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Park CM, Jeon S, Yang MJ, Kim MS. Differences in impact on disease or lung injury depending on the physicochemical characteristics of harmful chemicals in the PAH model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116838. [PMID: 39128447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The number of individuals with underlying medical conditions has been increasing steadily. These individuals are relatively vulnerable to harmful external factors. But it has not been proven that the effects of hazardous chemicals may differ depending on their physicochemical properties. This study determines the toxic effects of two chemicals with high indoor exposure risk and different physicochemical properties on an underlying disease model. A pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) model was constructed by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT; 60 mg/kg) into Sprague-Dawley rats. After three weeks, formaldehyde (FA; 2.5 mg/kg) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG; 0.05 mg/kg) were administered once via intratracheal instillation, and rats were necropsied one week later. Exposure to FA and PHMG affected organ weight and the Fulton and toxicity indices in rats induced with PAH. FA promoted bronchial injury and aggravated PAH, while PHMG only induced alveolar injury. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes were altered following exposure to FA and PHMG, as were the associated diseases (cardiovascular disease and pulmonary fibrosis, respectively). In conclusion, inhaled chemicals with different physicochemical properties can cause damage to organs, such as the lungs and heart, and can aggravate underlying diseases. This study elucidates indoor inhaled exposure-induced toxicities and alerts patients with pre-existing diseases to the harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Min Park
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea; Division of Practical Research, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo-si, Jeollanam-do 58762, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Jeon
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea.
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2
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Yu Y, Zhang M, Li Q, Chen X, Chen D, Jin H. Subtle introduction of membrane polarization-catalyzed H 2O dissociation actuates highly efficient electrocoagulation for hardness ion removal. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120240. [PMID: 37348419 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation represents a promising process for hardness removal from cooling water. Nevertheless, the slow hydrolysis reaction severely restricted the floc formation, inhibiting the hardness co-precipitation and simultaneously causing secondary pollution from dissolved Al3+. Inspired by the detrimental membrane fouling phenomenon in conventional electrodialysis, we reported a rational strategy to substantially enhance the hardness removal efficiency in electrocoagulation by introducing a special membrane polarization-catalyzed H2O dissociation herein. Leveraging the electron transfer between functional groups (-SO3- and -N(CH3)3+) of ion exchange membrane (IEM) and surface-adsorbed H2O under the electric field-induced ion depletion scenario, H2O dissociation could be effectively catalyzed, with this catalytic activity more intensive in -SO3- than in -N(CH3)3+. Such a special H2O dissociation beneficially created a widely distributed and well-simulated alkalinity zone around the anodic region of IEM, which promoted the conversion of dissolved Al3+ to floc Al, thereby enhancing floc formation and circumventing secondary pollution. All these features enabled the resulting membrane-enhanced electrocoagulation (MEEC) to achieve a super-prominent hardness removal rate of 318.9 g h-1 m-2 with an ultra-low specific energy consumption of 3.8 kWh kg-1 CaCO3, considerably outperforming those of other conventional hardness removal processes reported to date. Additionally, in conjunction with a facile air-scoured washing method, MEEC exhibited excellent stability and universal applicability in various reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Qian Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xueming Chen
- College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongzhi Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Harbor Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Huachang Jin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China; Institute for Eco-environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Fakhreeva AV, Nosov VV, Voloshin AI, Dokichev VA. Polysaccharides as Effective and Environmentally Friendly Inhibitors of Scale Deposition from Aqueous Solutions in Technological Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061478. [PMID: 36987258 PMCID: PMC10059850 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we consider natural and modified polysaccharides for use as active ingredients in scale deposition inhibitors to prevent the formation of scale in oil production equipment, heat exchange equipment, and water supply systems. Modified and functionalized polysaccharides with a strong ability to inhibit the formation of deposits of typical scale, such as carbonates and sulfates of alkaline earth elements found in technological processes, are described. This review discusses the mechanisms of the inhibition of crystallization using polysaccharides, and the various methodological aspects of evaluating their effectiveness are considered. This review also provides information on the technological application of scale deposition inhibitors based on polysaccharides. Special attention is paid to the environmental aspect of the use of polysaccharides in industry as scale deposition inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsu Venerovna Fakhreeva
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Iosifovich Voloshin
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
- RN–BashNIPIneft LLC, Ufa 450103, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-917-470-6695
| | - Vladimir Anatolyevich Dokichev
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia
- RN–BashNIPIneft LLC, Ufa 450103, Russia
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4
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Synthesis, scale inhibition performance evaluation and mechanism study of 3-amino-1-propane sulfonic acid modified polyaspartic acid copolymer. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Ma W, Zhang Y, Li H. Synthesis and performance evaluation of carboxyl‐rich low phosphorus copolymer scale inhibitor. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi Hubei China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi Hubei China
| | - Huan Li
- Technology Department Xi'an 3D Technology Development Co. Xian Shanxi China
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6
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Gulamussen NJ, Donse D, Arsénio AM, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. Softening with Ceramic Micro-Filtration for Application on Water Reclamation for Industrial Recirculating Cooling Systems. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:980. [PMID: 36295739 PMCID: PMC9607096 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a global need for optimizing the use of water that has resulted from increased demand due to industrial development, population growth, climate change and the pollution of natural water resources. One of the solutions is to use reclaimed water in industrial applications that do not require water of potable quality, such as cooling water. However, for cooling water, (treated) wastewater's hardness is too high, apart from having a high load of suspended solids and organic matter. Therefore, a combination of softening with ceramic micro-filtration was proposed for treating wastewater treatment effluent containing fouling agents for potential use in industrial cooling systems. The effectiveness of the softening process on model-treated wastewater with calcium hydroxide in the presence of phosphate and sodium alginate was first evaluated using jar tests. Furthermore, membrane fouling was studied when filtering the softened water. The results showed that the inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation occurred when inorganic substances, such as phosphate and organic compounds, were present in the water. The fouling of the membranes due to sodium alginate in water was only slightly negatively affected when combined with softening and phosphate. Therefore, this combination of treatments could be potentially helpful for the post-treatment of secondary effluent for cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Jehan Gulamussen
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo P.O. Box 257, Mozambique
| | - Daniël Donse
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - André Marques Arsénio
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Gerard Jozef Heijman
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Cornelis Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Hu Y, Chen C, Liu S. State of art bio-materials as scale inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system: a review article. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:1500-1521. [PMID: 35290228 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the operation of the circulating cooling water system, inorganic scale deposition may cause technical problems, such as reduction of heat transfer efficiency in cooling systems and obstruction of pipes. In the industry, chemicals are often used as scale inhibitors in scale deposition control, antiscalants popular in industry are generally phosphorus and nitrogen-containing chemicals, which may lead to eutrophication. However, increasing environmental concern and discharge limitations have guided antiscalants to move toward biodegradability, nontoxicity and cost-effectiveness. This paper reviews current research on the application of using bio-materials as scale inhibitors, including proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides, plant extracts, microbial reagents, and microbiological products. The non-bioaccumulation, low cost, readily biodegradability and sustainably available characters promote the development of green-scale inhibitor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Hu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China E-mail: ; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chuanmin Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China E-mail: ; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Songtao Liu
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China E-mail: ; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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8
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Cai YH, Zhao JL, Guo XY, Zhang XJ, Zhang RR, Ma SR, Cheng YM, Cao ZY, Xu Y. Synthesis of polyaspartic acid-capped 2-aminoethylamino acid as a green water treatment agent and study of its inhibition performance and mechanism for calcium scales. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24596-24606. [PMID: 36128397 PMCID: PMC9426436 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyaspartic acid (PASP), a well-known green scale inhibitor for industrial water treatment, might be decomposed with prolonged duration, and its anti-scaling performance against CaCO3 and CaSO4 is diminished at a low concentration (<10 mg L−1) and a high temperature. With semi-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tetrasodium salt as the mimicking model, novel phosphorus-free PASP-capped 2-aminoethylamino acid (PASP–ED2A) containing side chains bearing multi-functional groups is rationally designed and successfully prepared via the ring-opening reaction of cheap poly(succinimide) under mild reaction conditions with the assistance of readily available 2-aminoethyl amino acid. The static scale inhibition method is used to evaluate the scale inhibition performance of the as-synthesized PASP derivative. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are utilized to monitor the crystallization process of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales, and density functional theory calculations are conducted to shed light on the relationship between the molecular structure and scale inhibition mechanism of PASP–ED2A. Results show that the as-prepared PASP–ED2A shows better scale inhibition performance for CaCO3 and CaSO4 than PASP with a low concentration, a high temperature, and an extended duration. Particularly, PASP–ED2A with a concentration of 10 mg L−1 exhibits the best scale inhibition performance for CaCO3; its scale inhibition capacity is about two times as much as that of PASP. The reason lies in that the coordination atoms in the molecular structure of PASP–ED2A can chelate with Ca2+ to inhibit the combination of Ca2+ with anions and prevent the generation of CaCO3 and CaSO4 scales. The PASP–ED2A derivative can more efficiently retard the formation and growth of CaCO3 and CaSO4 crystal nuclei and exerts better inhibition performance against CaCO3 and CaSO4 scales than PASP. A novel phosphorus-free PASP–ED2A antiscalant exhibits good scale inhibition performance against calcium scale at a low concentration or a high temperature, better than that of PASP.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jia-Li Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xin-Yu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment and Health of Henan, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451150, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ran-Ran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shao-Rong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ya-Min Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment and Health of Henan, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451150, China
- Central Philippine University, Iloilo 5003, Philippines
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9
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10
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NaHCO3/Na2CO3 as an inhibitor of chloride-induced mild steel corrosion in cooling water: Electrochemical evaluation. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Zheng Y, Gao Y, Li H, Yan M, Guo R, Liu Z. Corrosion inhibition performance of composite based on chitosan derivative. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Wagner TV, de Wilde V, Willemsen B, Mutaqin M, Putri G, Opdam J, Parsons JR, Rijnaarts HHM, de Voogt P, Langenhoff AAM. Pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetlands for the treatment of cooling tower water prior to its desalination and reuse. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:110972. [PMID: 32579525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cooling towers are responsible for a large part of the industrial fresh water withdrawal, and the reuse of cooling tower water (CTW) effluents can strongly lower industrial fresh water footprints. CTW requires desalination prior to being reused, but various CTW components, such as total organic carbon (TOC), conditioning chemicals and total suspended solids (TSS) hamper physico-chemical desalination technologies and need to be removed from the CTW. A cost-efficient and robust pre-treatment is thus required, which can be provided by constructed wetlands (CWs). The present study is the first study that determined the CTW pre-treatment efficiency of hybrid-CWs and the impact of winter season and biocides in the CTW on the pre-treatment efficiency. The most efficient CW flow type and dominant removal mechanisms for CW components hampering physico-chemical desalination were determined. Subsurface flow CWs removed PO43-, TSS and TOC as a result of adsorption and filtration. Vertical subsurface flow CWs (VSSF-CW) excelled in the removal of benzotriazole as a result of aerobic biodegradation. Horizontal subsurface flow CWs (HSSF-CW) allowed the denitrification of NO3- due to their anaerobic conditions. Open water CWs (OW-CWs) did not contribute to the removal of components that hamper physico-chemical desalination technologies, but do provide water storage options and habitat. The biological removal processes in the different CW flow types were negatively impacted by the winter season, but were not impacted by concentrations of the biocides glutaraldehyde and DBNPA that are relevant in practice. For optimal pre-treatment, a hybrid-CW, consisting of an initial VSSF-CW followed by an OW-CW and HSSF-CW is recommended. Future research should focus on integrating the hybrid-CW with a desalination technology, e.g. reverse osmosis, electrodialysis or capacitive ionization, to produce water that meets the requirements for use as cooling water and allow the reuse of CTW in the cooling tower itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Wagner
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Vinnie de Wilde
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Willemsen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Muhamad Mutaqin
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gita Putri
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Opdam
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ashfaq MY, Al-Ghouti MA, Zouari N. Functionalization of reverse osmosis membrane with graphene oxide and polyacrylic acid to control biofouling and mineral scaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139500. [PMID: 32479964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was modified with graphene oxide (GO), followed by polymerization of acrylic acid (used as an antiscalant) for the reduction of both biofouling and mineral scaling. After functionalization, the water contact angle reduced from 41.7 ± 4.5° for unmodified RO membrane to 24.4 ± 1.3° for the modified RO membranes, which showed that membrane hydrophilicity was significantly enhanced, in addition to the improvement in surface smoothness. The modified membranes were tested for their anti-scaling and anti-biofouling characteristics. When the mineral scaling test was performed using CaSO4 solution as feedwater, the permeate flux was reduced by only 3% as compared to the unmodified RO membrane which encountered up to 22% decline in flux by the end of the experiment. After the scaling test, the membrane surface was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy - energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results showed that the unmodified RO membrane was fully covered with gypsum precipitates. Whereas, the precipitates were detected only at the highly saturated zones of the water channel i.e. towards the exit of water flow. Additionally, the anti-bacterial test was performed through bacteriostasis rate determination, which showed that the modified membranes inhibited the growth of nearly 95% of the bacterial cells. Further experiments were also performed to investigate the inhibition of both scaling and biofouling by modified RO membranes. Thus, it was found that the polymer-modified GO coated RO membranes were able to diminish both gypsum scaling and biofilm formation demonstrating their potential to control different types of membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Ashfaq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Nabil Zouari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
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14
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Yu W, Song D, Chen W, Yang H. Antiscalants in RO membrane scaling control. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115985. [PMID: 32619802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) plays an important role in freshwater production. Mineral scaling is an inevitable problem in the RO desalination process. Various methods, including the pretreatment of feed water, the optimization of operational processes, the development of novel membrane materials, and the addition of antiscalants, have been developed to mitigate scale formation in RO systems. Among these methods, the addition of antiscalants is a relatively cost-effective and convenient technique for membrane scaling control. In the current work, various kinds of antiscalants, scale inhibition mechanisms, and their applications to RO membrane scaling control are reviewed. Weakness of existing antiscalants and challenge arising from their practical applications, such as membrane fouling caused by antiscalants, increased bacterial growth, dosing control, and the disposal of resultant concentrates, are also presented. To effectively alleviate scaling on RO membrane by using antiscalants, the development of novel, high-performance, and environment-friendly antiscalants on the basis of an in-depth study of the inhibition mechanisms and well-established structure-activity relationships is urgently necessary. The optimization of antiscalants and their combinations with other pretreatments in practical RO operations are essential in efficient scaling control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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15
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Ramírez-Estrada A, Mena-Cervantes VY, Hernández-Altamirano R, Vazquez-Arenas J, García-Solares M, Manzo-Robledo A, Trejo G. Implications of CaSO4 scale growth on the corrosive response of carbon steel in acid media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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17
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Cui K, Li C, Yao B, Yang F, Sun G. Synthesis and evaluation of an environment‐friendly terpolymer CaCO
3
scale inhibitor for oilfield produced water with better salt and temperature resistance. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Cui
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxian Li
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yao
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum Qingdao Shandong 266580 People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhang Y, Li X, Jia X, Zhao Y, Xiong G, Chen S, Xu P. Organic Phosphorus Extraction in the Fouling of the Circulating Cooling System. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11603-11608. [PMID: 31460267 PMCID: PMC6682099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate scale inhibitor (HEDP)-containing C-P bond is an agent widely used in the circulating cooling system to ensure the safe operation. In order to explore the effects of its decomposition and migration transformation in the system on the system security, it is necessary to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analysis of organic phosphorus in fouling. According to the Ivanoff method, with the organic phosphorus extraction rate as an indicator, the types and concentrations of extractants, extraction time, and mass of the extracted scale were optimized. When the mass of the extracted scale was 0.4 g, the extraction rates of active organic phosphorus and moderately active organic phosphorus were, respectively, 46.53 and 47.14%, and there was no inactive organic phosphorus and residual phosphorus. The total extraction rate of organic phosphorus was up to 94.32%. The optimum extraction conditions of various organic phosphorus components were determined as follows: 10 h extraction in 0.5 mol/L KHCO3 for active organic phosphorus and 3 h extraction in 1.0 mol/L HCl solution for moderately active organic phosphorus. The optimized extraction process only involves two steps: acid extraction of active organic phosphorus and acid extraction of moderately active organic phosphorus. The optimized method is characterized by the simple operation and good extraction effect and can be applied in the detection and analysis of organic phosphorus in the fouling of the circulating cooling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xudong Li
- China
General Nuclear Power Environment Protection Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Guangsen Xiong
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
| | - Peiyao Xu
- Hebei
Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, PR China
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
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19
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Dai Z, Zhang F, Kan AT, Ruan G, Yan F, Bhandari N, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu AYT, Deng G, Tomson MB. Two-Stage Model Reveals Barite Crystallization Kinetics from Solution Turbidity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Mineral scaling in membrane desalination: Mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and feasibility of scaling-resistant membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Luan J, Wang L, Sun W, Li X, Zhu T, Zhou Y, Deng H, Chen S, He S, Liu G. Multi-meshes coupled cathodes enhanced performance of electrochemical water softening system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Yu W, Song D, Li A, Yang H. Control of gypsum-dominated scaling in reverse osmosis system using carboxymethyl cellulose. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Hao J, Li L, Zhao W, Wu X, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Tang N, Wang X. Synthesis and Application of CCQDs as a Novel Type of Environmentally Friendly Scale Inhibitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9277-9282. [PMID: 30730137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising nanomaterials since they have smaller particle size, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicity. However, no one has found their high-scale inhibition performance so far. In this article, a new kind of green scale inhibitor, carboxyl carbon quantum dots (CCQDs), was synthesized through a simple method of thermal decomposition of citric acid. The as-prepared CCQDs have excellent scale inhibition performance for CaSO4 and BaSO4. With a static test of scale inhibition at a temperature of 0-80 °C, the antiscaling efficiency can reach 100% with low additions of CCQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Lingyun Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xiaqian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Na Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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24
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Kaushal SS, Likens GE, Pace ML, Haq S, Wood KL, Galella JG, Morel C, Doody TR, Wessel B, Kortelainen P, Räike A, Skinner V, Utz R, Jaworski N. Novel 'chemical cocktails' in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20180017. [PMID: 30509916 PMCID: PMC6283973 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread changes in water temperatures, salinity, alkalinity and pH have been documented in inland waters in North America, which influence ion exchange, weathering rates, chemical solubility and contaminant toxicity. Increasing major ion concentrations from pollution, human-accelerated weathering and saltwater intrusion contribute to multiple ecological stressors such as changing ionic strength and pH and mobilization of chemical mixtures resulting in the freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS). Here, we explore novel combinations of elements, which are transported together as chemical mixtures containing salts, nutrients and metals as a consequence of FSS. First, we show that base cation concentrations have increased in regions primarily in North America and Europe over 100 years. Second, we show interactions between specific conductance, pH, nitrate and metals using data from greater than 20 streams located in different regions of the USA. Finally, salinization experiments and routine monitoring demonstrate mobilization of chemical mixtures of cations, metals and nutrients in 10 streams draining the Washington, DC-Baltimore, MD metropolitan regions. Freshwater salinization mobilizes diverse chemical mixtures influencing drinking water quality, infrastructure corrosion, freshwater CO2 concentrations and biodiversity. Most regulations currently target individual contaminants, but FSS requires managing mobilization of multiple chemical mixtures and interacting ecological stressors as consequences of freshwater salinization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gene E Likens
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michael L Pace
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shahan Haq
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kelsey L Wood
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Joseph G Galella
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carol Morel
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R Doody
- Department of Geology, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Barret Wessel
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Antti Räike
- Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ryan Utz
- Chattham University, Gibsonia, PA, USA
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25
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Margret M, Subramanian V, Baskaran R, Venkatraman B. Detection of scales and its thickness determination in industrial pipes using Compton backscattering system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113117. [PMID: 30501299 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect and quantify scales in pipes has been an important yardstick for efficient transfer of fluids in domestic as well as in application related industries. Knowledge of different kinds of scales formed has become a precondition for trouble-shooting in operational lines. In this paper, collimated Compton backscattered gamma rays from a radioactive source have been used to inspect the scales by automatic scanning in steps along the axial direction of different pipes. The methodology has been extended for the quantification of scales that prevails in the real functionality of extensive usage of fluids. To aid for descaling processes, the desideratum is the density determination of scales and this parameter is quantified non-destructively and is also validated with the standard density. The described non-intrusive gamma ray densitometry is quite promising, efficient and has highly reliable results for scale detection with the squared correlation coefficient of 0.98. The proposed technique shows a better linearity than the gammatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margret
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - V Subramanian
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - R Baskaran
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - B Venkatraman
- Health, Safety and Environment Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
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26
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Yu W, Wang Y, Li A, Yang H. Evaluation of the structural morphology of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) on its scale-inhibition efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:86-95. [PMID: 29778068 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of phosphorus-free and biodegradable scale inhibitors has been paid considerable attention. Two series of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) (St-g-PAA) samples with different grafting ratios and grafted-chain distributions, that is, the number and length of grafted PAA chains on the starch backbone, were designed and prepared in this study. Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used to further characterize the molecular structures of the St-g-PAAs. In addition to dose, the effects of the structural morphologies of St-g-PAA, namely, grafting ratio and grafted-chain distribution, on the scale-inhibition performance against calcium carbonate were investigated systematically. Structural morphology significantly influenced the scale-inhibition performance of St-g-PAA. St-g-PAA with relatively low grafting ratio (≤97%) displayed better scale-inhibition effect than samples with similar grafted-chain distributions. Meanwhile, under the similar grafting ratios, samples with higher number of branched chains with shorter grafted chains displayed better antiscaling performance. Thus, higher scale-inhibition rate and lower corresponding optimal dose were obtained. Different scale-inhibition mechanisms were involved in the effects of the structural morphology. These mechanisms were investigated in detail from the molecular levels using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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27
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Hafez OM, Shoeib MA, El-Khateeb MA, Abdel-Shafy HI, Youssef AO. Removal of scale forming species from cooling tower blowdown water by electrocoagulation using different electrodes. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Shrestha N, Chilkoor G, Xia L, Alvarado C, Kilduff JE, Keating JJ, Belfort G, Gadhamshetty V. Integrated membrane and microbial fuel cell technologies for enabling energy-efficient effluent Re-use in power plants. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:37-48. [PMID: 28388506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater is an attractive alternative to freshwater sources to meet the cooling water needs of thermal power plants. Here we offer an energy-efficient integrated microbial fuel cell (MFC)/ultrafiltration (UF) process to purify primary clarifier effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant for use as cooling water. The microbial fuel cell was shown to significantly reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the primary settled wastewater effluent upstream of the UF module, while eliminating the energy demand required to deliver dissolved oxygen in conventional aerobic treatment. We investigated surface modification of the UF membranes to control fouling. Two promising hydrophilic monomers were identified in a high-throughput search: zwitterion (2-(Methacryloyloxy)-ethyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl ammoniumhydroxide, abbreviated BET SO3-), and amine (2-(Methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride, abbreviated N(CH3)3+). Monomers were grafted using UV-induced polymerization on commercial poly (ether sulfone) membranes. Filtration of MFC effluent by membranes modified with BET SO3- and N(CH3)3+ exhibited a lower rate of resistance increase and lower energy consumption than the commercially available membrane. The MFC/UF process produced high quality cooling water that meets the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) recommendations for COD, a suite of metals (Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Si, Mn, S, Ca and Mg), and offered extremely low corrosion rates (<0.05 mm/yr). A series of AC and DC diagnostic tests were used to evaluate the MFC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Shrestha
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Govinda Chilkoor
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Lichao Xia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Catalina Alvarado
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - James E Kilduff
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - John J Keating
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; Surface Engineering Research Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
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29
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Merrell TM, Saylor JR. Demisting using an ultrasonic standing wave field. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:172. [PMID: 28147564 DOI: 10.1121/1.4973689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Removing drops from an air flow can be challenging, particularly, for small drops. Herein a method for demisting is presented that employs ultrasonics to force small drops to combine. Specifically, a cylindrical ultrasonic standing wave field is established in a tube, forming pressure nodes that take the form of cylinders located within the tube and having the same axis as the tube. Droplets are driven toward these pressure nodes by the acoustic radiation force, forcing smaller drops to combine to form larger drops, which eventually fall due to gravity, thereby demisting the flow. Experiments presented herein show that, for the setup employed, this method can remove a fraction of drops that approaches 0.8 and that the improvement due to ultrasonics, compared to the case without ultrasonics, is as large as 2.8. The effect of air flow rate and power is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Merrell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
| | - J R Saylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0921, USA
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30
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Tang M, Li J, Ye Z, Kou Z, Fu L. A Novel Eco-Friendly Scale and Corrosion Inhibitor Modified by β-Cyclodextrin. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polymer, β-MEA, was synthesised from β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (MAC), epoxysuccinic acid (ESA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with a (NH4)2S2O8-NaHSO3 redox initiator system by aqueous solution radical polymerisation. β-MEA was characterised by means of IR spectroscopy, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Its structure, molecular weight, thermal stability, scale and corrosion inhibition performance and mechanism were investigated. The results verified that β-MEA achieves a better scale inhibition efficiency for BaSO4 compared with poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) (100 % cf. 94.9 % at a concentration of 20 mg L−1) and a better corrosion inhibition efficiency of N80 carbon steel in saline water compared with PESA (91.2 % cf. 79.7 % at a concentration of 1 g L−1). The BaSO4 was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction to investigate the crystal morphology of the scale. Primary research on the mechanism for corrosion inhibition was carried by SEM-chemical analysis.
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31
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Li J, Tang M, Ye Z, Chen L, Zhou Y. Scale formation and control in oil and gas fields: A review. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1185953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengrong Ye
- Research Institute of Oil and Gas Field Development, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, China
| | - Longli Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Liu G, Xue M, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Huang J. Carboxylate-Terminated Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymer as an Effective Inhibitor for Carbonate and Sulphate Scales. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For the control of carbonate and sulphate scales, a new type of green scale inhibitors AQn was synthesized. The thermal stability and the molecular weight of the copolymers were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The anti-scale property of the AQn copolymers towards CaCO3 and CaSO4 in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The results show that both CaCO3 and CaSO4 inhibition increase with increasing the degree of polymerization of AQn from 5 to 15. The dosage of AQn plays also an important role on CaCO3 and CaSO4 inhibition. Surface morphology characterization of CaCO3 and CaSO4 was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. An inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Liu
- School of Environmental Science , Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171 , P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Mengwei Xue
- School of Environmental Science , Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171 , P. R. China
| | - Qinpu Liu
- School of Environmental Science , Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171 , P. R. China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory , Nanjing 211189 , P. R. China
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33
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In Situ Biomineralization and Particle Deposition Distinctively Mediate Biofilm Susceptibility to Chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2886-92. [PMID: 26944848 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03954-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms and mineral precipitation commonly co-occur in engineered water systems, such as cooling towers and water purification systems, and both decrease process performance. Microbial biofilms are extremely challenging to control and eradicate. We previously showed that in situ biomineralization and the precipitation and deposition of abiotic particles occur simultaneously in biofilms under oversaturated conditions. Both processes could potentially alter the essential properties of biofilms, including susceptibility to biocides. However, the specific interactions between mineral formation and biofilm processes remain poorly understood. Here we show that the susceptibility of biofilms to chlorination depends specifically on internal transport processes mediated by biomineralization and the accumulation of abiotic mineral deposits. Using injections of the fluorescent tracer Cy5, we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms are more permeable to solutes after in situ calcite biomineralization and are less permeable after the deposition of abiotically precipitated calcite particles. We further show that biofilms are more susceptible to chlorine killing after biomineralization and less susceptible after particle deposition. Based on these observations, we found a strong correlation between enhanced solute transport and chlorine killing in biofilms, indicating that biomineralization and particle deposition regulate biofilm susceptibility by altering biocide penetration into the biofilm. The distinct effects of in situ biomineralization and particle deposition on biocide killing highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms and patterns of biomineralization and scale formation to achieve successful biofilm control.
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34
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Bao Y, Li M, Zhang Y. Research on the synthesis and scale inhibition performance of a new terpolymer scale inhibitor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1619-1627. [PMID: 27054733 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new terpolymer named β-CD-MA-SSS was produced using free-radical polymerization of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), maleic-anhydride (MA) and sodium-styrene-sulfonate (SSS) as monomers, with potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator. Its performance as a scale inhibitor to prevent deposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has been investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that β-CD-MA-SSS performed excellent scale inhibition and exhibited a high conversion rate under the following conditions: initiator consisting of 6%, molar ratio of reaction monomers SSS:MA = 0.8:1, MA:β-CD = 6:1, reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 6 h, and dropping time of 40 min when MA was dosed as a substrate, and SSS and KPS were dosed as dropping reactants simultaneously. Use of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for this inhibitor showed that the polymerization reaction had taken place with the reaction monomers under the above specified conditions. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the β-CD-MA-SSS had a strong chelating ability for calcium (Ca(2+)) and a good dispersion ability for calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Bao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
| | - Meng Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
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35
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Wei L, Qin K, Zhao Q, Noguera DR, Xin M, Liu C, Keene N, Wang K, Cui F. Utilization of artificial recharged effluent as makeup water for industrial cooling system: corrosion and scaling. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2559-2569. [PMID: 27191579 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants was reused for industrial cooling water after pre-treatment with a laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system. Up to a 95.3% removal efficiency for suspended solids (SS), 51.4% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 32.1% for Cl(-) and 30.0% SO4(2-) were observed for the recharged secondary effluent after the SAT operation, which is essential for controlling scaling and corrosion during the cooling process. As compared to the secondary effluent, the reuse of the 1.5 m depth SAT effluent decreased the corrosion by 75.0%, in addition to a 55.1% decline of the scales/biofouling formation (with a compacted structure). The experimental results can satisfy the Chinese criterion of Design Criterion of the Industrial Circulating Cooling Water Treatment (GB 50050-95), and was more efficient than tertiary effluent which coagulated with ferric chloride. In addition, chemical structure of the scales/biofouling obtained from the cooling system was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Kena Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Daniel R Noguera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ming Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Chengcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Natalie Keene
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Fuyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
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Singh J, Huerta-Aguilar †CA, Singh †H, Pandiyan T, Singh N. Voltammetric Simultaneous Determination of Cu2+, Cd2+and Pb2+in Full Aqueous Medium Using Organic Nanoparticles of Disulfide Based Receptor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Yao Q, Bu Y, Chen Y, Sun W. Development and Evaluation of an Environmentally Friendly Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate Scales Inhibitor. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2015. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The precipitation of CaCO3 (calcite, vaterite, aragonite and calcium carbonate hydrates) and CaSO4 (calcium sulfate anhydride, calcium sulfate dihydrate and calcium sulfate hemihydrates) scale on pipe surfaces widely occurs in numerous industrial processes. For the control of CaCO3 and CaSO4 scales, a novel environmentally friendly scale inhibitor, maleic anhydride (MA)-allypolyethoxy carboxylate (APEM9), was synthesized. MA-APEM9 was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR. The inhibitor property of the MA-APEM9 copolymer towards CaCO3 and CaSO4 in the artificial cooling water was studied by static scale inhibition tests. The effect on formation of CaCO3 and CaSO4 was investigated with a combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The observation showed that MA-APEM9 was a much better inhibitor both for CaCO3 and CaSO4 compared to the commercial inhibitors. An inhibition mechanism is proposed. It shows that the interactions between calcium and allyl-terminated PMA are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems. The MA-APEM9 Inhibitor can be used safely in cooling water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huchuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
| | - Qingzhao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 211189 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jianghai Environmental Protection Co. , Ltd, Changzhou 213116, Jiangsu , P.R. China
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38
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Dos Santos VL, Veiga AA, Mendonça RS, Alves AL, Pagnin S, Santiago VMJ. Reuse of refinery's tertiary-treated wastewater in cooling towers: microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2945-2955. [PMID: 25226836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study was planned to quantify the distribution of bacteria between bulk water and biofilm formed on different materials in an industrial scale cooling tower system of an oil refinery operating with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CCW) or chlorinated tertiary effluent (TRW) as makeup water. The sessile and planktonic heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa densities were significantly higher in the cooling tower supplied with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CTCW) (p < 0.05). In the two towers, the biofilm density was higher on the surface of glass slides and stainless steel coupons than on the surface of carbon steel coupons. The average corrosion rates of carbon steel coupons (0.4-0.8 millimeters per year (mpy)) and densities of sessile (12-1.47 × 10(3) colony-forming unit (CFU) cm(-1)) and planktonic (0-2.36 × 10(3) CFU mL(-1)) microbiota remained below of the maximum values of reference used by water treatment companies as indicative of efficient microbial control. These data indicate that the strategies of the water treatment station (WTS) (free chlorine) and industrial wastewater treatment station (IWTS) followed by reverse electrodialysis system (RES) (free chlorine plus chloramine) were effective for the microbiological control of the two makeup water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia Dos Santos
- Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil,
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Liu W, Chien SH, Dzombak DA, Vidic RD. Scaling Control for Heat Exchangers in Recirculating Cooling Systems Using Treated Municipal Wastewater. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404055z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Safety, Environment, and Technology Supervision Research Institute of Petrochina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chien
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - David A. Dzombak
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Radisav D. Vidic
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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40
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Huang J, Liu G, Zhou Y, Yao Q, Ling L, Zhang P, Wang H, Cao K, Liu Y, Wu W, Sun W. Synthesis and application of an environmentally friendly antiscalant in industrial cooling systems. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x14040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Stillwell AS, Webber ME. Geographic, technologic, and economic analysis of using reclaimed water for thermoelectric power plant cooling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4588-4595. [PMID: 24625241 DOI: 10.1021/es405820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Use of reclaimed water-municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent-in nonpotable applications can be a sustainable and efficient water management strategy. One such nonpotable application is at thermoelectric power plants since these facilities require cooling, often using large volumes of freshwater. To evaluate the geographic, technologic, and economic feasibility of using reclaimed water to cool thermoelectric power plants, we developed a spatially resolved model of existing power plants. Our model integrates data on power plant and municipal wastewater treatment plant operations into a combined geographic information systems and optimization approach to evaluate the feasibility of cooling system retrofits. We applied this broadly applicable methodology to 125 power plants in Texas as a test case. Results show that sufficient reclaimed water resources exist within 25 miles of 92 power plants (representing 61% of capacity and 50% of generation in our sample), with most of these facilities meeting both short-term and long-term water conservation cost goals. This retrofit analysis indicates that reclaimed water could be a suitable cooling water source for thermoelectric power plants, thereby mitigating some of the freshwater impacts of electricity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn S Stillwell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana Illinois, United States
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42
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Ordóñez R, Hermosilla D, Merayo N, Gascó A, Negro C, Blanco Á. Application of Multi-Barrier Membrane Filtration Technologies to Reclaim Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Use. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2012.758638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Chien SH, Dzombak DA, Vidic RD. Comprehensive Evaluation of Biological Growth Control by Chlorine-Based Biocides in Power Plant Cooling Systems Using Tertiary Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2013; 30:324-332. [PMID: 23781129 PMCID: PMC3680990 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that treated municipal wastewater can be a reliable cooling water alternative to fresh water. However, elevated nutrient concentration and microbial population in wastewater lead to aggressive biological proliferation in the cooling system. Three chlorine-based biocides were evaluated for the control of biological growth in cooling systems using tertiary treated wastewater as makeup, based on their biocidal efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Optimal chemical regimens for achieving successful biological growth control were elucidated based on batch-, bench-, and pilot-scale experiments. Biocide usage and biological activity in planktonic and sessile phases were carefully monitored to understand biological growth potential and biocidal efficiency of the three disinfectants in this particular environment. Water parameters, such as temperature, cycles of concentration, and ammonia concentration in recirculating water, critically affected the biocide performance in recirculating cooling systems. Bench-scale recirculating tests were shown to adequately predict the biocide residual required for a pilot-scale cooling system. Optimal residuals needed for proper biological growth control were 1, 2-3, and 0.5-1 mg/L as Cl2 for NaOCl, preformed NH2Cl, and ClO2, respectively. Pilot-scale tests also revealed that Legionella pneumophila was absent from these cooling systems when using the disinfectants evaluated in this study. Cost analysis showed that NaOCl is the most cost-effective for controlling biological growth in power plant recirculating cooling systems using tertiary-treated wastewater as makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsiang Chien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Dzombak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Radisav D. Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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44
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Chien SH, Chowdhury I, Hsieh MK, Li H, Dzombak DA, Vidic RD. Control of biological growth in recirculating cooling systems using treated secondary effluent as makeup water with monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:6508-6518. [PMID: 23063442 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary-treated municipal wastewater, an abundant and widely distributed impaired water source, is a promising alternative water source for thermoelectric power plant cooling. However, excessive biological growth is a major challenge associated with wastewater reuse in cooling systems as it can interfere with normal system operation as well as enhance corrosion and scaling problems. Furthermore, possible emission of biological aerosols (e.g., Legionella pneumophila) with the cooling tower drift can lead to public health concerns within the zone of aerosol deposition. In this study, the effectiveness of pre-formed and in-situ-formed monochloramine was evaluated for its ability to control biological growth in recirculating cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal wastewater as the only makeup water source. Bench-scale studies were compared with pilot-scale studies for their ability to predict system behavior under realistic process conditions. Effectiveness of the continuous addition of pre-formed monochloramine and monochloramine formed in-situ through the reaction of free chlorine with ammonia in the incoming water was evaluated in terms of biocide residual and its ability to control both planktonic and sessile microbial populations. Results revealed that monochloramine can effectively control biofouling in cooling systems employing secondary-treated municipal wastewater and has advantages relative to use of free chlorine, but that bench-scale studies seriously underestimate biocide dose and residual requirements for proper control of biological growth in full-scale systems. Pre-formed monochloramine offered longer residence time and more reliable performance than in-situ-formed monochloramine due to highly variable ammonia concentration in the recirculating water caused by ammonia stripping in the cooling tower. Pilot-scale tests revealed that much lower dosing rate was required to maintain similar total chlorine residual when pre-formed monochloramine was used as compared to in-situ-formed monochloramine. Adjustment of biocide dose to maintain monochloramine residual above 3mg/L is needed to achieve successful biological growth control in recirculating cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal effluent as the only source of makeup water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsiang Chien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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45
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Liu W, Chien SH, Dzombak DA, Vidic RD. Mineral scaling mitigation in cooling systems using tertiary-treated municipal wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4488-4498. [PMID: 22727862 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Treated municipal wastewater (MWW) is recognized as a significant potential source of cooling water for power generation. One of the key challenges for the successful use of the effluent from wastewater treatment facilities for cooling is the potential for significant mineral scaling when the raw water is concentrated as much as 4-6 times in recirculating cooling systems. Previous bench- and pilot-scale tests have shown that commonly used phosphorus- and polymer- based scaling inhibitors are ineffective when secondary-treated municipal wastewater (MWW) is used as make-up. In this study, two types of tertiary-treated municipal wastewaters, namely secondary-treated MWW with pH adjustment (MWW_pH) and secondary-treated MWW subjected to nitrification and sand filtration (MWW_NF) were evaluated as the sole source of make-up water for recirculating cooling systems. Both laboratory studies and pilot-scale tests revealed that adjusting the pH to 7.8 could reduce the mineral scaling rate by more than 80% without causing any significant corrosion problems. In contrast to MWW, where calcium carbonate was the dominant scaling mineral, the main component of mineral scale in MWW_pH was calcium phosphate. Both static and dynamic bench-scale tests indicated that scaling would not be a significant concern when MWW_NF is used as the make-up water in recirculating cooling systems operated at 4-6 cycles of concentration (CoC). Extended pilot-scale studies confirmed that MWW_NF is suitable makeup water for power plant cooling systems and that no anti-scaling chemicals would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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46
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Reis MIP, Gonçalves AD, da Silva FDC, Jordão AK, Alves RJ, de Andrade SF, Resende JALC, Rocha AA, Ferreira VF. Synthesis and evaluation of D-gluconamides as green mineral scales. Carbohydr Res 2012; 353:6-12. [PMID: 22513134 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 13 D-gluconamides were synthesized in moderate to good yields and evaluated as green scale inhibitors. The crystal structures of two compounds were determined by X-ray crystallography. The compounds 6c and 6d showed a reasonable inhibition of BaSO(4) precipitation from aqueous solution (47% and 51%, respectively) that indicated the potential for these derivatives of δ-gluconolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo I P Reis
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Outeiro de S. João Batista, s/n°, Centro, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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47
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Chien SH, Hsieh MK, Li H, Monnell J, Dzombak D, Vidic R. Pilot-scale cooling tower to evaluate corrosion, scaling, and biofouling control strategies for cooling system makeup water. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:024101. [PMID: 22380105 DOI: 10.1063/1.3680563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pilot-scale cooling towers can be used to evaluate corrosion, scaling, and biofouling control strategies when using particular cooling system makeup water and particular operating conditions. To study the potential for using a number of different impaired waters as makeup water, a pilot-scale system capable of generating 27,000 kJ∕h heat load and maintaining recirculating water flow with a Reynolds number of 1.92 × 10(4) was designed to study these critical processes under conditions that are similar to full-scale systems. The pilot-scale cooling tower was equipped with an automatic makeup water control system, automatic blowdown control system, semi-automatic biocide feeding system, and corrosion, scaling, and biofouling monitoring systems. Observed operational data revealed that the major operating parameters, including temperature change (6.6 °C), cycles of concentration (N = 4.6), water flow velocity (0.66 m∕s), and air mass velocity (3660 kg∕h m(2)), were controlled quite well for an extended period of time (up to 2 months). Overall, the performance of the pilot-scale cooling towers using treated municipal wastewater was shown to be suitable to study critical processes (corrosion, scaling, biofouling) and evaluate cooling water management strategies for makeup waters of complex quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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48
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Li H, Chien SH, Hsieh MK, Dzombak DA, Vidic RD. Escalating water demand for energy production and the potential for use of treated municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4195-4200. [PMID: 21466187 DOI: 10.1021/es1040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To ensure sufficient thermoelectric power production in the future, the use of alternative water sources to replace freshwater consumption in power plants will be required. The amount of municipal wastewater (MWW) being produced and its widespread availability merit the investigation of this potential source of cooling water. This is particularly important for thermoelectric power plants in regions where freshwater is not readily available. Critical regulatory and technical challenges for using MWW as makeup water in recirculating cooling systems are examined. The existing regulations do not prohibit wastewater reuse for power plant cooling. The challenges of controlling corrosion, mineral scaling, and biofouling in recirculating cooling systems need to be carefully considered and balanced in a holistic fashion. Initial investigations suggest that many of these challenges can be surmounted to ensure the use of MWW in recirculating cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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