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Oktiawan W, Sarminingsih A, Hadiwidodo M, Purwono P. Electrocoagulation process for phosphate recovery of agricultural wastewater: effect of calcium adding, voltage, and time. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:842. [PMID: 39186147 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-13034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Recovery of valuable resources, such as phosphate recovery from wastewater, can help close the nutrient cycle and is interesting to investigate. This study aims to evaluate phosphate recovery and set aside TOC, OC, and IC in agricultural wastewater using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode configuration. This study employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for statistical analysis and modeling, utilizing a central composite design (CCD). Variation of calcium concentration (2-7 mg/L), voltage (15-45 V), and electrocoagulation time (5-15 min) was applied in an electrocoagulation reactor with a helix-shaped stainless steel cathode and a solid cylindrical Mg anode. Based on RSM analysis, electrocoagulation with a helical electrode configuration significantly affects phosphate recovery and the removal of TOC, OC, and IC when treating agricultural wastewater. Under operating conditions of 15 V, 15 min time, and 2 mg/L calcium concentration, we achieved the lowest phosphate concentration of 0.003 mg/L (99.74% reduction). The highest TOC allowance is > 100% of the initial concentration, the TC allowance is 55.79%, and the IC allowance is 30.91%. The formation of metal hydroxides affects the efficiency of TOC removal in the electrocoagulation process, and higher electrolysis times lead to higher TOC removal efficiency. Higher voltages also improve the coagulation and flotation processes in the reactor. Calcium concentration plays a role in enhancing the flocculation process and binding phosphonates from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiharyanto Oktiawan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia.
| | - Anik Sarminingsih
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Mochtar Hadiwidodo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Purwono Purwono
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Kartasura, 57168, Indonesia
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Hu Y, Guo J, An D, Qian Y, Chen J, Zhou Z. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge via Mg-air battery system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171805. [PMID: 38508262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A pressing issue in contemporary society is the resource scarcity of phosphorus. Operating on the principle of electrochemical reactions between Mg as the anode and oxygen from air as the cathode, Mg-air batteries (MAB) have been employed to provide new prospects for phosphorus recovery in struvite form. Different phosphorus concentrations and reaction time impact struvite generation in MAB systems; however, the exact mechanism has rarely been investigated. We investigated how varying the initial phosphorus concentration and the reaction time affects phosphorus recovery, electricity generation, and the efficiency of struvite production in MAB. Additionally, we examine the impact of solid carbon sources on phosphorus transformation in sludge. The findings revealed that the incorporation of solid carbon sources facilitated the release of phosphate by changing phosphorus speciation. The electrolyte derived from the conditioned sludge filtrate exhibited a remarkable phosphorus removal efficiency of 91.7 % within 1 h, yielding the highest struvite purity of ∼70 %, whereas that using raw sludge filtrate or extending the reaction time was found to be less effective, even reducing struvite formation. Furthermore, different electrolytes influence the system's ability to passivate anode, and electrolytes with higher phosphorus concentrations have better electricity production performance. The results by Visual MINTEQ model confirmed that longer reaction times and lower initial phosphorus concentrations can negatively affect struvite formation by introducing Mg3(PO4)2 and Mg(OH)2. The integration of agricultural waste as carbon sources with MAB for phosphorus recovery represents a potential methodology for struvite recuperation from sewage sludge, thereby heralding a sustainable strategy for resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yunkun Qian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Environment Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhanghua Zhou
- Shanghai Youlian Zhuyuan First Sewage Treatment Investment Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200125, China
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Guan Q, Li Y, Zhong Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Yu X, Ou R, Zeng G. A review of struvite crystallization for nutrient source recovery from wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118383. [PMID: 37348306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient recovery from wastewater not only reduces the nutrient load on water resources but also alleviates the environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, which is a solution to achieve a sustainable society. Besides, struvite crystallization technology is considered a potential nutrient recovery technology because the precipitate obtained can be reused as a slow-release fertilizer. This review presents the basic properties of struvite and the theory of the basic crystallization process. In addition, the possible influencing variables of the struvite crystallization process on the recovery efficiency and product purity are also examined in detail. Then, the advanced auxiliary technologies for facilitating the struvite crystallization process are systematically discussed. Moreover, the economic and environmental benefits of the struvite crystallization process for nutrient recovery are introduced. Finally, the shortcomings and inadequacies of struvite crystallization technology are presented, and future research prospects are provided. This work serves as the foundation for the future use of struvite crystallization technology to recover nutrients in response to the increasingly serious environmental problems and resource depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- Haixi (Fujian) Institute, China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology Group, Sanming, 365500, PR China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ranwen Ou
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Gu K, Zhao K, Deng H, Hu C. Enhancement of struvite generation and anti-fouling in an electro-AnMBR with Mg anode-MF membrane module. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119561. [PMID: 36623383 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe membrane fouling and the inability to remove/recover nitrogen and phosphorus are bottlenecks of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) for large-scale application in wastewater treatment. Herein, an electrochemical AnMBR with a Mg anode-membrane module (electro-AnMBR) was built and showed good performance in terms of membrane fouling mitigation and nutrient recovery during sewage treatment. Compared with the traditional AnMBR, membrane fouling in the electro-AnMBR was reduced by up to 30%. The application of an electric field decreased the zeta potential, viscosity, and EPS concentration of the sludge-water liquor in the electro-AnMBR, which could improve the cake layer structure and thus enhance water permeability. Meanwhile, 26% of NH4+ and 48% of PO43- co-precipitated with Mg2+ generating from the sacrificial Mg anode and were recovered as struvite deposited onto cathode in the electro-AnMBR. Hydrogen evolution provided a relatively alkaline pH environment, resulting in struvite electrodeposition on the graphic cathode, which partly separated the formed struvite from the sludge with a purity of 77%. In the electro-AnMBR, the electrochemical reactions provided alkalinity and effectively inhibited anaerobic acidification. The applied voltage of 0.6 V reduced the relative abundance of methanosaeta, but increased that of methanosarcina, which is also beneficial for the membrane anti-fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kanghui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haiqian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Efficient Removal of Ammonia Nitrogen by an Electrochemical Process for Spent Caustic Wastewater Treatment. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent caustic wastewater produced in a soda plant has a high concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N). As excessive NH4+-N discharging into water bodies would cause eutrophication as well as destruction to the ecology balance, developing an efficient technology for NH4+-N removal from the spent caustic wastewater is imperative in the current society. In this study, an electrochemical process with graphene electrodes was designed for the NH4+-N removal in the spent caustic wastewater. The removal efficiency of the NH4+-N during the electrochemical process could reach 98.7% at 4 A in a short treatment time (within 120 s) with an acceptable energy consumption (6.1 kWh/m3-order). NO3− and NO2− were not detected during the electrochemical process. An insignificant amount of NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3 produced in the treatment suggested that little of the NH4+-N reacted with chlorine, that is, chlorination played a negligible role in the NH4+-N removal. By electron equilibrium and nitrogen conversion analysis, we think that NH4+-N was primarily converted to NH2(ads) on the surface of a graphene electrode by one-electron transfer during the direct oxidation of the electrochemical process. Due to the high calcium ion (Ca2+) in the spent caustic wastewater, the electrode scale significantly increased to 1.4 g after treatment of 240 s at 4 A. By X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the composition of the electrode scale is portlandite Ca(OH)2. Although the electrode scale was obvious during the electrochemical treatment, it could be alleviated by alternating the electrode polarity. As a result, the life and efficiency of the graphene electrode for NH4+-N removal could remain stable for a long time. These results suggest that the electrochemical process with a graphene electrode may provide a competitive technology for NH4+-N removal in spent caustic wastewater treatment.
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Mahmoud RH, Wang Z, He Z. Production of algal biomass on electrochemically recovered nutrients from anaerobic digestion centrate. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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