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Sarneel JM, Barel JM, Duddigan S, Keuskamp JA, Pastor A, Sandén T, Blume‐Werry G. Reasons to not correct for leaching in TBI; Reply to Lind et al. (2022). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10133. [PMID: 37325714 PMCID: PMC10262069 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We believe that correcting for leaching in (terrestrial) litterbags studies such as the Tea Bag Index will result in more uncertainties than it resolves. This is mainly because leaching occurs in pulses upon changes in the environment and because leached material can still be mineralized after leaching. Furthermore, amount of material that potentially leaches from tea is comparable to other litter types. When correcting for leaching, it is key to be specific about the employed method, just like being specific about the study specific definition of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Janna M. Barel
- Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah Duddigan
- Soil Research Centre and Department of Geography & Environmental ScienceUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Joost A. Keuskamp
- Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Biont ResearchUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ada Pastor
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic EcologyUniversity of GironaGironaSpain
| | - Taru Sandén
- Department for Soil Health and Plant NutritionAustrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)ViennaAustria
| | - Gesche Blume‐Werry
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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2
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Is the Tea Bag Index (TBI) Useful for Comparing Decomposition Rates among Soils? ECOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ecologies3040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Bag Index (TBI) is a novel approach using standardized materials (i.e., commercial tea bags) to evaluate organic matter decomposition by determining two indexes: the early stage decomposition constant k (k_TBI) and litter stabilization factor S (S_TBI). k_TBI is defined as the decomposition constant of an asymptote model describing the decomposition curve of rooibos tea, whereas S is the ratio of the stabilized to total hydrolysable fractions of green tea. However, it was recently revealed that both k_TBI and S_TBI deviate from the actual S and k values accurately determined by fitting an asymptote model to the time series mass of green and rooibos teas remaining (k_fitting and S_fitting, respectively). Nevertheless, k_TBI and S_TBI, which can be determined in a cost- and labor-effective manner, might indicate the relative values of k_fitting and S_fitting across different soils and be useful for comparative analyses. Therefore, this study investigated the positive correlations of k_TBI and S_TBI with k_fitting and S_fitting, respectively, in which case these indexes are useful for comparative analyses. However, the result showed that k_TBI was negatively correlated with k_fitting. This study underscores the importance of obtaining time-series data for accurately determining the decomposition constant of an asymptote model describing the decomposition curve of rooibos tea. S_TBI was positively correlated with S_fitting, implying that S_TBI can be used as an indicator of S.
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3
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Lind L, Harbicht A, Bergman E, Edwartz J, Eckstein RL. Effects of initial leaching for estimates of mass loss and microbial decomposition—Call for an increased nuance. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9118. [PMID: 35923944 PMCID: PMC9339754 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Lind
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Andrew Harbicht
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
- Fisheries and Ecosystem Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre Moncton New Brunswick Canada
- Population Ecology Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Dartmouth Canada
| | - Eva Bergman
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Johannes Edwartz
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Rolf Lutz Eckstein
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
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Mori T, Nakamura R, Aoyagi R. Risk of misinterpreting the Tea Bag Index: Field observations and a random simulation. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Kyushu Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, FFPRI Kumamoto Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryota Aoyagi
- Department of Forest Vegetation Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, FFPRI Ibaraki Japan
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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5
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Madaschi C, Díaz-Villanueva V. A Warm Tea: The Role of Temperature and Hydroperiod on Litter Decomposition in Temporary Wetlands. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Trevathan-Tackett SM, Kepfer-Rojas S, Engelen AH, York PH, Ola A, Li J, Kelleway JJ, Jinks KI, Jackson EL, Adame MF, Pendall E, Lovelock CE, Connolly RM, Watson A, Visby I, Trethowan A, Taylor B, Roberts TNB, Petch J, Farrington L, Djukic I, Macreadie PI. Ecosystem type drives tea litter decomposition and associated prokaryotic microbiome communities in freshwater and coastal wetlands at a continental scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146819. [PMID: 33838377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wetland ecosystems are critical to the regulation of the global carbon cycle, and there is a high demand for data to improve carbon sequestration and emission models and predictions. Decomposition of plant litter is an important component of ecosystem carbon cycling, yet a lack of knowledge on decay rates in wetlands is an impediment to predicting carbon preservation. Here, we aim to fill this knowledge gap by quantifying the decomposition of standardised green and rooibos tea litter over one year within freshwater and coastal wetland soils across four climates in Australia. We also captured changes in the prokaryotic members of the tea-associated microbiome during this process. Ecosystem type drove differences in tea decay rates and prokaryotic microbiome community composition. Decomposition rates were up to 2-fold higher in mangrove and seagrass soils compared to freshwater wetlands and tidal marshes, in part due to greater leaching-related mass loss. For tidal marshes and freshwater wetlands, the warmer climates had 7-16% less mass remaining compared to temperate climates after a year of decomposition. The prokaryotic microbiome community composition was significantly different between substrate types and sampling times within and across ecosystem types. Microbial indicator analyses suggested putative metabolic pathways common across ecosystems were used to breakdown the tea litter, including increased presence of putative methylotrophs and sulphur oxidisers linked to the introduction of oxygen by root in-growth over the incubation period. Structural equation modelling analyses further highlighted the importance of incubation time on tea decomposition and prokaryotic microbiome community succession, particularly for rooibos tea that experienced a greater proportion of mass loss between three and twelve months compared to green tea. These results provide insights into ecosystem-level attributes that affect both the abiotic and biotic controls of belowground wetland carbon turnover at a continental scale, while also highlighting new decay dynamics for tea litter decomposing under longer incubations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Deakin University, Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aschwin H Engelen
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul H York
- James Cook University, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Anne Ola
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jinquan Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jeffrey J Kelleway
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, GeoQuEST Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kristin I Jinks
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Emma L Jackson
- Coastal Marine Ecosystems Research Centre, CQUniversity, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia
| | | | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rod M Connolly
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Anne Watson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Inger Visby
- Derwent Estuary Program, 24 Davey St Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Allison Trethowan
- RiverConnect - Greater Shepparton City Council, Shepparton, VIC 3630, Australia
| | - Ben Taylor
- Nature Glenelg Trust, PO Box 2177, Mt Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | | | - Jane Petch
- Melbourne Water, South East Regional Office, Worsley Road, Bangholme, VIC 3175, Australia
| | | | - Ika Djukic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Deakin University, Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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Adgie TE, Chapman SK. Salt Marsh Plant Community Structure Influences Success of Avicennia germinans During Poleward Encroachment. WETLANDS (WILMINGTON, N.C.) 2021; 41:82. [PMID: 34393321 PMCID: PMC8354519 DOI: 10.1007/s13157-021-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Along the Florida coast, decreasing freeze events are promoting the range shift of the mangrove species Avicennia germinans northward into temperate salt marsh wetlands. Although plant species' ranges are tightly linked with their climatic tolerances, there is considerable variability in the magnitude by which biotic factors like competition and facilitation may also influence range shifts. Changes in mangrove and marsh plant abundance can alter both the above and belowground environment, which may in turn influence ecosystem services typically associated with these systems such as storm surge abatement and carbon storage. Therefore, it is key to understand (1) how the above and belowground environment of established salt marshes influences establishment of mangroves, and (2) how above and belowground environments shift in response to mangrove encroachment. Using a semi-natural mangrove planting experiment, we investigated the impact of four distinct marsh plant community structures (Batis maritima, Spartina alterniflora, mixture of B. maritima and S. alterniflora, mudflat) on mangrove survivorship and decomposition rate. In mixed marsh plots, mangrove survivorship was 42 % higher compared to survivorship in mudflat plots, and decomposition rate was 47 % greater in mixed marsh plots compared to mudflat. However, percent cover of vegetation differed across treatments, and was highest in mixed marsh plots. High survivorship in mixed marsh plots is likely due to increased protection from physical stressors by the dense aboveground cover, and belowground plant root-driven effects such as nutrient availability and oxygen delivery. Our findings suggest that above and below ground differences in salt marsh plant community structure can have an impact on the survival of encroaching mangroves, which may have implications for predicting future mangrove encroachment and improving mangrove restoration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese E. Adgie
- Biology Department and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USA
| | - Samantha K. Chapman
- Biology Department and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USA
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Hunter WR, Williamson A, Sarneel JM. Using the Tea Bag Index to determine how two human pharmaceuticals affect litter decomposition by aquatic microorganisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1272-1278. [PMID: 34131825 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that independent additive effects of two human pharmaceuticals, the antibiotic trimethoprim and the artificial estrogen 17a-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), inhibit plant litter decomposition by aquatic microorganisms. The constant release of pharmaceuticals, such as these, has the potential to affect aquatic microbial metabolism and alter biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. Here we advance the Tea Bag Index (TBI) for decomposition by using it in a series of contaminant exposure experiments testing how interactions between trimethoprim and EE2 affect aquatic microbial activity. The TBI is a citizen science tool used to test microbial activity by measuring the differential degradation of green and rooibos tea as proxies for respectively labile and recalcitrant litter decomposition. Exposure to either trimethoprim or EE2 decreased decomposition of green tea, suggesting additive effects upon microbial activity. Exposure to EE2 alone decreased rooibos tea decomposition. Consequently, trimethoprim and EE2 stabilized labile organic matter against microbial degradation and restricted decomposition. We propose that the method outlined could provide a powerful tool for testing the impacts of multiple interacting pollutants upon microbial activity, at a range of scales, across aquatic systems and over ecologically relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ross Hunter
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute Northern Ireland, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK.
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Ashley Williamson
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Judith Maria Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Tea Bags—Standard Materials for Testing Impacts of Nitrogen Addition on Litter Decomposition in Aquatic Ecosystems? NITROGEN 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen2020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
How the anthropogenic addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), impacts litter decomposition has attracted extensive attention, but how environmental factors other than nutrients affect the impacts of N addition on litter decomposition is less understood. Since different local litters could respond differently to N addition, standard materials are necessary for comparing the impacts among various environments. The present study tested if tea bags used for the Tea Bag Index (TBI) approach, i.e., constructing an asymptote model by using a green tea decomposition datum and a rooibos tea decomposition datum (single measurement in time), can be standard materials for testing the impacts of N addition on litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed using a water sample taken from a stream in Kumamoto, Japan. Since a recent study suggested that the TBI approach may be inapplicable to aquatic ecosystems, a time-series data approach, i.e., fitting models to time-series mass loss data of tea bags, was also used for testing if tea bag decomposition can pick up the impacts of N addition on aquatic litter decomposition. The time-series data approach demonstrated that N addition significantly suppressed rooibos tea decomposition, whereas green tea decomposition was not affected by N addition. The TBI approach was unsuitable for testing the sensitivity of the response of tea bag decomposition to N addition because the TBI-based asymptote model failed to predict the observed data, confirming the suggestion by a previous study. Overall, the present study suggested that the tea bags can be used as standard materials for testing the impacts of N addition on litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems, but only when using a time-series measurement and not the TBI.
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Palacios MM, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Malerba ME, Macreadie PI. Effects of a nutrient enrichment pulse on blue carbon ecosystems. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112024. [PMID: 33549995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from land-derived eutrophication in most developed coastlines worldwide. Here, we tested for 277 days the effects of a nutrient pulse on blue carbon retention and cycling within an Australian temperate coastal system. After 56 days of exposure, saltmarsh and mangrove plots subject to a high-nutrient treatment (~20 g N m-2 yr-1 and ~2 g P m-2 yr-1) had ~23% lower superficial soil carbon stocks. Mangrove plots also experienced a ~33% reduction in the microbe Amplicon Sequence Variant richness and a shift in community structure linked to elevated ammonium concentrations. Live plant cover, tea litter decomposition, and soil carbon fluxes (CO2 and CH4) were not significantly affected by the pulse. Before the end of the experiment, soil carbon- and nitrogen-cycling had returned to control levels, highlighting the significant but short-lived impact that a nutrient pulse can have on the carbon sink capacity of coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Palacios
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Martino E Malerba
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, VIC 3125, Australia.
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Learning Science during Teatime: Using a Citizen Science Approach to Collect Data on Litter Decomposition in Sweden and Austria. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The decay of organic material—litter decomposition—is a critical process for life on Earth and an essential part of the global carbon cycle. Yet, this basic process remains unknown to many citizens. The Tea Bag Index (TBI) measures decomposition in a standardized, measurable, achievable, climate-relevant, and time-relevant way by burying commercial tea bags in soil for three months and calculating proxies to characterize the decomposition process (expressed as decomposition rate (k) and stabilization factor (S)). We measured TBI at 8 cm soil depth with the help of school and farm citizen scientists in 2015 in Sweden and in 2016 in Austria. Questionnaires to the participating schools and farms enabled us to capture lessons learned from this participatory data collection. In total >5500 citizen scientists participated in the mass experiments, and approximately 50% of the tea bags sent out yielded successful results that fell well within previously reported ranges. The average decomposition rates (k) ranged from 0.008 to 0.012 g d−1 in Sweden and from 0.012 to 0.015 g d−1 in Austria. Stabilization factors (S) were up to four times higher in Sweden than Austria. Taking part in a global experiment was a great incentive for participants, and in future experiments the citizen scientists and TBI would benefit from having enhanced communication between the researchers and participants about the results gained.
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Seelen LMS, Flaim G, Jennings E, De Senerpont Domis LN. Saving water for the future: Public awareness of water usage and water quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 242:246-257. [PMID: 31048230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fresh water is a limited resource under anthropogenic threat. Europeans are using an average of 3550 L per capita per day and this amount is increasing steadily as incomes rise. Water saving options are being actively promoted, but these intensified measures do not yet come close to saving enough water to prevent water shortages that may seriously affect our way of life in the near future. With projected increases in demands for good quality fresh water, educating the public about sustainable personal water use and water quality threats becomes an absolute necessity. One way to achieve this is through engaging citizens in water issues, e.g. through citizen science projects. Using snowball convenience sampling, we distributed a questionnaire among 498 people in 23 countries to investigate whether people were aware of how much water they used, what they perceived as threats to water quality and whether they would like to help improve water quality. Our results showed that the amount of daily water use was greatly underestimated among respondents, especially indirect use of water for the production of goods and services. Furthermore, the effects of climate change and detrimental habits such as feeding ducks were underestimated, presumably because of environmental illiteracy. However, eighty-five percent (85%) of our participants indicated an interest in directly working together with scientists to understand and improve their local water quality. Involving citizens in improving local lake quality promotes both environmental and scientific literacy, and can therefore result in a reduction in daily personal water use. The next iteration of the Water Framework Directive legislation will be launched shortly, requiring water managers to include citizens in their monitoring schemes. Engaging citizens will not only help improve surface water quality, and educate about cause and effect chains in water quality, but will also reduce the personal fresh water usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M S Seelen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700 AB, Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands.
| | - Giovanna Flaim
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM),Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Eleanor Jennings
- Centre for Environmental and Freshwater Studies, Department of Applied Sciences, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - Lisette N De Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, Wageningen, 6700 AB, Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
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