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Scherer N, Hussein R, Eaton J, Kabaja N, Kakuma R, Smythe T, Polack S. Development of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) guidelines for deaf and hard of hearing children in the Gaza Strip. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002427. [PMID: 37844020 PMCID: PMC10578574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Deaf and hard of hearing children in the Gaza Strip may be at risk of mental health conditions and psychological distress, as a result of social exclusion and limited accessible communication. This article presents the process and research methods used to develop guidelines for schools in the Gaza Strip on mental health and psychosocial support for deaf and hard of hearing children. The process was guided by the GIN-McMaster guideline development checklist across four steps: (1) priority settings; (2) searching for evidence; (3) developing recommendations; (4) evaluation. Priority setting was spearheaded by local and international researchers, and a local steering committee comprised of deaf and hard of hearing representatives, school administration and staff, mental health specialists, family members and government officials. In searching for evidence, and in order to generate evidence-based recommendations for the guidelines, we utilised a scoping review of global mental health support for deaf and hard of hearing children and qualitative research with deaf and hard of hearing children and adults, families and teachers. Two pilot studies were conducted in mainstream and specialist educational settings as way of evaluation. The scoping review and qualitative research identified various content for the guidelines, including the importance of information on disability and deafness, promoting social inclusion and self-esteem, and accessible learning environments. The pilot studies demonstrated feasibility and acceptability among teachers and deaf and hard of hearing children, although teachers need sufficient support and resources to implement. Now finalised, the guidelines are being distributed to schools in the Gaza Strip to support the mental health and wellbeing of deaf and hard of hearing children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Scherer
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramadan Hussein
- Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza City, Palestinian Territories
| | - Julian Eaton
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- CBM Global Disability Inclusion, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naim Kabaja
- Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza City, Palestinian Territories
| | - Ritsuko Kakuma
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Smythe
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Scherer N, Smythe T, Hussein R, Wapling L, Hameed S, Eaton J, Kabaja N, Kakuma R, Polack S. Communication, inclusion and psychological wellbeing among deaf and hard of hearing children: A qualitative study in the Gaza Strip. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001635. [PMID: 37279194 PMCID: PMC10243624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deaf and hard of hearing children are at risk of exclusion from community life and education, which may increase their risk of mental health conditions. This study explores the experience of deaf and hard of hearing children in the Gaza Strip, with particular focus on the factors that contribute to psychological wellbeing and distress. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 deaf and hard of hearing children, 10 caregivers of deaf and hard of hearing children and eight teachers of deaf and hard of hearing children in mainstream and special schools, across the Gaza Strip. Further, three focus group discussions were held with deaf and hard of hearing adults and disability leaders, mental health specialists and other teachers of deaf and hard of hearing children. Data collection was completed in August 2020. Key themes identified in the analysis included lack of accessible communication, community exclusion, negative attitudes towards hearing impairment and deafness and the impact on deaf and hard of hearing children's sense of self, and limited family knowledge on hearing impairment and deafness. Further findings focused on strategies to improve the inclusion of deaf and hard of hearing children and how to promote wellbeing. In conclusion, participants in this study believed that deaf and hard of hearing children in the Gaza Strip are at increased risk of mental health conditions. Changes are needed across community and government structures, including education systems, to promote the inclusion of deaf and hard of hearing children and to support their psychological wellbeing. Recommendations from the findings include increasing efforts to improve awareness and reduce stigma, providing better access to sign language for deaf and hard of hearing children, and offering training for teachers of deaf and hard of hearing children, especially in mainstream environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Scherer
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Smythe
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ramadan Hussein
- Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza City, Palestinian Territories
| | - Lorraine Wapling
- International Disability Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Eaton
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- CBM Global Disability Inclusion, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naim Kabaja
- Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children, Gaza City, Palestinian Territories
| | - Ritsuko Kakuma
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tamblay N, Boggs D, Huidobro B, Tapia-Mora D, Anabalon K, Delgado C, Polack S, Bright T, Torrente MC. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Its Association With Hearing Loss Among Adults Over 50 Years of Age: Results From a Population-Based Survey in Santiago, Chile. Am J Audiol 2023; 32:150-159. [PMID: 36692926 DOI: 10.1044/2022_aja-22-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and explore its association with hearing loss and other sociodemographic and clinical risk factors, using an objective measurement of hearing levels, in adults over 50 years of age. METHOD A population-based survey was completed in Santiago, Chile between December 2019 and March 2020. Participants were screened for cognitive impairment using the Short Chilean Mini-Mental State Examination and hearing levels were assessed with tonal audiometry (hearTest). Data on demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics were collected. RESULTS A total of 538 persons completed the assessment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment in the 50+ population was 9.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] [5.8, 14.7]). Cognitive impairment was significantly higher in individuals with any level of hearing loss (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19, 95% CI [1.00, 4.80], adjusted for age, sex, education, socioeconomic position [SEP], and head trauma). Subjects with hearing loss and who reported any use of hearing aids (16% of the sample) had a lower risk of cognitive impairment (OR of nonusers 3.64, 95% CI [1.00, 13.28], adjusted for age, sex, education, SEP, and head trauma). CONCLUSION Strategies for addressing cognitive impairment should further explore the integration of early diagnosis of hearing loss and the regular use of hearing aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tamblay
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Huidobro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
| | - Daniel Tapia-Mora
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.,School of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Anabalon
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Carolina Delgado
- Unidad de Cerebro Saludable, Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Cínico Universidad de Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencia Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Tess Bright
- Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariela C Torrente
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.,Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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Tamblay N, Torrente MC, Huidobro B, Tapia-Mora D, Anabalon K, Polack S, Bright T. Prevalence, risk factors and causes of hearing loss among adults 50 years and older in Santiago, Chile: results from a rapid assessment of hearing loss survey. Int J Audiol 2023; 62:53-61. [PMID: 35034559 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2021.1998675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among a representative sample of adults aged 50 years and older too (i) determine the prevalence of hearing loss, (ii) evaluate probable causes and risk factors of hearing loss, and (iii) assess the association between hearing loss measured by audiometry and self-report. DESIGN A population-based survey of adults aged 50 and older in Santiago, Chile using the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss (RAHL) survey. STUDY SAMPLE 538 participants completed a questionnaire, which included questions on socio-demographic and health characteristics and self-reported hearing loss. Hearing and possible cause of hearing loss was assessed using pure tone audiometry (0.5-4.0 kHz), tympanometry, and otoscopy. RESULTS The prevalence of any level of hearing loss in adults aged 50 years and older was 41% (95% CI 33.2, 49.2). In terms of aetiologies, 89.3% of ears with mild or worse hearing loss were classified as sensorineural. Otoscopy was abnormal in 10.7% of subjects with impacted earwax being the most common finding (4.4%) followed by chronic otitis media (3.5%). Hearing aid usage was 16.6%. Older age, lower socioeconomic position, lack of education, and solvent exposure were significantly associated with hearing loss. CONCLUSION Hearing loss among individuals aged over 50 years was common in Santiago, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tamblay
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mariela C Torrente
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Huidobro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Tapia-Mora
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,School of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Katherine Anabalon
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, United Kingdom
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, United Kingdom
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Patwary MM, Polack S, Zharkova A, Swed S, Shoib S. People with Disabilities in Ukraine - A Call for Action. Prehosp Disaster Med 2022; 38:1-2. [PMID: 36540931 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x22002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
- Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albina Zharkova
- Department of Family Medicine, Sumy State University, Ukraine
| | - Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
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Banks LM, O’Fallon T, Hameed S, Usman SK, Polack S, Kuper H. Disability and the achievement of Universal Health Coverage in the Maldives. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278292. [PMID: 36542614 PMCID: PMC9770361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess access to general and disability-related health care among people with disabilities in the Maldives. METHODS This study uses data from a case-control study (n = 711) nested within a population-based, nationally representative survey to compare health status and access to general healthcare amongst people with and without disabilities. Cases and controls were matched by gender, location and age. Unmet need for disability-related healthcare is also assessed. Multivariate regression was used for comparisons between people with and without disabilities. RESULTS People with disabilities had poorer levels of health compared to people without disabilities, including poorer self-rated health, increased likelihood of having a chronic condition and of having had a serious health event in the previous 12 months. Although most people with and without disabilities sought care when needed, people with disabilities were much more likely to report difficulties when routinely accessing healthcare services compared to people without disabilities. Additionally, 24% of people with disabilities reported an unmet need for disability-related healthcare, which was highest amongst people with hearing, communication and cognitive difficulties, as well as amongst older adults and people living in the lowest income per capita quartile. Median healthcare spending in the past month was modest for people with and without disabilities. However, people with disabilities appear to have high episodic healthcare costs, such as for disability-related healthcare and when experiencing a serious health event. CONCLUSIONS This study found evidence that people with disabilities experience unmet needs for both disability-related and general healthcare. There is therefore evidence that people with disabilities in the Maldives are falling behind in core components relevant to UHC: availability of all services needed, and quality and affordability of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy O’Fallon
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Naber J, Mactaggart I, Dionicio C, Polack S. Anxiety and depression in Guatemala: Sociodemographic characteristics and service access. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272780. [PMID: 35960764 PMCID: PMC9374225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data on depression and anxiety in Guatemala is lacking. Using 2016 National Disability Survey data, we explored the sociodemographics of people with anxiety and/or depression and its heightened burden on access to key services. The survey (n = 13,073) used the Washington Group Extended Set to estimate disability prevalence, including anxiety and/or depression. A nested case-control study was included to explore the impact of disability on key life areas. Cases (indicating ‘A lot of difficulty’ or ‘Cannot do’ in one or more functional domain) and age-/sex-matched controls were administered a structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression and heightened-burden analysis were conducted. Higher odds of anxiety and/or depression were found in participants who were 50+ (aOR 2.3, 1.8–3.1), female (aOR 1.8, 1.4–2.2), urban (aOR 1.5, 1.2–1.9), divorced/separated (aOR 2.0, 1.3–3.0), and widowed (aOR 1.6, 1.0–2.4), as well as those with impaired communication or cognition (aOR 17.6, 13.0–23.8), self-care (aOR 13.2, 8.5–20.5), walking (aOR 13.3, 9.7–18.3), hearing (aOR 8.5, 5.6–13.1), and vision (aOR 8.5, 6.1–11.8). Lower odds of anxiety and/or depression were found in participants with a university education (aOR 0.2, 0.5–0.9), and those living in the southeast (aOR 0.2, 0.1–0.3) or northeast (aOR 0.3, 0.2–0.4). Compared to people with impairments that were not depression and/or anxiety, people with depression and/or anxiety were less likely to receive a retirement pension (aOR 0.4, 0.2–0.8), and more likely to receive medication for depression/anxiety (aOR 4.1, 1.9–9.1), report a serious health problem (aOR 1.8, 1.3–2.5), and seek advice/treatment with a government health worker/health post (aOR 6.3, 1.0–39.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Naber
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Dionicio
- Consejo Nacional para la Atención de las Personas con Discapacidad (CONADI), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Danemayer J, Boggs D, Delgado Ramos V, Smith E, Kular A, Bhot W, Ramos-Barajas F, Polack S, Holloway C. Estimating need and coverage for five priority assistive products: a systematic review of global population-based research. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007662. [PMID: 35101862 PMCID: PMC8804659 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve access to assistive products (APs) globally, data must be available to inform evidence-based decision-making, policy development and evaluation, and market-shaping interventions. METHODS This systematic review was undertaken to identify studies presenting population-based estimates of need and coverage for five APs (hearing aids, limb prostheses, wheelchairs, glasses and personal digital assistants) grouped by four functional domains (hearing, mobility, vision and cognition). RESULTS Data including 656 AP access indicators were extracted from 207 studies, most of which (n=199, 96%) were cross-sectional, either collecting primary (n=167) or using secondary (n=32) data. There was considerable heterogeneity in assessment approaches used and how AP indicators were reported; over half (n=110) used a combination of clinical and self-reported assessment data. Of 35 studies reporting AP use out of all people with functional difficulty in the corresponding functional domains, the proportions ranged from 4.5% to 47.0% for hearing aids, from 0.9% to 17.6% for mobility devices, and from 0.1% to 86.6% for near and distance glasses. Studies reporting AP need indicators demonstrated >60% unmet need for each of the five APs in most settings. CONCLUSION Variation in definitions of indicators of AP access have likely led to overestimates/underestimates of need and coverage, particularly, where the relationship between functioning difficulty and the need for an AP is complex. This review demonstrates high unmet need for APs globally, due in part to disparate data across this sector, and emphasises the need to standardise AP data collection and reporting strategies to provide a comparable evidence base to improve access to APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Danemayer
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Emma Smith
- Department of Psychology, Assisted Living and Learning Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ariana Kular
- Department of Health Sciences, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - William Bhot
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Ramos-Barajas
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cathy Holloway
- Department of Computer Science, Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, London, UK
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Linder CL, Atijosan-Ayodele O, Chokotho L, Mulwafu W, Tataryn M, Polack S, Kuper H, Pandit H, Lavy C. Childhood musculoskeletal impairment in Malawi from traumatic and non-traumatic causes: a population- based assessment using the key informant method. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:1058. [PMID: 34933673 PMCID: PMC8693487 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) in children is an under-recognised public health challenge. Although preventable, road injuries and other traumas continue to cause significant impairments to children worldwide. The study aimed to use the Key Informant Method (KIM) to assess prevalence and causes of MSI in children in two districts in Malawi, estimating the associated need for services provision, with a focus on traumatic aetiology. Methods The KIM was conducted in the districts of Thyolo (Southern Malawi) and Ntcheu (Central Malawi) in 2013. Five hundred key informants were trained to identify children who may have one of a range of MSI. The identified children were referred to a screening camp where they were examined by medical experts with standardised assessment protocols for diagnosing each form of impairment. Results 15,000 children were referred to screening camps. 7220 children were assessed (response rate 48%) for an impairment of whom 15.2% (1094) had an MSI. 13% of children developed MSI from trauma, while 54% had a neurological aetiology. For MSI of traumatic origin the most common body part affected was the elbow. Less than half of children with MSI (44.4%) were enrolled in school and none of these children attended schools with resources for disability. More than half of children with MSI (60%) had not received required services and 64% required further physical therapy. Conclusions The KIM method was used to identify a high prevalence of MSI among children in two districts of Malawi and estimates an unmet need for dedicated MSI services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortland L Linder
- Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1FR, UK
| | | | - Linda Chokotho
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Myroslava Tataryn
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Chris Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Danemayer J, Boggs D, Polack S, Smith EM, Ramos VD, Battistella LR, Holloway C. Measuring assistive technology supply and demand: A scoping review. Assist Technol 2021; 33:35-49. [PMID: 34951827 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2021.1957039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of and market demand for assistive products (APs) are complex and influenced by diverse stakeholders. The methods used to collect AP population-level market data are similarly varied. In this paper, we review current population-level AP supply and demand estimation methods for five priority APs and provide recommendations for improving national and global AP market evaluation.Abstracts resulting from a systematic search were double-screened. Extracted data include WHO world region, publication year, age-groups, AP domain(s), study method, and individual assessment approach.497 records were identified. Vision-related APs comprised 65% (n = 321 studies) of the body of literature; hearing (n = 59), mobility (n = 24), cognitive (n = 2), and studies measuring multiple domains (n = 92) were proportionately underrepresented. To assess individual AP need, 4 unique approaches were identified among 392 abstracts; 45% (n = 177) used self-report and 84% (n = 334) used clinical evaluation. Study methods were categorized among 431 abstracts; Cross-sectional studies (n = 312, 72%) and secondary analyses of cross-sectional data (n = 61, 14%) were most common. Case studies illustrating all methods are provided.Employing approaches and methods in the contexts where they are most well-suited to generate standardized AP indicators will be critical to further develop comparable population-level research informing supply and demand, ultimately expanding sustainable access to APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Danemayer
- Global Disability Innovation Hub (GDI), Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy Boggs
- Centre of Evidence in Disability (ICED), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- Centre of Evidence in Disability (ICED), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma M Smith
- Assisted Living and Learning (ALL) Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Vinicius Delgado Ramos
- Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cathy Holloway
- Global Disability Innovation Hub (GDI), Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
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Polack S, Scherer N, Yonso H, Volkan S, Pivato I, Shaikhani A, Boggs D, Beck AH, Atijosan-Ayodele O, Deniz G, Örücü A, Akıncı İ, Hameed S, Acarturk C, Patterson A. Disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul: Results from a population-based survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259249. [PMID: 34723988 PMCID: PMC8559922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the prevalence of disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli district, Istanbul and compare people with and without disabilities in terms of demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Methods Using the municipality refugee database as the sampling frame, 80 clusters of 50 people (aged 2+ years) were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling of clusters and random selection of households within clusters. Disability assessment included: i) self-reported difficulties in functioning (using the Washington Group Short Set-Enhanced tool and Child Functioning Modules), ii) Rapid Assessment of Musculoskeletal Impairment and iii) screening for symptoms of common mental disorders for children aged 8–17. Results The overall prevalence of disability was 24.7% (95% CI 22.1–27.4), when including people self-reporting a lot of difficulty/cannot do in at least functional domain (15%, 95% CI 13.1–17.2), moderate/severe MSI (8.7%, 95% CI 7.6–9.9), and/or symptomatic anxiety, depression and PTSD among children 8–17 (21.0%, 95% CI 18.2–23.9). Men with disabilities were significantly less likely to be in paid work compared to their peers without disabilities (aOR 0.3 95% CI 0.2–0.5). Overall 60% of households included at least one person with a disability. Households with at least one person with a disability had a significantly higher dependency ratio, lower proportion of working-age adults in paid work, and were more likely to be female headed and in receipt of social protection schemes (p<0.05). Conclusion Disability is common among Syrian refugees in Sultanbeyli. People with disabilities in this setting experience greater vulnerability to poverty and exclusion from work, highlighting an urgent need for inclusive services, programmes and policies that are developed and implemented in partnership with people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathaniel Scherer
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ceren Acarturk
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Mactaggart I, Hasan Bek A, Banks LM, Bright T, Dionicio C, Hameed S, Neupane S, Murthy GVS, Orucu A, Oye J, Naber J, Shakespeare T, Patterson A, Polack S, Kuper H. Interrogating and Reflecting on Disability Prevalence Data Collected Using the Washington Group Tools: Results from Population-Based Surveys in Cameroon, Guatemala, India, Maldives, Nepal, Turkey and Vanuatu. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:9213. [PMID: 34501803 PMCID: PMC8431177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Washington Group (WG) tools capture self-reported functional limitations, ranging from 6 domains in the Short Set (SS) to 11 in the Extended Set (ESF). Prevalence estimates can vary considerably on account of differences between modules and the different applications of them. We compare prevalence estimates by WG module, threshold, application and domain to explore these nuances and consider whether alternative combinations of questions may be valuable in reduced sets. We conducted secondary analyses of seven population-based surveys (analyses restricted to adults 18+) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries that used the WG tools. The prevalence estimates using the SS standard threshold (a lot of difficulty or higher in one or more domain) varied between 3.2% (95% Confidence Interval 2.9-3.6) in Vanuatu to 14.1% (12.2-16.2) in Turkey. The prevalence was higher using the ESF than the SS, and much higher (5 to 10-fold) using a wider threshold of "some" or greater difficulty. Two of the SS domains (communication, self-care) identified few additional individuals with functional limitations. An alternative SS replacing these domains with the psychosocial domains of anxiety and depression would identify more participants with functional limitations for the same number of items. The WG tools are valuable for collecting harmonised population data on disability. It is important that the impact on prevalence of use of different modules, thresholds and applications is recognised. An alternative SS may capture a greater proportion of people with functional domains without increasing the number of items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Ammar Hasan Bek
- Relief International, Istanbul 34087, Turkey; (A.H.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Carlos Dionicio
- Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Wuqu’ Kawoq, Maya Health Alliance 2a Avenida 3-48 Zona 3, Barrio Patacabaj, Tecpán, Chimaltenango 4001, Guatemala;
| | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | | | - GVS Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad 122002, India;
| | | | - Joseph Oye
- Sightsavers Cameroon, Yaounde P.O. Box 4484, Cameroon;
| | - Jonathan Naber
- Range of Motion Project, P.O. Box 100915, Denver, CO 80250, USA;
| | - Tom Shakespeare
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (L.M.B.); (T.B.); (S.H.); (T.S.); (S.P.); (H.K.)
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13
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Prynn JE, Polack S, Mactaggart I, Banks LM, Hameed S, Dionicio C, Neupane S, Murthy GVS, Oye J, Naber J, Kuper H. Disability among Older People: Analysis of Data from Disability Surveys in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18136962. [PMID: 34209792 PMCID: PMC8297350 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This analysis of surveys from six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) aimed to (i) estimate the prevalence of disability among older adults and (ii) compare experiences and participation in key life areas among older people with and without disabilities which may show vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analysed from district-level or national surveys in Cameroon, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Nepal and the Maldives, which across the six databases totalled 3499 participants aged 60 years and above including 691 people with disabilities. Disability was common among adults 60+, ranging from 9.7% (8.0–11.8) in Nepal to 39.2% in India (95% CI 34.1–44.5%). Mobility was the most commonly reported functional difficulty. In each setting, older people with disabilities were significantly less likely to be working and reported greater participation restrictions and environmental barriers in key life areas compared to people in the same age categories without disabilities (p < 0.05). Disability is common in this population, and older people with disabilities may have greater difficulties participating in COVID-19 responses and have high economic vulnerabilities. It is imperative to prioritise the needs of older people with disabilities in the COVID-19 pandemic, including ensuring accessibility of both health services and the community in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E. Prynn
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Carlos Dionicio
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (C.D.); (J.N.)
| | | | - GVS Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad 122002, Telangana, India;
| | - Joseph Oye
- Sightsavers Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
| | - Jonathan Naber
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (C.D.); (J.N.)
- Range of Motion Project, P.O. Box 100915, Dever, CO 80250, USA
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.E.P.); (I.M.); (L.M.B.); (S.H.); (H.K.)
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14
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Boggs D, Hydara A, Faal Y, Okoh JA, Olaniyan SI, Sanneh H, Ngett A, Bah I, Aleser M, Denis E, McCormick I, Bright T, Bell S, Kim M, Foster A, Kuper H, Burton MJ, Mactaggart I, Polack S. Estimating Need for Glasses and Hearing Aids in The Gambia: Results from a National Survey and Comparison of Clinical Impairment and Self-Report Assessment Approaches. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6302. [PMID: 34200769 PMCID: PMC8296105 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Few estimates are available of the need for assistive devices (ADs) in African settings. This study aimed to estimate population-level need for glasses and hearing aids in The Gambia based on (1) clinical impairment assessment, and (2) self-reported AD awareness, and explore the relationship between the two methods. The Gambia 2019 National Eye Health Survey is a nationally representative population-based sample of 9188 adults aged 35+ years. Participants underwent standardised clinical vision assessments including the need for glasses (distance and near). Approximately 25% of the sample underwent clinical assessment of hearing and hearing aid need. Data were also collected on self-reported awareness, need and access barriers to vision and hearing ADs. Overall, 5.6% of the study population needed distance glasses (95% CI 5.0-6.3), 45.9% (95% CI 44.2-47.5) needed near glasses and 25.5% (95% CI 22.2-29.2) needed hearing aids. Coverage for each AD was very low (<4%). The agreement between self-report and clinical impairment assessment for AD need was poor. In conclusion, there is high prevalence and very low coverage for distance glasses, near glasses and hearing aids in The Gambia. Self-report measures alone will not provide an accurate estimate of AD need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.B.); (H.K.); (I.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Abba Hydara
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Yaka Faal
- Ear Nose and Throat Unit, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia;
| | - John Atta Okoh
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Segun Isaac Olaniyan
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Haruna Sanneh
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdoulie Ngett
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Isatou Bah
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Mildred Aleser
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia; (A.H.); (J.A.O.); (S.I.O.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Ian McCormick
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.B.); (H.K.); (I.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Suzannah Bell
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Minjung Kim
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.B.); (H.K.); (I.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.B.); (H.K.); (I.M.); (S.P.)
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (I.M.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (A.F.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.B.); (H.K.); (I.M.); (S.P.)
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Boggs D, Atijosan-Ayodele O, Yonso H, Scherer N, O'Fallon T, Deniz G, Volkan S, Örücü A, Pivato I, Beck AH, Akıncı İ, Kuper H, Foster A, Patterson A, Polack S. Correction to: Musculoskeletal impairment among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Turkey: prevalence, cause, diagnosis and need for related services and assistive products. Confl Health 2021; 15:46. [PMID: 34099008 PMCID: PMC8186064 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Nathaniel Scherer
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Timothy O'Fallon
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Boggs D, Polack S, Kuper H, Foster A. Shifting the focus to functioning: essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3, inclusive Universal Health Coverage and supporting COVID-19 survivors. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:1903214. [PMID: 33904370 PMCID: PMC8081312 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1903214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
If Sustainable Developmental Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage are to be achieved, functioning is a third health indicator which must be assessed and integrated into global health population-based metrics alongside mortality and morbidity. In this paper, we define functioning according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and present why functioning is important to measure, especially when considering the need for, and outcome of, rehabilitation and assistive technology. We discuss examples of tools that measure components of functioning through clinical assessment and self-report methodologies, and present the development of a comprehensive population level tool which aligns with the ICF and combines self-report and clinical measurement methods to measure functioning and the need for rehabilitation and AT. Throughout the paper a survivor of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is given as an example to illustrate functioning according to the ICF and how access to the interventions of rehabilitation and assistive technology might be of benefit to improve and optimise his/her functioning. We argue that the Global Health community must take action and ensure that the measurement of functioning is well established, accepted and integrated as the third health indicator following the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Boggs D, Atijosan-Ayodele O, Yonso H, Scherer N, O'Fallon T, Deniz G, Volkan S, Örücü A, Pivato I, Beck AH, Akıncı İ, Kuper H, Foster A, Patterson A, Polack S. Musculoskeletal impairment among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Turkey: prevalence, cause, diagnosis and need for related services and assistive products. Confl Health 2021; 15:29. [PMID: 33879194 PMCID: PMC8056489 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological data on musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) and related service and assistive product (AP) needs for displaced populations are lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, aetiology, and specific MSI diagnosis and the need for related services and APs among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, a district in Istanbul, Turkey. Methods A population-based survey used probability proportionate to size and compact segment sampling to select 80 clusters (‘street’) of 50 individuals (aged 2+), for total sample size of approximately 4000 participants. An updated version of the Rapid Assessment of MSI tool (RAM) was used to screen all participants using six questions. Any participant who screened positive underwent a standardised examination by a physiotherapist to assess the presence, aetiology, severity and specific diagnosis of MSI and an assessment of need for related services and APs. Results The all-age prevalence of MSI was 12.2% (95% CI 10.8–13.7) and this increased significantly with age to 43.8% in people 50 and older. Over half (51%) of MSI was classified as moderate, 30% as mild and 19% as severe. The war in Syria was identified as the direct cause for 8% of people with MSI. The majority (56%) of MSI diagnoses were acquired non-traumatic causes. There was high unmet need for rehabilitation services; for example, 83% of people with MSI could benefit from physiotherapy but were not receiving this service. Overall, 19% of people with MSI had an unmet need for at least one AP. Apart from availability of walking sticks/canes, coverage was low with less than half the people with MSI who needed APs and services had received them. The most common reasons for not seeking services and APs were ‘need not felt’, lack of service availability and of awareness of services, and financial barriers. Conclusions MSI is common among the Syrian refugee population living in Sultanbeyli District, particularly older adults, however less than half have been able to access relevant services and APs. These findings can inform the planning of health services for migrant populations, including the essential integration of rehabilitation and APs, and increase access to these vital services. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13031-021-00362-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Nathaniel Scherer
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Timothy O'Fallon
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Scherer N, Hameed S, Acarturk C, Deniz G, Sheikhani A, Volkan S, Örücü A, Pivato I, Akıncı İ, Patterson A, Polack S. Prevalence of common mental disorders among Syrian refugee children and adolescents in Sultanbeyli district, Istanbul: results of a population-based survey. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29:e192. [PMID: 33298230 PMCID: PMC7737189 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796020001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Research demonstrates elevated levels of common mental disorders among Syrian refugees, but the majority of studies have, to date, focused on adult populations. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Syrian children and adolescents living in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS A population-based survey among Syrian children and adolescents aged 8-17 years living in Sultanbeyli district was conducted in 2019, as part of an all-age survey of disability. 80 clusters of 50 participants (all-ages) were selected from the local municipality's refugee registration database using probability proportionate to size sampling. Children aged 8-17 years were assessed for symptoms of common mental disorders using the Child Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8) and abbreviated versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED). RESULTS Of the 852 participants, 23.7% (95% CI 19.9-27.2) screened positive for symptomatic depression, PTSD and anxiety. The prevalence estimates for depression, PTSD and anxiety were 12.5% (95% CI 9.8-15.6), 11.5% (95% CI 9.1-14.4) and 9.2% (95% CI 6.8-12.1), respectively. Depression and PTSD were significantly more common in older adolescents, whilst anxiety and PTSD were significantly more common in girls. Depression was more common in children from poorer households and those who had received no education. Children coming from larger households were less likely to show symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Syrian refugee children and adolescents are vulnerable to common mental disorders, and culturally appropriate prevention and intervention support are needed for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Scherer
- Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - S. Hameed
- Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C. Acarturk
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G. Deniz
- Mülteciler Derneği, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - S. Volkan
- Relief International, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A. Örücü
- Mülteciler Derneği, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I. Pivato
- Relief International, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İ. Akıncı
- Mülteciler Derneği, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - S. Polack
- Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Boggs D, Kuper H, Mactaggart I, Murthy G, Oye J, Polack S. Estimating assistive product need in Cameroon and India: results of population-based surveys and comparison of self-report and clinical impairment assessment approaches. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 26:146-158. [PMID: 33166008 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate population need and coverage for distance glasses, hearing aids and wheelchairs in India and Cameroon, and to explore the relationship between assistive product (AP) need measured through self-report and clinical impairment assessment. METHODS Population-based surveys of approximately 4000 people each were conducted in Mahabubnagar district, India and Fundong district, Cameroon. Participants underwent standardised vision, hearing and musculoskeletal impairment assessment to assess need for distance glasses, hearing aids, wheelchairs. Participants with moderate or worse impairment and/or self-reported difficulties in functioning were also asked about their self-reported AP need. RESULTS 6.5% (95% CI 5.4-7.9) in India and 1.9% (95% CI 1.5-2.4) in Cameroon of the population needed at least one of the three APs based on moderate or worse impairments. Total need was highest for distance glasses [3.7% (95% CI 2.8-4.7) India; 0.8% (95% CI 0.5-1.1), Cameroon] and lowest for wheelchairs (0.1% both settings; 95% CI 0.03-0.3 India, 95% CI 0.04-0.3 Cameroon). Coverage for each AP was below 40%, except for distance glasses in India, where it was 87% (95% CI 77.1-93.0). The agreement between self-report and clinical impairment assessment of AP need was poor. For instance, in India, 60% of people identified through clinical assessment as needing distance glasses did not self-report a need. Conversely, in India, 75% of people who self-reported needing distance glasses did not require one based on clinical impairment assessment. CONCLUSIONS There is high need and low coverage of three APs in two low-and middle-income settings. Methodological shortcomings highlight the need for improved survey methods compatible with the international classification of functioning, disability and health to estimate population-level need for AP and related services to inform advocacy and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Boggs
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gvs Murthy
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Wallace S, Mactaggart I, Banks LM, Polack S, Kuper H. Association of anxiety and depression with physical and sensory functional difficulties in adults in five population-based surveys in low and middle-income countries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231563. [PMID: 32589635 PMCID: PMC7319598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the association between anxiety and depression with physical and sensory functional difficulties, among adults living in five low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods and findings A secondary data analysis was undertaken using population-based disability survey data from five LMICs, including two national surveys (Guatemala, Maldives) and 3 regional/district surveys (Nepal, India, Cameroon). 19,337 participants were sampled in total (range 1,617–7,604 in individual studies). Anxiety, depression, and physical and sensory functional difficulties were assessed using the Washington Group Extended Question Set on Functioning. Age-sex adjusted logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess the association of anxiety and depression with hearing, visual or mobility functional difficulties. The findings demonstrated an increased adjusted odds of severe depression and severe anxiety among adults with mobility, hearing and visual functional difficulties in all settings (with ORs ranging from 2.0 to 14.2) except for in relation to hearing loss in India, the Maldives and Cameroon, where no clear association was found. For all settings and types of functional difficulties, there was a stronger association with severe anxiety and depression than with moderate. Both India and Cameroon had higher reported prevalences of physical and sensory functional difficulties compared with Nepal and Guatemala, and weaker associations with anxiety and depression. Conclusion People with physical and sensory functional difficulties are more likely to report experiencing depression and anxiety. This evidence supports the need for ensuring a good awareness of mental health among those working with individuals with physical and sensory functional difficulties in LMICs. This implies that these practitioners must have the skills to identify anxiety and depression. Furthermore, mental health services must be available and accessible to patients with these conditions, which will likely require further programmatic scale-up in these LMIC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wallace
- Public Health Training Scheme, London Deanery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pinilla-Roncancio M, Mactaggart I, Kuper H, Dionicio C, Naber J, Murthy G, Polack S. Multidimensional poverty and disability: A case control study in India, Cameroon, and Guatemala. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100591. [PMID: 32405529 PMCID: PMC7212179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the association between disability and multidimensional poverty has been consistently found in several studies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. None of these studies so far has used an extended and internationally comparable questionnaire (extended Washington Group Questionnaire) and a clinical screening of disability. The purpose of this article is to calculate, compare and analyse the levels of multidimensional poverty of people with and without disabilities in Guatemala (national), in one district of Cameroon (Fundong Health District, North West Cameroon) and in one district in India (Mahbubnagar District, Telangana State). We used a case-control study approach; adults with disabilities identified in a population-based disability survey using the Washington Group Extended Questionnaire were matched to age-sex matched controls without disabilities and interviewed about their levels of access and use of different social services. Following the Alkire-Foster method, the levels of multidimensional poverty between cases and control were computed and compared. Additionally, we analysed how disability and other individual characteristics are associated with being poor in each country. The results showed that people with disabilities in all three-study settings face significantly higher levels of poverty and the intensity of their poverty is higher. In the case of Cameroon, differences in the levels of deprivation between people with and without disabilities were smaller than those observed in India and Guatemala. This might suggest that in countries with higher levels of human, economic and social development people with disabilities are being left behind by public policies aiming to reduce poverty and deprivation in basic indicators. In addition, indicators related to health contributed the most to the levels of multidimensional poverty for people with disabilities. These findings provide important evidence about the association of multidimensional poverty and disability and underline the importance of including indicators capturing individual deprivations to analyse poverty for this group. Case control study analysing the levels of multidimensional poverty of people with and without disabilities in one province of India, Cameroon and in Guatemala. People with disabilities in the three countries have higher levels of multidimensional poverty and deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pinilla-Roncancio
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 7 # 116 -05, Bogotá, Colombia
- Corresponding author
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Naber
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - G.V.S. Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
- Department is Clinical Research, Infectious Tropical Diseases Faculty, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Smythe T, Adelson JD, Polack S. Systematic review of interventions for reducing stigma experienced by children with disabilities and their families in low‐ and middle‐income countries: state of the evidence. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:508-524. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Smythe
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Jaimie D Adelson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Sarah Polack
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
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Bright T, Mulwafu W, Phiri M, Jiang F, Swanepoel DW, Kuper H, Mactaggart I, Yip JLY, Polack S. Field test of the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss survey protocol in Ntcheu district, Malawi. Int J Audiol 2020. [PMID: 32180476 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1739764.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: (1) To test the feasibility of the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss (RAHL) survey protocol in Malawi (Ntcheu); (2) To estimate the prevalence and probable causes of hearing loss (adults 50+).Design: Cross-sectional population-based survey.Study sample: Clusters (n = 38) were selected using probability-proportionate-to-size-sampling. Within each cluster, 30 people aged 50+ were selected using compact-segment-sampling. All participants completed smartphone-based audiometry (hearTest). Prevalence was estimated using WHO definitions (PTA of thresholds 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz in the better ear of >25 dB HL (any) and >40 dB HL (≥moderate)). Otoscopy and questionnaire were used to assess probable causes. Participants with hearing loss and/or ear disease were asked about care-seeking and barriers.Results: Four teams completed the survey in 24 days. 1080 of 1153 (93.7%) participants were examined. The median time to complete the protocol was 24 min/participant. Prevalence of hearing loss was 35.9% (95% CI = 31.6-40.2) (any level); and 10.0% (95% CI = 7.9-12.5) (≥moderate). The majority was classified as probable sensorineural. Nearly one third of people (30.9%) needed diagnostic audiology services and possible hearing aid fitting. Hearing aid coverage was <1%. Lack of perceived need was a key barrier.Conclusion: The RAHL is simple, fast and provides information about the magnitude and probable causes of hearing loss to plan services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mwanaisha Phiri
- Audiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - De Wet Swanepoel
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Y Yip
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Bright T, Mulwafu W, Phiri M, Jiang F, Swanepoel DW, Kuper H, Mactaggart I, Yip JLY, Polack S. Field test of the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss survey protocol in Ntcheu district, Malawi. Int J Audiol 2020; 59:574-582. [PMID: 32180476 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1739764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: (1) To test the feasibility of the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss (RAHL) survey protocol in Malawi (Ntcheu); (2) To estimate the prevalence and probable causes of hearing loss (adults 50+).Design: Cross-sectional population-based survey.Study sample: Clusters (n = 38) were selected using probability-proportionate-to-size-sampling. Within each cluster, 30 people aged 50+ were selected using compact-segment-sampling. All participants completed smartphone-based audiometry (hearTest). Prevalence was estimated using WHO definitions (PTA of thresholds 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz in the better ear of >25 dB HL (any) and >40 dB HL (≥moderate)). Otoscopy and questionnaire were used to assess probable causes. Participants with hearing loss and/or ear disease were asked about care-seeking and barriers.Results: Four teams completed the survey in 24 days. 1080 of 1153 (93.7%) participants were examined. The median time to complete the protocol was 24 min/participant. Prevalence of hearing loss was 35.9% (95% CI = 31.6-40.2) (any level); and 10.0% (95% CI = 7.9-12.5) (≥moderate). The majority was classified as probable sensorineural. Nearly one third of people (30.9%) needed diagnostic audiology services and possible hearing aid fitting. Hearing aid coverage was <1%. Lack of perceived need was a key barrier.Conclusion: The RAHL is simple, fast and provides information about the magnitude and probable causes of hearing loss to plan services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mwanaisha Phiri
- Audiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - De Wet Swanepoel
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Y Yip
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Corona AP, Ferrite S, Bright T, Polack S. Validity of hearing screening using hearTest smartphone-based audiometry: performance evaluation of different response modes. Int J Audiol 2020; 59:666-673. [PMID: 32134341 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1731767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the validity of hearing screening with hearTest smartphone-based audiometry and to specify test duration addressing the two response modes and hearing loss criteria.Design: A diagnostic accuracy study comparing hearing screening with conventional audiometry.Study sample: Three hundred and forty individuals, aged between 5-92 years.Results: Of the 340 participants, 301 undertook all test procedures (273 adults and 28 children). Sensitivity and specificity were >90% for hearTest hearing screening to identify disabling hearing loss for both response modes with adults and children. We found similar sensitivity in identifying any level of hearing loss for both response modes in children, with specificity >80%, and for the self-test mode in adults. Low specificity was observed when identifying any level of hearing loss in adults using the test-operator mode. In adults, there was a significant difference between test duration for the test-operator and self-test modes.Conclusion: Hearing screening using hearTest smartphone-based audiometry is accurate for the identification of both disabling hearing loss and any level of hearing loss in adults and children in the self-test response mode. The test-operator mode is also an option for children; however, it does not provide good accuracy in identifying mild level of hearing loss in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Corona
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Silvia Ferrite
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Bright T, Shan X, Xu J, Liang J, Xiao B, Ensink R, Mactaggart I, Polack S, Yip JLY. Field-testing of a rapid survey method to assess the prevalence and causes of hearing loss in Gao'an, Jiangxi province, China. Arch Public Health 2020; 78:16. [PMID: 32166026 PMCID: PMC7059708 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-0398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss (RAHL) survey protocol aims to measure the prevalence and causes of hearing loss in a low cost and rapid manner, to inform planning of ear and hearing services. This paper reports on the first field-test of the RAHL in Gao'an County, Jiangxi Province, China. This study aimed to 1) To report on the feasibility of RAHL; 2) report on the estimated prevalence and causes of hearing loss in Gao'an. METHODS A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in September-October 2018. Forty-seven clusters in Gao'an County were selected using probability-proportionate-to-size sampling. Within clusters, compact segment sampling was conducted to select 30 people aged 50+. A questionnaire was completed covering sociodemographics, hearing health, and risk factors. Automated pure-tone audiometry was completed for all participants, using smartphone-based audiometry (hearTest), at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz (kHz). All participants had their ears examined by an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) doctor, using otoscopy, and probable causes of hearing loss assigned. Prevalence estimates were age and sex standardised to the Jiangxi population. Feasibility of a cluster size of 30 was examined by assessing the response rate, and the proportion of clusters completed in 1 day. RESULTS 1344 of 1421 eligible participants completed the survey (94.6%). 100% of clusters were completed in 1 day. The survey was completed in 4.5 weeks. The prevalence of moderate or greater hearing loss (pure-tone average of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz of > = 41dBHL in the better ear) was 16.3% (95% CI = 14.3, 18.5) and for any level of hearing loss (pure-tone average of > = 26dBHL in the better ear) the prevalence was 53.2% (95% CI = 49.2, 57.1). The majority of hearing loss was due to acquired sensorineural causes (91.7% left; 92.1% right). Overall 54.0% of the population aged 50+ (108,000 people) are in need of diagnostic audiology services, 3.4% were in need of wax removal (7000 people), and 4.8% were in need of surgical services (9500 people). Hearing aid coverage was 0.4%. CONCLUSION The RAHL survey protocol is feasible, demonstrated through the number of people examined per day, and the high response rate. The survey was completed in a much shorter period than previous all-age surveys in China. Some remaining challenges included assignment of causes of probable sensorineural loss. The data obtained from this survey can be used to scale-up hearing services in Gao'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1 E7HT United Kingdom
| | - Xin Shan
- Gao’an City People’s Hospital, Gao’an, Jiangxi China
| | - Jinling Xu
- Gao’an City People’s Hospital, Gao’an, Jiangxi China
| | - Jianguo Liang
- Gao’an City People’s Hospital, Gao’an, Jiangxi China
| | - Baixiang Xiao
- Zhongshan Opthalmic Centre, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Robbert Ensink
- Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Gelre Hospitals, Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1 E7HT United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1 E7HT United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Y. Yip
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1 E7HT United Kingdom
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Bright T, McCormick I, Phiri M, Mulwafu W, Burton M, Polack S, Mactaggart I, Yip JLY, Swanepoel DW, Kuper H. Rationale and feasibility of a combined rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and hearing loss protocol. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229008. [PMID: 32053650 PMCID: PMC7018009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study has two main objectives: 1) to assess the value of combining the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) and the recently developed rapid assessment of hearing loss (RAHL) based on existing population-based data from Cameroon andIndia; 2) to test the feasibility of a combined RAAB-RAHL protocol. Methods A secondary data analysis of population-based disability surveys in India and Cameroon (in 2013–2014) was conducted, focussing on people aged 50+. Hearing impairment (HI) was defined as pure tone average of ≥41dB (better ear).Visual impairment (VI) was defined as presenting visual acuity of <6/18 (better eye). The relationship between HI and VI was examined. The feasibility of a combined RAAB-RAHL survey was assessed within a RAHL conducted among adults aged 50+ in Malawi in 2018. Outcomes included: time taken, costs, number of people examined in a day, and qualitative feedback from participants and field teams. Results The prevalence of combined VI and HI among people aged 50+ was 4.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0, 6.4) in India and 4.8% (95%CI 3.0, 8.0) in Cameroon. Among participants with VI, approximately a third in India (29.3%) and Cameroon (35.1%) also had HI. A quarter of participants in India (25.4%) and Cameroon (26.9%) who had HI also had VI. In Malawi, the total time taken to complete both RAAB and RAHL assessments was approximately 27 minutes per participant. It was feasible to complete 30 participants per day for a team of four people. The estimated cost of a combined RAAB-RAHL approach in comparison to two separate impairment surveys is up to 37% less depending on the method of combination. Conclusion The substantial overlap between VI and HI supports a combined rapid survey of the two impairments. The pilot study of a combined RAAB-RAHL survey demonstrates feasibility and lower cost compared to conducting two standalone impairment surveys. A combined RAAB-RAHL approach could maximize limited resources to increase prevalence data for both vision and hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian McCormick
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mwanaisha Phiri
- Audiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Matthew Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Y. Yip
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - De Wet Swanepoel
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
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van Hees SGM, O'Fallon T, Hofker M, Dekker M, Polack S, Banks LM, Spaan EJAM. Leaving no one behind? Social inclusion of health insurance in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:134. [PMID: 31462303 PMCID: PMC6714392 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-1040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One way to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is the implementation of health insurance schemes. A robust and up to date overview of empirical evidence assessing and substantiating health equity impact of health insurance schemes among specific vulnerable populations in LMICs beyond the more common parameters, such as income level, is lacking. We fill this gap by conducting a systematic review of how social inclusion affects access to equitable health financing arrangements in LMIC. METHODS We searched 11 databases to identify peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 1995 and January 2018 that addressed the enrolment and impact of health insurance in LMIC for the following vulnerable groups: female-headed households, children with special needs, older adults, youth, ethnic minorities, migrants, and those with a disability or chronic illness. We assessed health insurance enrolment patterns of these population groups and its impact on health care utilization, financial protection, health outcomes and quality of care. RESULTS The comprehensive database search resulted in 44 studies, in which chronically ill were mostly reported (67%), followed by older adults (33%). Scarce and inconsistent evidence is available for individuals with disabilities, female-headed households, ethnic minorities and displaced populations, and no studies were yielded reporting on youth or children with special needs. Enrolment rates seemed higher among chronically ill and mixed or insufficient results are observed for the other groups. Most studies reporting on health care utilization found an increase in health care utilization for insured individuals with a disability or chronic illness and older adults. In general, health insurance schemes seemed to prevent catastrophic health expenditures to a certain extent. However, reimbursements rates were very low and vulnerable individuals had increased out of pocket payments. CONCLUSION Despite a sizeable literature published on health insurance, there is a dearth of good quality evidence, especially on equity and the inclusion of specific vulnerable groups in LMIC. Evidence should be strengthened within health care reform to achieve UHC, by redefining and assessing vulnerability as a multidimensional process and the investigation of mechanisms that are more context specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G M van Hees
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Work and Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Kapittelweg 33, P.O. Box 6960, 6503GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Timothy O'Fallon
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Marleen Dekker
- African Studies Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernst J A M Spaan
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (RIHS), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Baum A, Mulwafu W, Phiri M, Polack S, Bright T. An Intervention to Improve Uptake of Referrals for Children with Ear Disease or Hearing Loss in Thyolo District, Malawi: Acceptability and Feasibility. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16173144. [PMID: 31466419 PMCID: PMC6747222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Poor uptake of referral for ear and hearing services in Malawi has been demonstrated in previous research. A multi-component educational intervention was developed to address poor uptake. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. In addition, we aimed to provide a case study of an intervention development and feasibility testing process in preparation for a potential randomised trial. (2) Methods: The intervention included three components: (i) an information booklet; (ii) personalised counselling by a community health worker and an expert mother; (iii) a text message reminder. To assess feasibility, the counselling and information booklet were provided for caregivers of eligible children (<18 years) at ear and hearing outreach camps in Thyolo. Text message reminders were sent to caregivers after the camps. After 4 weeks, all caregivers were revisited and completed a structured questionnaire and a subset were interviewed in-depth. (3) Results: 30 children were recruited, and 53% took up the referral. Interviews found counselling with a booklet was acceptable. It provided motivation, enabled a two-way conversation, and helped dispel fear. It allowed information to be shared with social networks, initiating conversations about raising funds. The text message reminder was reported to be a valued prompt. Challenges to feasibility included low network coverage, and time needed for counselling. Residual barriers included the costs of transportation. The cost was £3.70/camp. (4) Conclusions: The study found that counselling with an information booklet was feasible and acceptable. The process of testing the feasibility of the intervention identified some adaptations to the intervention components and delivery which could be implemented before it is tested in a trial. This study highlighted the value of the feasibility testing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Baum
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 E7HT, UK
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mwanaisha Phiri
- Audiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 E7HT, UK
| | - Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 E7HT, UK.
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Sakellariou D, Anstey S, Polack S, Rotarou ES, Warren N, Gaze S, Courtenay M. Pathways of disability-based discrimination in cancer care. Critical Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2019.1648762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Anstey
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London, UK
| | | | - Narelle Warren
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Gaze
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Molly Courtenay
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Sakellariou D, Anstey S, Gaze S, Girt E, Kelly D, Moore B, Polack S, Pratt R, Tyrer G, Warren N, Wilkinson W, Courtenay M. Barriers to accessing cancer services for adults with physical disabilities in England and Wales: an interview-based study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027555. [PMID: 31248925 PMCID: PMC6597631 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to accessing cancer services faced by adults with pre-existing physical disabilities. DESIGN Cross-sectional, exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected by semistructured interviews and analysed thematically. SETTING Participants were recruited through statutory and third sector organisations in England and Wales between October 2017 and October 2018. PARTICIPANTS 18 people with a diagnosis of cancer and a pre-existing physical disability. RESULTS The findings illustrate that people with physical disabilities in England and Wales face a variety of barriers to accessing cancer services. The overall theme that emerged was that participants experienced a lack of attitudinal and institutional preparation both from healthcare professionals and healthcare facilities. This overall theme is illustrated through three subthemes: lack of acknowledgment of disability, unseeing disability and physical inaccessibility. CONCLUSIONS As the population ages and increasing numbers of people live with cancer and disability, it is important to develop knowledge to respond to the needs of this population. The mere existence of services does not guarantee their usability. Services need to be relevant, flexible, and accessible and offered in a respectful manner. It is important that healthcare professionals work towards inclusive healthcare provision, enabling the utilisation of services by all. Necessary steps to be taken include better communication between the various professionals and across the different teams involved in patients' care, raising awareness of how physical disability can affect or interact with cancer-related treatment and creating more accessible physical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Anstey
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Gaze
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Daniel Kelly
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Gill Tyrer
- Lay Advisory Group Member, Llandudno, UK
| | - Narelle Warren
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Molly Courtenay
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Mulwafu W, Tataryn M, Polack S, Viste A, Goplen FK, Kuper H. Children with hearing impairment in Malawi, a cohort study. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97:654-662. [PMID: 31656330 PMCID: PMC6796677 DOI: 10.2471/blt.18.226241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the outcomes of children diagnosed with hearing impairment 3 years earlier in terms of referral uptake, treatment received and satisfaction with this treatment, and social participation. Methods We conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis of children with a hearing impairment in two rural districts of Malawi. Key informants within the community identified the cohort in 2013 (baseline). Informants clinically screened children at baseline, and by questionnaires at baseline and follow-up in 2016. We investigated associations between sociodemographic characteristics and outcomes by multivariate logistic regression. Results We diagnosed 752 children in 2013 as having a hearing impairment and traced 307 (40.8%) children of these for follow-up in 2016. Referral uptake was low (102/184; 55.4%), more likely among older children (odds ratio, OR: 3.5; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.2–10.2) and less likely for those with an illiterate caregiver (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9). Few of the children who attended hospital received any treatment (33/102; 32.4%) and 63.6% (21/33) of caregivers reported satisfaction with treatment. Difficulty making friends and communicating needs was reported for 10.0% (30/299) and 35.6% (107/301) of the children, respectively. Lack of school enrolment was observed for 29.5% (72/244) of children, and was more likely for older children (OR: 28.6; 95% CI: 10.3–79.6), girls (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2–4.8) and those with an illiterate caregiver (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0–4.1). Conclusion More widespread and holistic services are required to improve the outcomes of children with a hearing impairment in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Myroslava Tataryn
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Asgaut Viste
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
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Bright T, Mulwafu W, Phiri M, Ensink RJH, Smith A, Yip J, Mactaggart I, Polack S. Diagnostic accuracy of non‐specialist
versus
specialist health workers in diagnosing hearing loss and ear disease in Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:817-828. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Audiology Department Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi
- Department of Surgery University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Mwanaisha Phiri
- Audiology Department Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi
| | | | - Andrew Smith
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Jennifer Yip
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
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Zuurmond M, Mactaggart I, Kannuri N, Murthy G, Oye JE, Polack S. Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing Health Services: A Qualitative Study Amongst People with Disabilities in Cameroon and India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16071126. [PMID: 30934813 PMCID: PMC6480147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Article 25 of the UNCRPD stipulates the right of people with disabilities to the highest attainable standard of health, and the timely uptake of appropriate health and rehabilitation services. This study seeks to explore the factors which influence access to health care among adults with disabilities in Cameroon and India. Methods: A total of 61 semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of adults with vision, hearing or musculoskeletal impairments, using data from an earlier cross-sectional disability survey. In addition, 30 key informants were interviewed to provide contextual information about the local services and context. Results: Key themes included individual-level factors, understanding and beliefs about an impairment, and the nature of the impairment and interaction with environmental factors. At the community and household level, key themes were family dynamics and attitudes, economic factors, social inclusion and community participation. Intersectionality with gender and age were cross-cutting themes. Trust and acceptability of health service providers in India and poor understanding of referral processes in both countries were key service-level themes. Conclusions: The interaction of environmental and personal factors with the impairment and their levels of participation and inclusion in community structures, all contributed to the take up of services. This study illustrated the need for a multi-faceted response to improve access to health services for people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zuurmond
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Nanda Kannuri
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad 122002, India.
| | - Gudlavalleti Murthy
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad 122002, India.
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Donkor CM, Lee J, Lelijveld N, Adams M, Baltussen MM, Nyante GG, Kerac M, Polack S, Zuurmond M. Improving nutritional status of children with Cerebral palsy: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and community-based training in Ghana. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:35-43. [PMID: 30680157 PMCID: PMC6341142 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood disability worldwide, and evidence shows that children with CP are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to feeding difficulties. This qualitative study explores caregiver experiences of feeding before and after a community-based training program in Ghana. METHODS Thirteen caregivers of children with CP, who were severely undernourished, were interviewed at the start of the training program. Eleven of these were interviewed again after a year of monthly group trainings and home visits, which included guidance on feeding. Four additional caregivers were interviewed at end line. Interviews explored caregivers' mealtime experiences, as well as a 24-hr dietary recall and a structured feeding observation checklist. Children's nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry. RESULTS Caregivers found mealtimes stressful due to time demands, messiness, and the pressure of providing enough quality food. They felt that the training program had helped reduced this stress and dietary recall data suggested some improved dietary quality. However, there was neither improvement nor deterioration in anthropometric status of the children. CONCLUSION Group trainings were welcomed by caregivers and notably reduced stress around feeding times. However, future work is needed in order to improve anthropometric outcomes, including, but not limited to, greater focus on nutritional requirements during caregiver training interventions. Therapeutic feeding programs must also be better utilized and need to be better equipped to care for this group of children, including deviating from standard admission and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mary Donkor
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Rabito Health ServicesTemaGhana
| | - Jackie Lee
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Natasha Lelijveld
- Department of Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- No Wasted LivesAction Against HungerUK
| | - Melanie Adams
- Independent Consultant in Disability and International Development
| | | | - Gifty Gyamah Nyante
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- MARCH CentreFaculty EPHLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Maria Zuurmond
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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Kuper H, Mactaggart I, Dionicio C, Cañas R, Naber J, Polack S. Can we achieve universal health coverage without a focus on disability? Results from a national case-control study in Guatemala. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209774. [PMID: 30589885 PMCID: PMC6307777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare access to healthcare services for people with disabilities to those without disabilities, within a national case-control study in Guatemala. METHODS We undertook a population-based case-control study, nested within a national survey in Guatemala. Cases with disabilities were people with self-reported difficulties in functioning. One control without disabilities was selected per case, matched by age, gender and cluster. Information was collected on: health status, access to health services and rehabilitation, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS The study included 707 people with disabilities, and 465 controls. People with disabilities were more likely to report a serious health problem (aOR 2.8, 2.2-3.7) or doctor-diagnosis of one of 17 general health conditions (aOR 2.9, 2.2-3.8) as compared to controls without disabilities. People with disabilities were twice as likely as controls to have received treatment for a diagnosed condition (aOR 2.2, 1.7-2.8). Coverage of treatment for impairment-related health conditions was low, as was awareness and access to rehabilitation services. People with disabilities were more likely than controls to report being disrespected (aOR 1.9, 1.0-3.7) or finding it difficult to understand information given (aOR 1.6, 1.1-1.4). CONCLUSION Efforts are needed to raise awareness about rehabilitation services and improve quality of health services for people with disabilities in Guatemala, to ensure that their rights are fulfilled and to assist in the achievement of Universal Health Coverage. Better tools are needed to measure healthcare access, including consideration of geographic access, quality and affordability, to allow the generation of comparable data on access to healthcare among people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Cañas
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jonathan Naber
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Dhanesha
- International Centre for Eye Health LSHTM, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, LSHTM, London, UK
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Zuurmond M, O’Banion D, Gladstone M, Carsamar S, Kerac M, Baltussen M, Tann CJ, Gyamah Nyante G, Polack S. Evaluating the impact of a community-based parent training programme for children with cerebral palsy in Ghana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202096. [PMID: 30180171 PMCID: PMC6122808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low and middle-income settings, where access to support and rehabilitation services for children with disabilities are often lacking, the evidence base for community initiatives is limited. This study aimed to explore the impact of a community-based training programme for caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Ghana. METHODS A pre and post evaluation of an 11-month participatory training programme ("Getting to Know Cerebral Palsy") offered through a parent group model, was conducted. Eight community groups, consisting of a total of 75 caregivers and their children with cerebral palsy (aged 18 months-12 years), were enrolled from 8 districts across Ghana. Caregivers were interviewed at baseline, and again at 2 months after the completion of the programme, to assess: quality of life (PedsQL™ Family Impact Module); knowledge about their child's condition; child health indicators; feeding practices. Severity of cerebral palsy, reported illness, and anthropometric measurements were also assessed. RESULTS Of the child-caregiver pairs, 64 (84%) were included in final analysis. There were significant improvements in caregiver quality of life score (QoL) (median total QoL 12.5 at baseline to 51.4 at endline, P<0.001). Caregivers reported significant improvements in knowledge and confidence in caring for their child (p<0.001), in some aspects of child feeding practices (p<0.001) and in their child's physical and emotional heath (p< 0.001). Actual frequency of reported serious illness over 12-months remained high (67%) among children, however, a small reduction in recent illness episodes (past 2 weeks) was seen (64% to 50% p < 0.05). Malnutrition was common at both time points; 63% and 65% of children were classified as underweight at baseline and endline respectively (p = 0.5). CONCLUSION Children with cerebral palsy have complex care and support needs which in low and middle-income settings need to be met by their family. This study demonstrates that a participatory training, delivered through the establishment of a local support group, with an emphasis on caregiver empowerment, resulted in improved caregiver QoL. Despite less effect on effect on child health and no clear effect on nutritional status, this alone is an important outcome. Whilst further development of these programmes would be helpful, and is underway, there is clear need for wider scale-up of an intervention which provides support to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zuurmond
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David O’Banion
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Carsamar
- Physiotherapy Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cally J. Tann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Polack S, Adams M, O'banion D, Baltussen M, Asante S, Kerac M, Gladstone M, Zuurmond M. Children with cerebral palsy in Ghana: malnutrition, feeding challenges, and caregiver quality of life. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:914-921. [PMID: 29736993 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess feeding difficulties and nutritional status among children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Ghana, and whether severity of feeding difficulties and malnutrition are independently associated with caregiver quality of life (QoL). METHOD This cross-sectional survey included 76 children with CP (18mo-12y) from four regions of Ghana. Severity of CP was classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System and anthropometric measures were taken. Caregivers rated their QoL (using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Family Impact Module) and difficulties with eight aspects of child feeding. Logistic regression analysis explored factors (socio-economic characteristics, severity of CP, and feeding difficulties) associated with being underweight. Linear regression was undertaken to assess the relationship between caregiver QoL and child malnutrition and feeding difficulties. RESULTS Poor nutritional status was common: 65% of children aged under 5 years were categorized as underweight, 54% as stunted, and 58% as wasted. Reported difficulties with child's feeding were common and were associated with the child being underweight (odds ratio 10.7, 95% confidence interval 2.3-49.6) and poorer caregiver QoL (p<0.001). No association between caregiver QoL and nutritional status was evident. INTERPRETATION Among rural, low resource populations in Ghana, there is a need for appropriate, accessible caregiver training and support around feeding practices of children with CP, to improve child nutritional status and caregiver well-being. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Malnutrition is very common among children with cerebral palsy in this rural population in Ghana. Feeding difficulties in this population were strongly associated with being underweight. Feeding difficulties were associated with poorer caregiver quality of life (QoL). Child nutritional status was not associated with caregiver QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Polack
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mel Adams
- Independent Consultant in Disability and International Development, London, UK
| | - David O'banion
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Asante
- Physiotherapy Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women and Children's Health Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maria Zuurmond
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Mactaggart I, Schmidt WP, Bostoen K, Chunga J, Danquah L, Halder AK, Parveen Jolly S, Polack S, Rahman M, Snel M, Kuper H, Biran A. Access to water and sanitation among people with disabilities: results from cross-sectional surveys in Bangladesh, Cameroon, India and Malawi. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020077. [PMID: 29866723 PMCID: PMC5988144 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among people with disabilities at the household and individual level. DESIGN Cross-sectional surveys. SETTING Data were included from five district-level or regional-level surveys: two in Bangladesh (Bangladesh-1, Bangladesh-2), and one each in Cameroon, Malawi and India. PARTICIPANTS 99 252 participants were sampled across the datasets (range: 3567-75 767), including 2494 with disabilities (93-1374). OUTCOME Prevalence of access to WASH at household and individual level. DATA ANALYSIS Age/sex disaggregated disability prevalence estimates were calculated accounting for survey design. The Unicef/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme definitions were used to classify facilities as improved/unimproved. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken to compare between households with/without a person with a disability, and to identify predictors of access among people with disabilities. RESULTS There were no differences in access to improved sanitation or water sources between households with/without members with disabilities across the datasets. In Bangladesh-2, households including a person with a disability were more likely to share facilities with other households (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.5). Households with people with disabilities were more likely to spend >30 min (round-trip) collecting drinking water than households without in both Cameroon (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4) and India (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.7). Within households, people with disabilities reported difficulties collecting water themselves (23%-80% unable to) and accessing the same sanitation facilities as other household members, particularly without coming into contact with faeces (up to 47% in Bangladesh-2). These difficulties were most marked for people with more severe impairments. CONCLUSIONS People with disabilities may not have poorer access to WASH at the household level, but may have poorer quality of access within their households. Further programmatic work is needed to ensure WASH facilities are inclusive of people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wolf-Peter Schmidt
- Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kristof Bostoen
- Monitoring[4] ch∆nge and IRC-Associate, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Chunga
- Centre for Social Research, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Lisa Danquah
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Saira Parveen Jolly
- Resarch and Evaluation Division, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- Resarch and Evaluation Division, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam Biran
- Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kuper H, Mactaggart I, White S, Dionicio C, Cañas R, Naber J, Polack S, Biran A. Exploring the links between water, sanitation and hygiene and disability; Results from a case-control study in Guatemala. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197360. [PMID: 29856770 PMCID: PMC5983415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) access and appropriateness of people with disabilities compared to those without, in Guatemala. METHODS A case-control study was conducted, nested within a national survey. The study included 707 people with disabilities, and 465 age- and sex-matched controls without disabilities. Participants reported on WASH access at the household and individual level. A sub-set of 121 cases and 104 controls completed a newly designed, in-depth WASH questionnaire. RESULTS Households including people with disabilities were more likely to use an improved sanitation facility compared to control households (age-sex-adjusted OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.5), but otherwise there were no differences in WASH access at the household level. At the individual level, people with disabilities reported greater difficulties in relation to sanitation (mean score 26.2, SD 26.5) and hygiene access and quality (mean 30.7, SD 24.2) compared to those without disabilities (15.5, 21.7, p<0.001; 22.4, 19.1, p<0.01). There were no differences in different aspects of water collection between people with and without disabilities in this context where over 85% of participants had water piped into their dwelling. Among people with disabilities, older adults were more likely to experience difficulties in hygiene and sanitation than younger people with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS People with disabilities in Guatemala experience greater difficulties in accessing sanitation facilities and practicing hygienic behaviours than their peers without disabilities. More data collection is needed using detailed tools to detect these differences, highlight which interventions are needed, and to allow assessment of their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian White
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Cañas
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jonathan Naber
- National Council on Disability, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Biran
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Bright T, Felix L, Kuper H, Polack S. Systematic review of strategies to increase access to health services among children over five in low- and middle-income countries. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:476-507. [PMID: 29473273 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The populations of many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are young. Despite progress made towards achieving Universal Health Coverage and remarkable health gains, evidence suggests that many children in LMIC are still not accessing needed healthcare services. Delayed or lack of access to health services can lead to a worsening of health and can in turn negatively impact a child's ability to attend school, and future employment opportunities. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing access to health services for children over 5 years in LMIC settings. Four electronic databases were searched in March 2017. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions that aimed to increase: healthcare utilisation, immunisation uptake and compliance with medication/referral. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised study designs were included in the review. Data extraction included study characteristics, intervention type and measures of access to health services for children above 5 years of age. Study outcomes were classified as positive, negative, mixed or null in terms of their impact on access outcomes. RESULTS Ten studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Interventions were evaluated in Nicaragua (1), Brazil (1), Turkey (1), India (1), China (1), Uganda (1), Ghana (1), Nigeria (1), South Africa (1) and Swaziland (1). Intervention types included education (2), incentives (1), outreach (1), SMS/phone call reminders (2) and multicomponent interventions (4). All evaluations reported positive findings on measured health access outcomes; however, the quality and strength of evidence were mixed. CONCLUSION This review provides evidence of the range of interventions that were used to increase healthcare access for children above 5 years old in LMIC. Nevertheless, further research is needed to examine each of the identified intervention types and the influence of contextual factors, with robust study designs. There is also a need to assess the cost-effectiveness of the interventions to inform decision-makers on which are suitable for scale-up in their particular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lambert Felix
- Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Review Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Tataryn M, Polack S, Chokotho L, Mulwafu W, Kayange P, Banks LM, Noe C, Lavy C, Kuper H. Correction to: Childhood disability in Malawi: a population based assessment using the key informant method. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:92. [PMID: 29490619 PMCID: PMC5831717 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myroslava Tataryn
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.
| | | | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Petros Kayange
- Department of Surgery, Opthalmology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
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Smythe T, Mactaggart I, Kuper H, Murthy GVS, Lavy C, Polack S. Prevalence and causes of musculoskeletal impairment in Mahabubnagar District, Telangana State, India: results of a population-based survey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:512-519. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Smythe
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, LondonWC1E7HT, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, LondonWC1E7HT, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, LondonWC1E7HT, UK
| | - GVS Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Plot No #1, A.N.V. Arcade, Amar Co-op Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, 500033, India
| | - Christopher Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, LondonWC1E7HT, UK
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Mactaggart I, Polack S, Murthy G, Kuper H. A population-based survey of visual impairment and its correlates in Mahabubnagar district, Telangana State, India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2017; 25:238-245. [PMID: 29281342 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1418386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence and correlates of visual impairment in Mahabubnagar district, Telangana, India. METHODS Fifty-one clusters of 80 people (all ages) were sampled with probability proportionate to size. Households within clusters were selected through the compact segment sampling. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a tumbling "E" chart. An Ophthalmic Assistant or Vision Technician examined people with VA<6/12 in either eye. Other impairments (hearing, physical) were clinically assessed and self-reported functional difficulties measured using the Washington Group Extended Set. People with visual impairment and age-sex matched controls with normal vision were interviewed about poverty, employment and education. RESULTS 4,125 people were enumerated and 3,574 screened (86.6%). The prevalence of visual impairment (VA<6/12) was 8.0% (95% CI = 6.9-9.4%) and blindness was 0.4% (0.2-0.9%), and both increased rapidly with age. Uncorrected refractive error was the leading cause of visual impairment, and cataract the leading cause of blindness. Cataract surgical coverage (proportion of all cataracts that had received surgery) was relatively low (41% of people at VA<6/60), while the post-surgery outcomes were good (81% of operated eyes had presenting VA≥6/18). Among the 287 people with visual impairment, 15% had a moderate/severe physical impairment or epilepsy and 25% had a moderate/severe hearing impairment. Self-reported difficulties in vision were relatively closely related to visual acuity. People with visual impairment were more likely to be in the poorest quartile (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.4) or unemployed (5.0, 2.2-10.0), compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Visual impairment was common in Mahabubnagar district, was mostly avoidable, and was correlated with poverty markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay Mactaggart
- a Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- a Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London UK
| | - Gvs Murthy
- a Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London UK.,b Indian Institute of Public Health , Madhapur, Hyderabad , India
| | - Hannah Kuper
- a Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disability and poverty are believed to operate in a cycle, with each reinforcing the other. While agreement on the existence of a link is strong, robust empirical evidence substantiating and describing this potential association is lacking. Consequently, a systematic review was undertaken to explore the relationship between disability and economic poverty, with a focus on the situation in low and middle income countries (LMICs). METHODS Ten electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies of any epidemiological design, published between 1990-March 2016 with data comparing the level of poverty between people with and without disabilities in LMICs (World Bank classifications). Poverty was defined using economic measures (e.g. assets, income), while disability included both broad assessments (e.g. self-reported functional or activity limitations) and specific impairments/disorders. Data extracted included: measures of association between disability and poverty, population characteristics and study characteristics. Proportions of studies finding positive, negative, null or mixed associations between poverty and disability were then disaggregated by population and study characteristics. RESULTS From the 15,500 records retrieved and screened, 150 studies were included in the final sample. Almost half of included studies were conducted in China, India or Brazil (n = 70, 47%). Most studies were cross-sectional in design (n = 124, 83%), focussed on specific impairment types (n = 115, 77%) and used income as the measure for economic poverty (n = 82, 55%). 122 studies (81%) found evidence of a positive association between disability and a poverty marker. This relationship persisted when results were disaggregated by gender, measure of poverty used and impairment types. By country income group at the time of data collection, the proportion of country-level analyses with a positive association increased with the rising income level, with 59% of low-income, 67% of lower-middle and 72% of upper-middle income countries finding a positive relationship. By age group, the proportion of studies reporting a positive association between disability and poverty was lowest for older adults and highest for working-age adults (69% vs. 86%). CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence for a link between disability and poverty in LMICs and an urgent need for further research and programmatic/policy action to break the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Bright T, Mulwafu W, Thindwa R, Zuurmond M, Polack S. Reasons for low uptake of referrals to ear and hearing services for children in Malawi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188703. [PMID: 29261683 PMCID: PMC5736203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection and appropriate intervention for children with hearing impairment is important for maximizing functioning and quality of life. The lack of ear and hearing services in low income countries is a significant challenge, however, evidence suggests that even where such services are available, and children are referred to them, uptake is low. The aim of this study was to assess uptake of and barriers to referrals to ear and hearing services for children in Thyolo District, Malawi. METHODS This was a mixed methods study. A survey was conducted with 170 caregivers of children who were referred for ear and hearing services during community-based screening camps to assess whether they had attended their referral and reasons for non-attendance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 caregivers of children who did not take up their referral to explore in-depth the reasons for non-uptake. In addition, 15 stakeholders were interviewed. Thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted and emerging trends were analysed. RESULTS Referral uptake was very low with only 5 out of 150 (3%) children attending. Seven main interacting themes for non-uptake of referral were identified in the semi-structured interviews: location of the hospital, lack of transport, other indirect costs of seeking care, fear and uncertainty about the referral hospital, procedural problems within the camps, awareness and understanding of hearing loss, and lack of visibility and availability of services. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted a range of interacting challenges faced by families in accessing ear and hearing services in this setting. Understanding these context specific barriers to non-uptake of ear and hearing services is important for designing appropriate interventions to increase uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Bright
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Richard Thindwa
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maria Zuurmond
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tataryn M, Polack S, Chokotho L, Mulwafu W, Kayange P, Banks LM, Noe C, Lavy C, Kuper H. Childhood disability in Malawi: a population based assessment using the key informant method. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:198. [PMID: 29179740 PMCID: PMC5704595 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological data on childhood disability are lacking in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs) such as Malawi, hampering effective service planning and advocacy. The Key Informant Method (KIM) is an innovative, cost-effective method for generating population data on the prevalence and causes of impairment in children. The aim of this study was to use the Key Informant Method to estimate the prevalence of moderate/severe, hearing, vision and physical impairments, intellectual impairments and epilepsy in children in two districts in Malawi and to estimate the associated need for rehabilitation and other services. Methods Five hundred key informants (KIs) were trained to identify children in their communities who may have the impairment types included in this study. Identified children were invited to attend a screening camp where they underwent assessment by medical professionals for moderate/severe hearing, vision and physical impairments, intellectual impairments and epilepsy. Results Approximately 15,000 children were identified by KIs as potentially having an impairment of whom 7220 (48%) attended a screening camp. The estimated prevalence of impairments/epilepsy was 17.3/1000 children (95% CI: 16.9–17.7). Physical impairment (39%) was the commonest impairment type followed by hearing impairment (27%), intellectual impairment (26%), epilepsy (22%) and vision impairment (4%). Approximately 2100 children per million population could benefit from physiotherapy and occupational therapy and 300 per million are in need of a wheelchair. An estimated 1800 children per million population have hearing impairment caused by conditions that could be prevented or treated through basic primary ear care. Corneal opacity was the leading cause of vision impairment. Only 50% of children with suspected epilepsy were receiving medication. The majority (73%) of children were attending school, but attendance varied by impairment type and was lowest among children with multiple impairments (38%). Conclusion Using the KIM this study identified more than 2500 children with impairments in two districts of Malawi. As well as providing data on child disability, rehabilitation and referral service needs which can be used to plan and advocate for appropriate services and interventions, this method study also has an important capacity building and disability awareness raising component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myroslava Tataryn
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.
| | | | - Wakisa Mulwafu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Petros Kayange
- Department of Surgery, Opthalmology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lena Morgon Banks
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
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Smythe T, Mactaggart I, Kuper H, Oye J, Sieyen NC, Lavy C, Polack S. Prevalence and causes of musculoskeletal impairment in Fundong District, North-West Cameroon: results of a population-based survey. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1385-1393. [PMID: 28881434 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological data on musculoskeletal conditions such as degenerative joint diseases and bone fractures are lacking in low- and middle-income countries. This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence and causes of musculoskeletal impairment in Fundong Health District, North-West Cameroon. METHODS Fifty-one clusters of 80 people (all ages) were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling. Households within clusters were selected by compact segment sampling. Six screening questions were asked to identify participants likely to have a musculoskeletal impairment (MSI). Participants screening positive to any screening question underwent a standardised examination by a physiotherapist to assess presence, cause, diagnosis and severity of impairment. RESULTS In total, 3567 of 4080 individuals enumerated for the survey were screened (87%). The all-age prevalence of MSI was 11.6% (95% CI: 10.1-13.3). Prevalence increased with age, from 2.9% in children to 41.2% in adults 50 years and above. The majority of MSI cases (70.4%) were classified as mild, 27.2% as moderate and 2.4% as severe. Acquired non-trauma comprised 67% of the diagnoses. The remainder included trauma (14%), neurological (11%), infection (5%) and congenital (3%). The most common individual diagnosis was degenerative joint disease (43%). Over one-third (38%) of individuals with MSI had never received medical care or rehabilitation for their condition. CONCLUSIONS This survey contributes to the epidemiological data on MSI in low- and middle-income countries. Nearly half of adults aged over 50 years had an MSI. There is a need to address the treatment and rehabilitative service gap for people with MSI in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Smythe
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Lavy
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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