at construction sites are also important at this scale, as they facilitate progress in terms of encouraging compliance with mandatory legal procedures and good practices for CDW management. But it is easier to improve practice through direct onsite procedures than it is with bureaucratic legal requirements alone. Thirdly, procedural control, implemented by municipal technicians in conjunction with other strategies, also helps to promote CDW management, this being associated with processes of public and private construction works subjected to license or prior control, in opposition to what has been accomplished so far. But the research also demonstrated that regular awareness, training, and supervision actions might increase the likelihood of improvements in behaviour on the local scale, in the sense that stakeholders acquire new habits, which, over time, might lead to better results locally and, as a consequence, influence other scales of intervention.

The Basic Mechanical Properties and Shrinkage Properties of Recycled Micropowder UHPC

Using waste clay brick powder (RBP) to partially replace cement in the preparation of concrete, is one way to recycle construction waste. In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties and volume stability of recycled micropowder ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), the basic mechanical and shrinkage properties of recycled micropowder UHPC were studied at replacement rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results show that: (1) When the activated recycled brick powder is used to replace the cement, the compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of the UHPC initially increase and then decrease with the increase in the substitution rate. When the substitution rate is 10%, the 28 d compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of the UHPC are the highest; (2) Replacing cement with recycled brick powder can reduce the autogenous shrinkage of the UHPC, and the autogenous shrinkage rate of the UHPC decreases with the increase in the brick powder replacement rate. The drying shrinkage of the UHPC can be reduced by replacing cement with recycled brick powder. The drying shrinkage of the UHPC initially decreases, and then increases, with the increase in the replacement rate of brick powder. When the replacement rate of the brick powder was 30%, the drying shrinkage of the UHPC was the least, and this was 49.7% lower than that in the benchmark group. The prediction models of autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage are in good agreement with the experimental results, which can be used to predict the shrinkage development of recycled brick powder UHPC.

Simulation Analysis of Implementation Effects of Construction Waste Reduction Policies

The development of the construction industry generates construction waste which could contribute to environmental issues. Construction waste reduction management plays an important role in directly reducing emissions and solving the environmental pollution caused by construction waste. The limited rationality hypothesis and an evolutionary game model are used to construct a simulation model for the effects of environmental policies’ influences on the behavior of government and construction enterprises in construction waste reduction activities. Simulation results show that: (1) The government and enterprises evolve in the same direction under the sewage fees system or the subsidy system. The relationship between the initial ratio of the two sides and the position of the saddle point determines the evolution direction of the system. (2) The government could adjust the sewage fees rate, the penalty ratio, and the upper limit of construction waste emission to obtain a superior effect under the sewage fees system. As the subsidy system, the government could adjust the unit subsidy and the upper limit of construction waste emissions by enterprises. (3) The evolution times of the different systems are different. The time required to evolve to a stable state is shorter under the sewage fees system. Under the subsidy system, the time to evolve to a non-reduced state is longer, and the time to evolve to a reduced state is about the same as the time for the government to evolve to a checked state. The time required to evolve to the reduced state is about the same as the time required for the government to evolve to the checked state. This study develops an evolutionary game model between the government and construction enterprises in construction waste reduction activities. This study helps the government analyze the influence of various policies on enterprises’ reduction behaviors. The findings could help the government formulate appropriate policies to guide enterprises in waste reduction.

Analysis of Shear Resistance and Mechanism of Construction and Demolition Waste Improved by Polyurethane

A large amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is generated during the construction of projects. In this paper, polyurethane foam adhesive (PFA) was used to improve the mechanical properties of CDW. The large-scale direct shear tests, California bearing ratio (CBR) tests and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were carried out to study the variation regularities of mechanical properties of treated CDW during the laboratory tests. The test results show that the shear strength of CDW increases with the increase of PFA content, vertical pressure and the shear rate. However, the increase of vertical pressure on the shear strength of CDW is smaller than that of PFA, and the improvement of the shear rate is relatively small. The California bearing ratio (CBR) test also proves that PFA can effectively improve the bearing capacity of CDW and reduce the loss of CBR caused by the 4-day soaking. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) finds that polyurethane wraps multiple particles and enhances the internal connection, which results in the cohesion between the particles being greatly increased. The study presented in this paper will better assess the shear resistance of improved CDW with PFA as a substitute for pavement base materials in practical engineering applications.

Green finance and corporate environmental violations: a test from the perspective of illegal pollution discharge behaviors

Green finance aims to intervene in investment and financing behaviors through financial means, so as to promote upgrading of heavily polluting industries. Whether it can reduce illegal pollution discharge behaviors is the focus of this paper. This paper is to explore the impact of green finance on illegal emissions of heavy polluting firms. Taking green finance pilot zones (GFPZ) in 2017 as a quasi-natural experiment, the paper measures illegal emission behaviors based on day-night difference of PM_2.5 at the nearest atmospheric monitoring points and tests the impact of GFPZ on illegal emissions based on triple difference model (DDD). The results show that GFPZ inhibits illegal emissions. Influence path result shows that GFPZ reduces illegal emissions by increasing financing constraint, green innovation, and fulfilling social responsibility. At the same time, this paper also notes that regulatory distance has an interference effect on GFPZ. GFPZ aggravates illegal emission as heavy polluting firms - financial institution's distance is more than 40 km. GFPZ curbs illegal pollution more significantly as heavy polluting firms - environmental protection bureau distance is within 30 km. This paper aims to reveal the guiding effect of green finance on emission behavior of polluting firms and provide policy references for reducing emission and promoting green finance.

Can environmental protection tax aggravate illegal pollution discharge of heavy polluting enterprises?

This paper mainly studies the impact of environmental protection tax (EPT) on the illegal emission behaviors of heavy polluting enterprises. Based on the real-time data from the nearest air monitoring points, this paper calculates the day-night difference of PM_2.5 to measure whether there are illegal emission behaviors. And, difference in difference method (DID) is used based on the quasi-natural experiment of EPT. First, the baseline DID results show that EPT reduces day-night difference of PM_2.5, and inhibits illegal emissions. Second, the influence paths results show that EPT can inhibit illegal emission by increasing innovation, environmental responsibility performance, and environmental penalty cost, and EPT aggravate illegal emissions by increasing environmental costs and environmental corruption. Third, the influence of different pollutant pricing on illegal emissions is further analyzed. The effect of air pollutant pricing on illegal emissions is inhibited first and then promoted, while higher water pollutant pricing will aggravate illegal emissions. This paper provides enlightenment on adjusting EPT policy for local governments to curb illegal emissions, and provides an economic explanation for the differences of illegal pollution discharge in different places.

Assessment of Physicochemical, Microbiological and Toxicological Hazards at an Illegal Landfill in Central Poland

This study aimed to assess the physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological hazards at an illegal landfill in central Poland. The research included the analysis of airborne dust (laser photometer), the number of microorganisms in the air, soil and leachate (culture method) and the microbial diversity in the landfill environment (high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina Miseq); the cytotoxicity (PrestoBlue) and genotoxicity (alkaline comet assay) of soil and leachate were tested. Moreover, an analysis of UHPLC-Q-ToF-UHRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry) was performed to determine the toxic compounds and microbial metabolites. The PM₁ dust fraction constituted 99.89% and 99.99% of total dust and exceeded the threshold of 0.025 mg m⁻³ at the tested locations. In the air, the total number of bacteria was 9.33 × 10¹–1.11 × 10³ CFU m⁻³, while fungi ranged from 1.17 × 10² to 4.73 × 10² CFU m⁻³. Psychrophilic bacteria were detected in the largest number in leachates (3.3 × 10⁴ to 2.69 × 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹) and in soil samples (8.53 × 10⁵ to 1.28 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹). Bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria (42–64.7%), Bacteroidetes (4.2–23.7%), Actinobacteria (3.4–19.8%) and Firmicutes (0.7–6.3%) dominated. In the case of fungi, Basidiomycota (23.3–27.7%), Ascomycota (5.6–46.3%) and Mortierellomycota (3.1%) have the highest abundance. Bacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium, Cellulosimicrobium, Escherichia, Pseudomonas) and fungi (Microascus, Chrysosporium, Candida, Malassezia, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Cladosporium, Didymella) that are potentially hazardous to human health were detected in samples collected from the landfill. Tested leachates and soils were characterised by varied cyto/genotoxins. Common pesticides (carbamazepine, prometryn, terbutryn, permethrin, carbanilide, pyrethrin, carbaryl and prallethrin), quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chlorides), chemicals and/or polymer degradation products (melamine, triphenylphosphate, diphenylphtalate, insect repellent diethyltoluamide, and drugs (ketoprofen)) were found in soil and leachate samples. It has been proven that the tested landfill is the source of the emission of particulate matter; microorganisms (including potential pathogens) and cyto/genotoxic compounds.

Study of the Properties of Full Component Recycled Dry-Mixed Masonry Mortar and Concrete Prepared from Construction Solid Waste

Solutions are needed to solve the problem of a large amount of construction solid waste and a shortage of natural aggregate (coarse and fine aggregates). In this paper, simple-crushed coarse aggregate (SCRCA) and simple-crushed fine aggregate (SCRFA) were obtained by simple-crushing of construction solid waste. On this basis, SCRCA and SCRFA were treated with particle-shaping to obtain particle-shaping coarse aggregate (PSRCA) and particle-shaping fine aggregate (PSRFA), and the recycled powder (RP) produced in the process of particle-shaping was collected. Under the condition of a 1:4 cement-sand ratio, RP was used to replace cement with four substitution rates of 0, 10%, 20%, and 30%, and dry-mixed masonry mortar was prepared with 100% SCRFA, PSRFA, and river sand (RS). The basic and mechanical properties and microstructure of hydration products of dry-mixed mortar were analyzed, and the maximum substitution rate of RP was determined. Under the condition that the amount of cementitious material is 400 kg/m3 and the RP is at the maximum replacement rate, three different aggregate combinations to prepare concrete are the 100% use of SCRCA and SCRFA, PSRCA and PSRFA, and RS and natural aggregate (NCA); the workability, mechanical properties, and aggregate interface transition zone of the prepared concrete were analyzed. The results show that when the replacement rate of RP is less than 20%, it has little effect on the properties of products. The performance of PSRCA and PSRFA after treatment is better than that of SCRCA and SCRFA. Under different RP substitution rates, the performance of dry-mixed mortar prepared with PSRFA is very close to that prepared with RS. The performance of recycled concrete prepared with PSRCA and PSRFA is also very close to that of products prepared with NCA and RS. The failure morphology of PSRCA and RSRFA concrete is also similar to that of NCA and RS concrete.

Status quo of illegal dumping research: Way forward

Due to the rapid social and economic development, the past decades have witnessed the improvement of human being's quality of life and the speedy development of the construction industry. Meanwhile, the illegal dumping of solid waste has presented a significant issue. By using the method of systematic review, this study critically examined the literature related to illegal dumping that were published since 1990, and analyzed the current status and future trends of related research. Results show that the current studies on illegal dumping mainly focus on four perspectives: environmental science and toxicology, economics, management, and the use of emerging technologies. This critical review revealed that although the issue of illegal dumping has been widely recognized in recent years, some questions remain unanswered. Therefore, a future research agenda is proposed. These include: (1) Identifying the migration of pollutants in the food chain during the illegal dumping; (2) Implementing targeted treatment of illegal dumping pollutants; (3) Improving the stakeholder decision analysis model; (4) Expanding the scope of research on stakeholders of illegal dumping; (5) Formulating an unified evaluation standard for the related costs of illegal dumping; (6) Strengthening the evaluation of the interaction effects of influencing factors; (7) Comparing the effects of different types of factors; (8) the exploration of other influencing factors; (9) Analyzing illegal dumping by combining big data with the amount of solid waste; (10) Combining with monitoring to analyze the illegal dumping of household waste.

Decision-making interaction among stakeholders regarding construction and demolition waste recycling under different power structures

The market power and competition scenario of recycling enterprises and landfills may change in the future due to the environmental pressure caused by landfills and the environmental potential of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) recycling. In this context, how these changes will affect the economic performance of enterprises and the environmental performance of the whole society remains unclear, along with how the willingness to pay and the environmental awareness of contractors will affect the pricing decisions of recycling enterprises and landfills. This study investigates the charging and recycling problem under different power structures in the reverse supply chain of C&DW, which is composed of waste generators (construction contractors) and two disposers (recycling enterprises and landfills). The interactive decisions of three stakeholders are discussed and the optimal charge fee, profit, and recycling ratio are obtained. Results indicate the following (i) The environmental preference of contractors directly increases the charge fee of recycling enterprises, and indirectly increases the charge fee of landfills. (ii) An increase in contractors' environmental preference will reduce the recycling ratio of C&DW and increase landfill and illegal dumping ratios. (iii) From the perspective of environmental benefits, illegal dumping and recycling ratios experience the worst scenario in the Recycling-Stackelberg game model and the best scenario in Nash game model because recycling enterprises take advantage of their dominant market position and set higher charges than those that contractors can afford. This theoretical study bridges the research gap on the effects of the market power on the environmental and economic performance of stakeholders in the field of C&DW management. The findings also help policy makers understand the behavior of stakeholders under different power structures to formulate the most effective intervention strategies.

Simulation analysis of implementation effects of construction and demolition waste disposal policies

Urban development generates large amounts of construction and demolition waste, and the enactment of various policies is an important way to increase resource efficiency. It is urgent to analyse the choices and effects of construction and demolition waste disposal policies around the world. This study analyses and compares the implementation effects of various construction and demolition waste disposal policies and provides suggestions on the selection and formulation of different disposal method policies. A BP neural network and an agent-based model are used to construct a simulation model for the implementation effects of construction and demolition waste disposal policies. The average acceptance willingness is analysed for the three disposal methods of reduction, reuse and recycling under the different policies based on questionnaire survey data. Simulation results show that the implementation effect of the incentive policy as a single policy is superior, and the comprehensive implementation effect of the guidance-incentive-mandatory policy as a combined policy is superior. The implementation effect of combined policies is better than that of single policies. The policies suitable for different disposal methods are inconsistent. Information interaction can effectively improve the implementation effects of different construction and demolition waste disposal policies, especially for single policies. This study innovatively compares the various construction and demolition waste disposal policies and explain the interaction during their implementation. The findings can help the government formulate policies at different stages of construction and demolition waste management and provide a new approach to policy simulation research.

Stakeholder-Associated Factors Influencing Construction and Demolition Waste Management: A Systematic Review

Construction and demolition (C&D) activities generate a large amount of waste and have significant impacts on the environment. Thus, it is necessary to implement C&D waste management (WM), which requires the involvement of stakeholders and is influenced by a variety of factors. This study aims to undertake a systematic review of the stakeholder-associated factors influencing C&D WM. The Scopus search engine was used in a literature search, and two rounds of screening were performed. Only journal articles or reviews that were published in English after 2000 were used in this study. A total of 106 journal articles were reviewed. The review identified 35 stakeholder-associated factors influencing C&D WM and categorized them into six groups: regulatory environment, government and public supervision, advances in technologies, recycling market, knowledge, awareness, attitude, and behaviour of stakeholders, and project-specific factors. All the 35 factors are discussed in detail with considerations into relevant stakeholders. Although there have been studies focused on the factors influencing C&D WM, few have attempted to take stakeholders’ perspectives into consideration. This study expands the C&D WM literature by mapping the influential factors with relevant stakeholders and enables the practitioners to clearly understand their roles and responsibilities and make better informed decisions in the C&D WM process.

Turnover of environmental protection officials and transboundary water pollution

Considering the situation of the frequent turnover of Chinese environmental protection officials (EPOT), this paper analyzes its impact on transboundary water pollution. The results show that EPOT can reduce transboundary pollution. EPOT can reduce the concentration of DO by 0.261 and NH3-N by 0.167 in the downstream river. And the impact shows a first strong and then weak change over time. EPOT can restrain transboundary pollution by reducing the production of polluting enterprises and promoting public pollution reporting, and it aggravates transboundary pollution by reducing environmental law enforcement and collaborative governance. In addition, the impact of EPOT on transboundary pollution has a distance effect. Within the regulatory distance of 50 km, EPOT has strong inhibition on transboundary pollution. When the governor and the environmental protection official (EPO) change tenure at the same time, the inhibition of transboundary pollution is the strongest. In addition, EPOs from the central government and with working experience in environmental protection departments can control transboundary pollution better.

Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and waste characterizations for formal and informal performance indicators in Tandil, Argentina: Decision-making implications

In cities, the achievement of waste-related legal requirements and the main drivers of Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) need adequate indicators and adaptable-to-case tools and strategies. In this work, we combine Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and waste characterizations to develop a mass balance table to design, calculate and analyse indicators related to the formal and informal waste sub-circuits of Tandil, a medium-sized city of the Buenos Aires province (Argentina). Results show that global recovery is very low (2.3% ± 0.16) and mainly driven by the Informal Recovery Sector (IRS). Also, the IRS strategy is more effective, recovering 40% ± 8.0 of its targeted materials from non-household sources. Regarding each material recovery performance, results show significant differences. For paper and board, recovery exceeds 20%. For HDPE, Tetra brik and Ferrous Metals are lower than 1%. In the case of PET and Glass, 9.6 and 9.0% of what is generated in households is recovered, respectively. However, the global recovery rate of each material is different: 2.9% ± 0.4 for PET and 5.5% ± 1.4 for Glass. Our research show that strategies in place are insufficient regarding legislation in force. Even a hypothetically 100% effectiveness in them will account only for 20.9% ± 2.1 of global recovery. Addressing organic waste, therefore, is imperative. Considering the current province law provision of final disposal diversion, accounting for the work of the IRS is key because they recover more waste than the official strategy. Regarding open dumps eradication, we estimate that up to 17% of generated waste is incorrectly final disposed through private skips illegally dumped. A tracking system for skips could avoid this situation.