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Fischer A, Telouk P, Beckmann C, Heermant S, Wittrock A, Debus J, Wimmer MA. Performance of Austenitic High-Nitrogen Steels under Gross Slip Fretting Corrosion in Bovine Serum. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:110. [PMID: 38667567 PMCID: PMC11051106 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Modular artificial hip joints are a clinical standard today. However, the release of wear products from the head-taper interface, which includes wear particles in the nm size range, as well as metal ions, have raised concerns. Depending on the loading of such taper joints, a wide variety of different mechanisms have been found by retrieval analyses. From these, this paper concentrates on analyzing the contribution of gross slip fretting corrosion at ultra-mild wear rates using a bovine calf serum solution (BCS) as the lubricant. The parameters were chosen based on biomechanical considerations, producing wear rates of some ng/m wear path. In parallel, the evolution of tribomaterial (third bodies) was analyzed as to its constituents and generation rates. It has already been shown earlier that, by an advantageous combination of wear mechanisms and submechanisms, certain constituents of the tribomaterial remain inside the contact area and act like extreme-pressure lubricant additives. For the known wear and corrosion resistance of austenitic high-nitrogen steels (AHNSs), which outperform CoCrMo alloys even under inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that such steels will generate ultra-mild wear rates under gross slip fretting. While testing AHNSs against commercially available biomedical-grade materials of CoCrMo and TiAlV alloys, as well as zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) and against itself, it was found that AHNSs in combination with a Ti6Al4V alloy generated the smallest wear rate under gross slip fretting corrosion. This paper then discusses the wear behavior on the basis of ex situ analyses of the worn surfaces as to the acting wear mechanisms and submechanisms, as well as to the tribological reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, 40237 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Philipe Telouk
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Université de Lyon, 69342 Lyon, France;
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (C.B.); (S.H.); (A.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Saskia Heermant
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (C.B.); (S.H.); (A.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Adrian Wittrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (C.B.); (S.H.); (A.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Jörg Debus
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (C.B.); (S.H.); (A.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Markus A. Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Pu J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Yuan X, Wang Z, Zhang G, Cui W, Jin Z. Revealing the composite fretting-corrosion mechanisms of Ti6Al4V alloy against zirconia-toughened alumina ceramic in simulated body fluid. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 146:106074. [PMID: 37591055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The composite fretting-corrosion damage due to combinations of radial, tangential, rotational, and other fretting causes local adverse tissue reactions and failure of artificial joints. Previous studies have mainly focused on the single fretting mode, while ignoring the coupled effects of multimode fretting. The fretting-corrosion mechanisms between the components are not yet fully understood. In this study, the tangential-radial composite fretting was realized by applying a normal alternating load to the tangential fretting. The composite fretting corrosion behavior of zirconia toughened alumina ceramic/Ti6Al4V alloy used for the head-neck interface of an artificial hip joint under simulated body fluid was investigated. The effects of displacement and alternating load amplitude were considered. The alternating load amplitude was given by the maximum normal load and minimum normal load ratio R. The results showed that the composite fretting damage mechanisms of this pair were mainly abrasion and tribocorrosion. Cracking also existed under large displacement. The effect of alternating load on fretting corrosion was found to be mainly caused by changes in the contact area and instantaneous contact state. In addition, the alternating load during the composite fretting promoted the formation of the three-body layer in the contact area. A decrease in load ratio caused fretting to change from gross to partial slip. In the case of small displacement, the load ratio had little effect on the friction work or wear scar profile. The corrosion rate of materials and the concentration of metal ions released into the solution increased as load ratio decreased. In cases of large and medium displacement, load ratio reduction increased the friction work and expanded the wear scar. The reduction in load ratio also caused the corrosion rate of the material to increase and then decrease, and the metal ion concentration decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Nanjing, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Beijing AKEC Medical Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102200, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhongmin Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610031, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Pechancová R, Gallo J, Baron D, Milde D, Antal P, Slobodová Z, Lemr K, Pluháček T. Detailed insight into chromium species released from failed CoCrMo implants: Ex vivo periprosthetic tissues study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:271-283. [PMID: 36507699 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This unique study provides information on Cr species and their distribution in periprosthetic tissues of patients with metal-on-polyethylene joint implants. Co-Cr-Mo alloy has been widely used in joint replacement and represents a source of metal derived species. In the case of chromium, previous studies on periprosthetic tissues revealed mainly Cr(III) distribution, whereas the potential release of carcinogenic Cr(VI) species has been still a subject of debate. Here, an analytical approach utilizing speciation and fractionation was developed to analyze periprosthetic tissue samples collected from wide range of patients with failed total hip or knee replacements. The results reveal that Cr(III) is mainly released in the form of insoluble CrPO4 and Cr2 O3 particles. The highest Cr contents were found in periprosthetic tissues of patients suffering from aseptic loosening and having more Cr-based implants in the body. Cr species penetrated tissue layers, but their levels decreased with the distance from an implant. The detailed speciation/fractionation study carried out using the set of consecutive periprosthetic tissues of a patient with extensive metallosis showed the presence of trace amounts of free Cr(III), nanoparticles, and metal-protein complexes, but the majority of Cr still occurred in CrPO4 form. Carcinogenic Cr(VI) species were not detected. Up to date, there is no published human tissue study focused on the detailed speciation of both soluble and insoluble Cr-based species in the context of failing total hip and knee replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Pechancová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Gallo
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Baron
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Milde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Antal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Slobodová
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lemr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Bormann T, Nebel L, Müller U, Mai PT, Gibmeier J, Renkawitz T, Kretzer JP. Influence of FeCl 3 and H 2O 2 in corrosion testing of modular taper connections in total hip arthroplasty: An in vitro study. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:427-435. [PMID: 35417798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion at the modular taper junctions in total hip arthroplasty is clinically relevant because wear particles and ions generated at this interface can lead to adverse local tissue reactions or even implant failure. In vitro tribo-corrosion tests are usually accomplished in saline solutions or calf serum (CS), but the addition of H2O2 and FeCl3 have been suggested to mimic inflammatory conditions in the joint. Inflammatory conditions may aggravate corrosive processes and, therefore, should lead in vitro to a more severe and realistic tribo-corrosive material attack. Corrosion testing at 12/14 tapers comprising a CoCrMo head taper and a Ti6Al4V trunnion was accomplished in five electrolytes (Ringer's solution (RS), RS with 30 mM H2O2 and/or 0.7 mM FeCl3 and CS) under dynamical loading for five million cycles. Resulting material loss was determined gravimetrically and by ion analysis. The tribo-corrosive material degradation was investigated by light and electron microscopy. FeCl3 enhanced the material loss from taper connections while H2O2 did not lead to a significant alteration of total material loss. In comparison to pure RS, corrosion testing in CS decreased material loss at the head taper while it increased material loss at the trunnion. The combination of FeCl3 and H2O2 led to an enhanced occurrence of micro cracks at the trunnion surface. Adding FeCl3 and optionally also H2O2 aggravates material loss in in vitro corrosion testing of taper junctions and leads to harsher and probably more realistic testing conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tribo-corrosive processes at taper connections in hip implants are complex and can lead to major clinical implications. Joint inflammation is assumed to aggravate taper corrosion in vivo, why FeCl3 and H2O2 have been proposed as additives to electrolytes to simulate inflammatory conditions in vitro. Often used fretting test setups, however, do not involve real taper geometries. Besides, testing is often accomplished in saline solutions or calf serum, which do not induce a clinically significant amount of corrosive material degradation. This study presents an approach to increase tribo-corrosive processes at realistic taper connections by adding FeCl3 and/or H2O2. Unlike H2O2, FeCl3 increased material loss from taper connections. The combination of both additives enhanced micro crack formation at the trunnion surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Bormann
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany.
| | - Laura Nebel
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Ulrike Müller
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Phuong Thao Mai
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engelbert-Arnold-Strasse 4, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Jens Gibmeier
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engelbert-Arnold-Strasse 4, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - J Philippe Kretzer
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
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Sliding Corrosion Fatigue of Metallic Joint Implants: A Comparative Study of CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V in Simulated Synovial Environments. LUBRICANTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants10040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical contact in a corrosive synovial environment leads to progressive surface damage at the modular interface of the joint implants. The wear debris and corrosion products degrade the synovial fluids and change the lubrication mechanisms at the joints. Consequently, the unstable joint lubrication and corrosion products will further induce the undesirable performance of the joint implants. In this study, the two major joint materials, CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V, were tested during the course of reciprocal sliding contact in simulated synovial liquids. Open circuit potential and coefficient of friction were monitored to describe electrochemical and mechanical responses. Potentiostatic test results illustrated electrochemical damage on both surfaces that modified oxidation chemistry on both surfaces. However, more significant modification of the CoCrMo surface was detected during wear in the simulated joint liquid. Even with a reduced coefficient of friction on the CoCrMo surface in sodium lactate environments, fretting current density drastically increased in corrosive sodium lactate with pH 2. However, the test results from the Ti6Al4V surface presented less coefficient of friction values, and moderate change in fretting current. Therefore, the experimental study concluded that the biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V is superior to that of CoCrMo in the combined effect of mechanical loadings and an electrochemical environment.
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