Innovation for continuous aerobic granular sludge process in actual municipal sewage treatment: Self-circulating up-flow fluidized bed process

Beijing' s paired assistance program: Mitigating vulnerability, fostering development, and promoting equality in its ecological conservation areas

Interregional cooperation is an important mechanism for promoting regional equality. The paired assistance policy (PAP) has been broadly used to address regional inequality in China. In Beijing, developed plain districts have been paired, one-to-one, with less developed ecological conservation areas (ECAs) in mountainous regions to promote green development and livelihood improvements. In these pairings, lateral inputs from developed regions such as financial inputs, industrial assistance, human resource training, etc., are provided to the ECAs. To analyse the effect of Beijing PAP implementation, the 2013-2022 vulnerability index from each district in the ECAs was evaluated with the Vulnerability-Scoping-Diagram (VSD) model to reflect the changes in the ecological environment before and after PAP implementation. The Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Differences model (PSM-DID) was used to explore the impact of the PAP mechanism on the green development and livelihoods of rural residents in ECAs. The results revealed that the vulnerability index of the ECAs decreased from 0.45 in 2013 to less than 0.05 in 2022, with an average annual reduction of 9%, attributing to the strict implementation of environment preservation policies. The PAP mechanism also clearly promoted green economy and livelihoods development in the ECAs. In addition to effectively stimulating development in Beijing ECAs, the PAP mechanism can be referenced by similar metropolitan cities to develop regional collaboration for ecological protection and balanced development.

Continuous self-circulating up-flow granular sludge fluidized bed process treating low-strength real municipal wastewater at high hydraulic loads

Conditions conducive to aerobic granular sludge (AGS) growth and maintenance are very difficult to realize in continuous-flow biological treatment processes. This study conducted a continuous-flow self-circulating up-flow granular sludge fluidized bed (Zier process) treating real urban wastewater approximately one year. The substantial self-circulating multiple times (RSCMT, 8-15 times) and up-flow velocity (8-15 m/h) generated by aeration, the only power equipment in Zier process, facilitated pollutant removal, particle granulation and stabilization. With hydraulic retention time of 5 h, RSCMT of 9.3-14.4 times and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratio of 5.9 ± 1.0, the effluent COD, ammonia nitrogen and TN were 28.6 ± 7.7, 1.1 ± 1.2, and 13.3 ± 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The median particle size was 150-250 μm and effluent suspended solids concentration was 33.4 ± 14.5 mg/L. It is unnecessary to set up sludge reflux which simplifies the subsequent mud-water separation facilities. The Zier process provides a new process structure for implementation of continuous-flow AGS process.