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Loh L, Prem-Senthil M, Constable PA. A systematic review of the impact of childhood vision impairment on reading and literacy in education. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100495. [PMID: 37918059 PMCID: PMC10641537 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review evaluates current literature on the impact vision impairment has on reading and literacy levels within education. METHODS Six databases were searched with inclusion criteria of trials or studies involving children who are blind or vision impaired, and impact on academic or school performance - including reading and literacy. 1262 articles were identified, with 61 papers undergoing full screening. Quality appraisal was performed using Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) and seven articles deemed eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Included articles achieved a quality score of over 70 % using the CASP checklists. Direct comparison of articles was not possible due to methodological differences in assessing reading and literacy levels. All seven studies investigated aspects of reading speed, with additional measures of reading performance, such as reading reserve, comprehension, and reading accuracy. DISCUSSION Underlying trends highlighted students with a vision impairment do not perform at same level as their normally sighted peers with respect to reading performance - in terms of speed, but not ability. Additionally, early intervention to enhance literacy skills may help improve educational outcomes. Future direction should be aimed at identifying specific obstacles to learning these students face and providing interventions to improve academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Loh
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Mallika Prem-Senthil
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Philippin H, Morny EKA, Heinrich SP, Töws I, Maier PC, Guthoff RF, Qureshi BM, Reinhard T, Burton MJ, Finger RP. [Global ophthalmology : Update]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2024; 121:157-170. [PMID: 38300260 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of global ophthalmology is to maximize vision, ocular health and functional ability, thereby contributing to overall health and well-being, social inclusion and quality of life of every individual worldwide. Currently, an estimated 1.1 billion people live with visual impairment, 90% of which can be prevented or cured through largely cost-effective interventions. At the same time, 90% of people affected live in regions with insufficient eye health coverage. This challenge drove the World Health Organization (WHO) and a group of nongovernmental organizations to launch "VISION 2020: the Right to Sight", a global campaign which recently concluded after 20 years. The achievements, challenges and lessons learned were identified and incorporated into the current campaign "2030 IN SIGHT".
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Philippin
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland.
- International Centre for Eye Health, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HTUK, London, Vereinigtes Königreich.
- CBM Christoffel-Blindenmission Christian Blind Mission, Bensheim, Deutschland.
| | - Enyam K A Morny
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sven P Heinrich
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
| | - Ingrid Töws
- Institut für Evidenz in der Medizin, Universitätsklinikum und Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
| | - Philip C Maier
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
| | - Rudolf F Guthoff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Babar M Qureshi
- CBM Christoffel-Blindenmission Christian Blind Mission, Cambridge, Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg i. Brsg., Deutschland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Robert P Finger
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland
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Wong B, Singh K, Everett B, O’Brien KS, Ravilla T, Khanna RC, Chase H, Frick KD. The case for investment in eye health: systematic review and economic modelling analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2023; 101:786-799. [PMID: 38024247 PMCID: PMC10680113 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.289863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess how the returns on investment from correcting refractive errors and cataracts in low- and middle-income countries compare with the returns from other global development interventions. Methods We adopted two complementary approaches to estimate benefit-cost ratios from eye health investment. First, we systematically searched PubMed® and Web of Science™ on 14 August 2023 for studies conducted in low-and-middle-income countries, which have measured welfare impacts associated with correcting refractive errors and cataracts. Using benefit-cost analysis, we compared these impacts to costs. Second, we employed an economic modelling analysis to estimate benefit-cost ratios from eye health investments in India. We compared the returns from eye health to returns in other domains across global health and development. Findings We identified 21 studies from 10 countries. Thirteen outcomes highlighted impacts from refractive error correction for school students. From the systematic review, we used 17 out of 33 outcomes for benefit-cost analyses, with the median benefit-cost ratio being 36. The economic modelling approach for India generated benefit-cost ratios ranging from 28 for vision centres to 42 for school eye screening, with an aggregate ratio of 31. Comparing our findings to the typical investment in global development shows that eye health investment returns six times more benefits (median benefit-cost ratio: 36 vs 6). Conclusion Eye health investments provide economic benefits with varying degrees based on the intervention type and location. Our findings underline the importance of incorporating eye health initiatives into broader development strategies for substantial societal returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Wong
- Mettalytics, 23 Philip St, South Golden Beach 2483, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bryce Everett
- Department of Economics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America (USA)
| | - Kieran S O’Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thulasiraj Ravilla
- Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
| | - Rohit C Khanna
- Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Kevin D Frick
- Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Zhao L, Wen Q, Nasrazadani D, Cheung NL, Weinert MC, Freedman SF, Silver J, Priestley YM, Congdon N, Prakalapakorn SG. Refractive Accuracy and Visual Outcome by Self-Refraction Using Adjustable-Focus Spectacles in Young Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:853-860. [PMID: 37615952 PMCID: PMC10450585 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of vision impairment in children. Most children 12 years or older can achieve visual acuity (VA) of 20/25 or better by self-refraction using adjustable-focus spectacles, but data on younger children are lacking. Objective To assess refractive accuracy, corrected VA, and factors associated with not achieving VA of 20/25 or better among children aged 5 to 11 years performing self-refraction with Adspecs adjustable-focus spectacles (Adaptive Eyecare), compared with noncycloplegic autorefraction and cycloplegic refraction. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional noninferiority trial conducted from September 2, 2015, to December 14, 2017. The study setting was an academic pediatric eye clinic. Children aged 5 to 11 years with uncorrected VA of 20/40 or worse in 1 or both eyes and without systemic or ocular conditions preventing best-corrected VA of 20/25 or better were enrolled. Children who had best-corrected VA worse than 20/25 were excluded. Study data were analyzed from September 2017 to June 2023. Exposures Children were taught to self-refract with adjustable-focus spectacles. Main Outcomes and Measures Spherical equivalent refractive error (using self-refraction, noncycloplegic autorefraction, and cycloplegic refraction) and VA (uncorrected and using self-refraction, noncycloplegic autorefraction, and cycloplegic refraction) for study eyes were evaluated. Potential predictors of failure to achieve VA of 20/25 or better with self-refraction were assessed using logistic regression. Results A total of 127 consecutive children were enrolled. After exclusions, 112 children (median [IQR] age, 9.0 [8.0-10.3] years; 52 boys [46.4%]) were included in the study. Mean (SD) spherical equivalent refractive power was -2.00 (1.52) diopters (D) for self-refraction, -2.32 (1.43) D for noncycloplegic autorefraction, and -1.67 (1.49) D for cycloplegic refraction. Mean (SD) difference in refractive power between self-refraction and noncycloplegic autorefraction was 0.32 (1.11) D (97.5% 1-sided CI, 0.11 to ∞ D; P < .001) and between self-refraction and cycloplegic refraction was -0.33 (1.15) D (97.5% 1-sided CI, -0.54 to ∞ D; P = .77). The proportion of children with corrected VA of 20/25 or better was 79.5% (89 of 112) with self-refraction, 85.7% (96 of 112) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, and 79.5% (89 of 112) with cycloplegic refraction (self-refraction vs noncycloplegic autorefraction: McNemar P value = .27; self-refraction vs cycloplegic refraction: McNemar P value > .99). Those failing to achieve best-corrected VA of 20/25 or better with self-refraction had higher astigmatism (odds ratio [OR], 10.6; 95% CI, 3.1-36.4; P < .001) and younger age (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Self-refraction among children aged 5 to 11 years may result in more myopic power than cycloplegic refraction but not necessarily to a clinically relevant degree. Although the proportion of children achieving VA of 20/25 or better with self-refraction using adjustable-focus spectacles did not differ from cycloplegic refraction, it was less likely among younger children and those with higher astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Qing Wen
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Nasrazadani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita
| | - Nathan L. Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marguerite C. Weinert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon F. Freedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Silver
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yos M. Priestley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China
- Orbis International, New York, New York
| | - S. Grace Prakalapakorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Pirindhavellie GP, Yong AC, Mashige KP, Naidoo KS, Chan VF. The impact of spectacle correction on the well-being of children with vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive error: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1575. [PMID: 37596579 PMCID: PMC10436410 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being easily corrected with eyeglasses, over two-thirds of the world's child population presents with vision impairment (VI) due to uncorrected refractive errors. While systematic reviews have shown that VI can significantly impact children's depression and anxiety, none have reviewed the existing literature on the association between spectacle correction and well-being. This review aims to address this knowledge gap. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were i) cognitive and education well-being which included mathematics and english literacy, reading fluency, school function, academic performance and grades; ii) psychological and mental health well-being which included physical anxiety, learning anxiety and mental health test scores and iii) quality of life. METHODS We searched eight databases for articles published between 1999 to 2021 that assessed the associations between spectacle correction and children's (0 to 18 years) well-being. There were no restrictions on language or geographic location. Two reviewers independently screened all publications using validated quality checklists. The findings of the review were analysed using narrative synthesis. [PROSPERO CRD42020196847]. RESULTS Of 692 records found in the databases, six randomised control trials, one cohort, one cross-sectional and one qualitative study (N = 9, 1.3%) were eligible for analysis. Data were collected from 25 522 children, 20 parents and 25 teachers across the nine studies. Seven were rated as good quality (67 to 100% of quality criteria fulfilled), and two were satisfactory (33 to 66% of quality criteria fulfilled). Spectacle correction was found to improve children's educational well-being (n = 4 very strong evidence; n = 2 strong evidence), quality of life (n = 1, very strong evidence) and decrease anxiety and increase mental health scores (n = 1, strong evidence). CONCLUSION Evidence suggests that spectacle correction improves children's cognitive and educational well-being, psychological well-being, mental health, and quality of life. More research is needed, given the paucity of published literature and the focus on only three aspects of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai Chee Yong
- Queens University Belfast, University Rd, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | | | - Kovin S Naidoo
- University of KwaZulu Natal, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ving Fai Chan
- University of KwaZulu Natal, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
- Queens University Belfast, University Rd, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.
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Ocansey S, Amuda R, Abraham CH, Abu EK. Refractive error correction among urban and rural school children using two self-adjustable spectacles. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2023. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2022-001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveSelf-refracting spectacles (SRSs) have different optical and mechanical designs, which may affect the refractive outcome, depending on the experience of the end user. This study compared the performance of two SRS among children in Ghana.Methods and analysisA cross-sectional study of two Alvarez variable-focus SRS designs was conducted. A total of 167 children (mean age 13.6±1.6 years) identified as having refractive error were recruited from 2465 students who underwent screening. Subjects completed self-refraction using FocusSpecs, and Adlens, autorefraction and cycloplegic subjective refraction (CSR) (gold standard). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare visual outcomes and accuracy of refraction and graphically illustrated using Bland-Altman plots.ResultsEighty (47.9%) urban and 87 (52.1%) rural children were analysed and only about one-quarter 40 (24.0%) wore spectacles. The proportion who achieved visual acuity of ≥6/7.5 with FocusSpec, Adlens, autorefraction and CSR among urban schools were 92.6%, 92.4%, 60% and 92.6%, while those in rural schools were 81.6%, 86.2%, 54.0% and 95.4%, respectively. The mean±SD spherical equivalent errors for urban and rural schools using FocusSpec, Adlens and CSR were −1.05±0.61 D, –0.97±0.58 D and −0.78±0.53 D; and −0.47±0.51 D, –0.55±0.43 D and −0.27±0.11 D, respectively. The mean differences between the two self-refraction spectacles for urban and rural schools were not statistically different (p>0.00) but differed significantly when both were compared with the gold standard (CSR) (p<0.05).ConclusionBackground and refraction experience of school children did not significantly affect self-refraction.
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MEDORI MARIACHIARA, NAUREEN ZAKIRA, DHULI KRISTJANA, PLACIDI GIORGIO, FALSINI BENEDETTO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Dietary supplements in retinal diseases, glaucoma, and other ocular conditions. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E189-E199. [PMID: 36479474 PMCID: PMC9710404 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, inadequate eating habits and unhealthy lifestyles have led to a tremendous increase in ocular diseases worldwide. Given the costly treatments that are currently available for the most common and threatening eye diseases (such as cataract, dry eye disorder, or diabetic retinopathy), curing these diseases or preventing refractive errors by taking nutraceuticals and natural compounds that are present in our daily diet is a very valuable intervention. The eyes are the most important part of our visual system and require micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, trace metals, and omega-3 fatty acids in order to function properly and to protect themselves against light-induced and age-mediated degenerative disorders. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has been in the limelight since the 1980s because of the several health benefits it provides, including eye health. MedDiet is characterized by the consumption of small amounts of red meat, while emphasizing the intake of fish, eggs, nuts, legumes, citrus fruits, green vegetables, olives and their derivatives, especially olive oil, and dairy products in a proportionate manner, in order to achieve the maximum health benefits. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of these foods - both when used as an ingredient in the dietary regime or as a source of nutritional supplements - have shown promising results in the management of chronic degenerative ocular diseases, both in animal models and in human subjects. In this chapter, we will focus on the importance of MedDiet and natural compounds for the visual system and its role in slowing down age-related ocular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | | | - GIORGIO PLACIDI
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Oftalmologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - BENEDETTO FALSINI
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC Oftalmologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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Morjaria P, Massie J, Bastawrous A. A School Eye Health Rapid Assessment (SEHRA) planning tool: Module to survey the magnitude and nature of local needs. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1665. [PMID: 36056322 PMCID: PMC9437397 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eye conditions in children can have negative consequences on visual functioning and quality of life. There is a lack of data on the magnitude of children with eye conditions who need services for effective planning of school eye health programmes. To address this, the School Eye Health Rapid Assessment (SEHRA) tool is being developed to collect data to support school eye health programme planning. Methods The module, ‘the magnitude and nature of local needs in school children’ is the first of six modules in the SEHRA tool. The module outlines a school-based cluster survey designed to determine the magnitude of eye health needs in children. This paper outlines the survey sampling strategy, and sample size calculations. Results The requirements for the SEHRA survey indicate that in regions where a larger sample size is required, or where fewer schools are recruited to the survey, confidence in the accuracy of the data will be lower. Conclusions The SEHRA survey module ‘the magnitude and nature of local needs in school children’ can be applied in any context. In certain circumstances, the confidence in the survey data will be reduced. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13927-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Peek Vision, London, UK.
| | - Jessica Massie
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Peek Vision, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Peek Vision, London, UK
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Du K, Wang H, Ma Y, Guan H, Rozelle S. Effect of Eyeglasses on Student Academic Performance: What Matters? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10923. [PMID: 36078633 PMCID: PMC9518476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although eyeglasses have been considered a cost-effective way to combat myopia, the empirical evidence of its impacts on improving learning outcomes is inconsistent. This paper provides empirical evidence examining the effect of providing eyeglasses on academic performance between provinces with a different economic level in western China. Overall, we find a significant impact in Intention-to-Treat analysis and a large and significant local average treatment effect of providing free eyeglasses to students in the poor province but not in the other. The difference in impact between the two provinces is not a matter of experimental design, implementation, or partial compliance. Instead, we find that the lack of impact in the wealthier provinces is mainly due to less blackboard usage in class and wealthier households. Our study found that providing free eyeglasses to disadvantaged groups boosted their academic performance more than to their counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- College of Economics, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710100, China
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Scott Rozelle
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Yong AC, Buglass A, Mwelwa G, Abdallah I, Chan VF. Can we scale up a comprehensive school-based eye health programme in Zambia? BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:945. [PMID: 35879794 PMCID: PMC9310673 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, 19 million children have preventable vision impairment simply because refractive and eye health services are inaccessible to most of them. In Zambia, approximately 50,000 school children need spectacle provision. The School-based Eye Health Programme (SEHP) has been identified worldwide as a proven strategy to address childhood blindness. Given its great benefits, the Zambian government intends to scale up the programme. This scalability assessment aims to identify and evaluate the essential components of an effective SEHP, determine roles, assess existing capacities within user organisations, identify environmental facilitating and inhibiting factors, and estimate the minimum resources necessary for the scaling up and their proposed scale-up strategies. METHODS Five elements (innovation, user organisation, resource team, environment, and strategies for horizontal and vertical scaling-up) were assessed guided by the ExpandNet-WHO Nine Steps for Developing a Scaling-Up Strategy. Literature review on proven strategies to reduce childhood blindness and the credibility of SEHP implemented in resource-limited settings, document review on the pilot project, questionnaires, and stakeholders' interviews were conducted to collect data for this assessment. Subsequently, twenty questions in the Worksheets for Developing a Scaling-up Strategy were used to report the assessment outcome systematically. RESULTS Additional components of SEHP incorporated in Zambia's model enhanced the innovation's credibility and relevance. The resource team was relatively competent in the pilot project, and the same team will be employed during the scaling-up. Potential change in political parties, the lack of supply chain, and unstable financial support were identified as inhibiting factors. The objectives of SEHP were aligned with the National Eye Health Strategic Plan 2017-2021, which supports the institutionalisation of the SEHP into the existing School Health and Nutrition Programme. For the pace of expansion, replicating SEHP to another district rather than a province will be more realistic. CONCLUSION Scaling up a comprehensive SEHP in Zambia is feasible if sufficient funding is available. Additionally, the pace must be adapted to the local context to ensure that every component within the SEHP is intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Chee Yong
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ving Fai Chan
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. .,College of Health Sciences, University KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Grimm M, Hartwig R. All eyes on the price: An assessment of the willingness-to-pay for eyeglasses in rural Burkina Faso. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:1347-1367. [PMID: 35383415 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vision impairment is the most common disability worldwide and it is untreated in large parts of the developing world. We assess the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for eyeglasses among adults in a resource-poor rural setting. We elicit the WTP using the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method. We combine this approach with a layaway scheme and a video intervention to probe to what extent liquidity constraints and information influence the WTP. Our results show that the average WTP is close to the cost of production for corrective glasses. Nevertheless, we find evidence for information constraints. Our video intervention raises the WTP for corrective glasses by 16 percent. We do not find evidence of screening effects, that is after 6 months, use is unrelated to the initial WTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grimm
- University of Passau, IZA and RWI Research Network, Passau, Germany
| | - Renate Hartwig
- Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Passau, Passau, Germany
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Zhang JH, Ramke J, Jan C, Bascaran C, Mwangi N, Furtado JM, Yasmin S, Ogundo C, Yoshizaki M, Marques AP, Buchan J, Holland P, Ah Tong BAM, Evans JR, Congdon N, Webson A, Burton MJ. Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals through improving eye health: a scoping review. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e270-e280. [PMID: 35219448 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UN member states have committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This Review examines the published evidence on how improving eye health can contribute to advancing the SDGs (beyond SDG 3). We identified 29 studies that showed direct benefits from providing eye health services on SDGs related to one or more of poverty (SDGs 1, 2, and 8), education (SDG 4), equality (SDGs 5 and 10), and sustainable cities (SDG 11). The eye health services included cataract surgery, free cataract screening, provision of spectacles, trichiasis surgery, rehabilitation services, and rural community eye health volunteers. These findings provide a comprehensive perspective on the direct links between eye health services and advancing the SDGs. In addition, eye health services likely have indirect effects on multiple SDGs, mediated through one of the direct effects. Finally, there are additional plausible links to other SDGs, for which evidence has not yet been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine H Zhang
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Covadonga Bascaran
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nyawira Mwangi
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Clinical Medicine, Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - João M Furtado
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cynthia Ogundo
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Mbagathi Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Miho Yoshizaki
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana Patricia Marques
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John Buchan
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter Holland
- International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer R Evans
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, UK; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aubrey Webson
- Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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13
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Mavi S, Chan VF, Virgili G, Biagini I, Congdon N, Piyasena P, Yong AC, Ciner EB, Kulp MT, Candy TR, Collins M, Bastawrous A, Morjaria P, Watts E, Masiwa LE, Kumora C, Moore B, Little JA. The Impact of Hyperopia on Academic Performance Among Children: A Systematic Review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:36-51. [PMID: 35066525 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of uncorrected hyperopia and hyperopic spectacle correction on children's academic performance. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched 9 electronic databases from inception to July 26, 2021, for studies assessing associations between hyperopia and academic performance. There were no restrictions on language, publication date, or geographic location. A quality checklist was applied. Random-effects models estimated pooled effect size as a standardized mean difference (SMD) in 4 outcome domains: cognitive skills, educational performance, reading skills, and reading speed. (PROSPERO registration: CRD-42021268972). RESULTS Twenty-five studies (21 observational and 4 interventional) out of 3415 met the inclusion criteria. No full-scale randomized trials were identified. Meta-analyses of the 5 studies revealed a small but significant adverse effect on educational performance in uncorrected hyperopic compared to emmetropic children {SMD -0.18 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.27 to -0.09]; P < 0.001, 4 studies} and a moderate negative effect on reading skills in uncorrected hyperopic compared to emmetropic children [SMD -0.46 (95% CI, -0.90 to -0.03); P = 0.036, 3 studies]. Reading skills were significantly worse in hyperopic than myopic children [SMD -0.29 (95% CI, -0.43 to -0.15); P < 0.001, 1 study]. Qualitative analysis on 10 (52.6%) of 19 studies excluded from meta-analysis found a significant (P < 0.05) association between uncorrected hyperopia and impaired academic performance. Two interventional studies found hyperopic spectacle correction significantly improved reading speed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Evidence indicates that uncorrected hyperopia is associated with poor academic performance. Given the limitations of current methodologies, further research is needed to evaluate the impact on academic performance of providing hyperopic correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mavi
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ving Fai Chan
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biagini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Orbis International, New York, NY, US
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Prabhath Piyasena
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ai Chee Yong
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Elise B Ciner
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, US
| | | | - T Rowan Candy
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, US
| | - Megan Collins
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Peek Vision, London, UK
| | - Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Peek Vision, London, UK
| | - Elanor Watts
- Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynett Erita Masiwa
- Optometry Unit, Department of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Bruce Moore
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, US
| | - Julie-Anne Little
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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14
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Morjaria P, Bergson S, Bastawrous A, Watts E, Pant S, Gudwin E, Zinn M, Chan VF. Delivering Refractive Care to Populations With Near and Distance Vision Impairment: 2 Novel Social Enterprise Models. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:59-65. [PMID: 35114685 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vision impairment due to refractive error affects crucial time periods across the life course-the educational years for children and working years for adults. Refractive error is easily and safely corrected with glasses, but many potential beneficiaries remain uncorrected due to various barriers, which can be addressed with innovative service delivery models. This review describes evidence-based initiatives from 2 social enterprises, Peek Vision and VisionSpring, addressing barriers to refractive error correction in children and working adults, particularly in low-resource settings. The reach, implementation challenges, adoption, and future development of these 2 novel models are described, and research evidence of program effectiveness is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Morjaria
- Peek Vision, UK
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Bastawrous
- Peek Vision, UK
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elanor Watts
- Peek Vision, UK
- Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ving Fai Chan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- College of Health Sciences, University KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Engels T, Trotignon G, Agyemang D, Khan I, Puthy K, Roolvink L, Schmidt E. Cost and budget impact analysis of a school-based vision screening programme in Cambodia and Ghana: Implications for policy and programme scale-up. HEALTH POLICY OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RRA, Congdon N, Jones I, Ah Tong BAM, Arunga S, Bachani D, Bascaran C, Bastawrous A, Blanchet K, Braithwaite T, Buchan JC, Cairns J, Cama A, Chagunda M, Chuluunkhuu C, Cooper A, Crofts-Lawrence J, Dean WH, Denniston AK, Ehrlich JR, Emerson PM, Evans JR, Frick KD, Friedman DS, Furtado JM, Gichangi MM, Gichuhi S, Gilbert SS, Gurung R, Habtamu E, Holland P, Jonas JB, Keane PA, Keay L, Khanna RC, Khaw PT, Kuper H, Kyari F, Lansingh VC, Mactaggart I, Mafwiri MM, Mathenge W, McCormick I, Morjaria P, Mowatt L, Muirhead D, Murthy GVS, Mwangi N, Patel DB, Peto T, Qureshi BM, Salomão SR, Sarah V, Shilio BR, Solomon AW, Swenor BK, Taylor HR, Wang N, Webson A, West SK, Wong TY, Wormald R, Yasmin S, Yusufu M, Silva JC, Resnikoff S, Ravilla T, Gilbert CE, Foster A, Faal HB. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e489-e551. [PMID: 33607016 PMCID: PMC7966694 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ana Patricia Marques
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rupert R A Bourne
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Simon Arunga
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Damodar Bachani
- John Snow India, New Delhi, India; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Covadonga Bascaran
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Peek Vision, London, UK
| | - Karl Blanchet
- Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - John C Buchan
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - John Cairns
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Chimgee Chuluunkhuu
- Orbis International, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Mongolian Ophthalmology Society, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - William H Dean
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Joshua R Ehrlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative and Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Evans
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kevin D Frick
- Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David S Friedman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - João M Furtado
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Reeta Gurung
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Eyu-Ethiopia Eye Health Research, Training, and Service Centre, Bahirdar, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Holland
- International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, London, UK
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Institute of Clinical and Scientific Ophthalmology and Acupuncture Jonas and Panda, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Lisa Keay
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rohit C Khanna
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatima Kyari
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Van C Lansingh
- Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico; Centro Mexicano de Salud Visual Preventiva, Mexico City, Mexico; Help Me See, New York, NY, USA
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Milka M Mafwiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Ian McCormick
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lizette Mowatt
- University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Debbie Muirhead
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, Australia; Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gudlavalleti V S Murthy
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nyawira Mwangi
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daksha B Patel
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Solange R Salomão
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bernadetha R Shilio
- Department of Curative Services, Ministry of Health Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bonnielin K Swenor
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hugh R Taylor
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Aubrey Webson
- Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheila K West
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Richard Wormald
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Mayinuer Yusufu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | | | - Serge Resnikoff
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of New South of Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Clare E Gilbert
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah B Faal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Africa Vision Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
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Hannum E, Hu W, Park A. Home, school, and community deprivations: A multi-context approach to childhood poverty in China. THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA = DANG DAI ZHONGGUO 2019; 28:864-882. [PMID: 33093762 PMCID: PMC7577243 DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2019.1594101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few studies of childhood poverty in China have considered social deprivations, and fewer still have considered deprivations in contexts beyond the household. In this article, the authors propose a multi-context poverty measure that includes economic and social deprivations in the family, school, and community domains. The authors compare this measure to standard money-metric measures of poverty using a 15-year longitudinal study of children from 100 villages in Northwest China. Nearly a quarter of multi-context poor children are not income poor, while almost three-fourths of the income poor are not multi-context poor. Social and community deprivations are only weakly associated with "money-metric" deprivations but are significantly linked with short and long-term welfare outcomes for children. The multi-context approach can be tailored to index household and community poverty alleviation targets.
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18
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Dhanesha U, Polack S, Bastawrous A, Banks LM. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among schoolchildren in Mekelle, Ethiopia. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1554832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Dhanesha
- International Centre for Eye Health LSHTM, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, LSHTM, London, UK
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19
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Glewwe P, West KL, Lee J. The Impact of Providing Vision Screening and Free Eyeglasses on Academic Outcomes: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Title I Elementary Schools in Florida. JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT : [THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT] 2018; 37:265-300. [PMID: 29693366 PMCID: PMC5959017 DOI: 10.1002/pam] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 percent of all school-aged children in the United States have vision problems, and low-income and minority children are disproportionately likely to have unmet vision care needs. Vision screening is common in U.S. schools, but it remains an open question whether screening alone is sufficient to improve student outcomes. We implemented a multi-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of vision screening, and of vision screening accompanied by eye exams and eyeglasses, provided by a non-profit organization to Title I elementary schools in three large central Florida school districts. We find that providing additional/enhanced screening alone is generally insufficient to improve student achievement in math and reading. In contrast, providing screening along with free eye exams and free eyeglasses to students with vision problems improved student achievement as measured by standardized test scores. We find, averaging over all students (including those without vision problems), that this more comprehensive intervention increased the probability of passing the Florida Comprehensive Achievement Tests (FCATs) in reading and math by approximately 2.0 percentage points. We also present evidence that indicates that this impact fades out over time, indicating that follow-up actions after the intervention may be necessary to sustain these estimated achievement gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glewwe
- Department of Applied Economics at the University of Minnesota, 332G Ruttan Hall, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 ()
| | - Kristine L. West
- Department of Economics at St. Catherine University, Whitby 106C, 2004 Randolph Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105 ()
| | - Jongwook Lee
- Department of Applied Economics, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 ()
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20
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You J. Lending to Parents and Insuring Children: Is There a Role for Microcredit in Complementing Health Insurance in Rural China? HEALTH ECONOMICS 2016; 25:543-558. [PMID: 25782431 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses the causal impact on child health of borrowing formal microcredit for Chinese rural households by exploiting a panel dataset (2000 and 2004) in a poor northwest province. Endogenous borrowing is controlled for in a dynamic regression-discontinuity design creating a quasi-experimental environment for causal inferences. There is causal relationship running from formal microcredit to improved child health in the short term, while past borrowing behaviour has no protracted impact on subsequent child health outcomes. Moreover, formal microcredit appears to be a complement to health insurance in improving child health through two mechanisms-it enhances affordability for out-of-pocket health care expenditure and helps buffer consumption against adverse health shocks and financial risk incurred by current health insurance arrangements. Government efforts in expanding health insurance for rural households would be more likely to achieve its optimal goals of improving child health outcomes if combined with sufficient access to formal microcredit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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