Time-restricted eating with or without low-carbohydrate diet reduces visceral fat and improves metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial

Effectiveness of 8-hour time-restricted eating combined with different dietary patterns on body composition, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in healthy adults: An exploratory study from an RCT

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effectiveness of a 4-week intervention of time-restricted eating (TRE) alone or in combination with an elimination of ultra-processed foods or vegetarian diet, on body composition, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress.

METHODS

This was a randomized controlled trial including 70 participants comparing three diet groups maintained for a 4-week period: A, TRE alone; B, TRE with elimination of ultra-processed foods; and C, TRE with a vegetarian diet. Per-protocol analyses of body composition, plasma lipid levels, and oxidative stress markers were performed.

RESULTS

Compared to baseline, Group B significantly reduced weight (P = 0.02), body mass index, waist and hip circumference, as well as fat ratio, total cholesterol, 4-hydroxynonenal an 8-Iso prostaglandin F 2α (all P < 0.05). Group B also increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) and catalase (P = 0.002). Compared to Group A, Group B was more effective in decreasing body mass index (Δ: -0.1 ± 0.7 vs. -0.2 ± 0.3, respectively, P = 0.041) and waist circumference (Δ: -1.1 ± 4.0 vs. -3.5 ± 4.4, P < 0.001). Compared to Group A and B, the increase in superoxide dismutase (Δ: 12.74 ± 8.34, P < 0.05) and glutathione (Δ: 0.63 ± 0.40, P < 0.05) was significantly greater for Group C. Group C also produced a greater decrease in malondialdehyde (Δ: -0.79 ± 0.28) than the Group A (Δ: -0.32 ± 0.51, P < 0.001) and Group B (Δ: -0.20 ± 0.68, P < 0.001) diets.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of ultra-processed foods can increase body composition and lipid profile, despite TRE. A vegetarian diet in combination with TRE is effective in reducing oxidative stress injury.

Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic alteration that precedes type 2 diabetes and is closely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. Occupational context may influence IR risk through variations in physical activity, diet, and socioeconomic determinants.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the risk of insulin resistance between workers in the commerce and industry sectors and identify associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, in order to improve their occupational health.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 56,856 Spanish workers, assessing four IR-related indices: Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), TyG-BMI (Triglyceride-Glucose Body Mass Index), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and the Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR). The analysis was stratified by sex and sector (commerce vs. industry) and included assessments of age, education level, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking status. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to determine the factors associated with high IR scores.

RESULTS

Across all IR indicators, industry workers-particularly men-presented higher mean values and greater prevalence of high-risk scores compared to those in commerce. Women showed lower values overall but also reflected sector-based differences. In both sexes, non-physical activity, non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking were consistently associated with higher IR risk. Males exhibited significantly higher odds of elevated TyG (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.41-2.78), while physical inactivity and poor diet emerged as the most powerful modifiable predictors across all scales (e.g., OR = 10.45 for TyG, OR = 12.33 for TyG-BMI). Industry sector was independently associated with higher odds of insulin resistance compared to commerce.

CONCLUSIONS

Insulin resistance is more prevalent among industrial workers, especially men and those with unhealthy lifestyles. Occupational health strategies should target sector-specific risk profiles, emphasizing physical activity and dietary interventions.

What are the effects of time-restricted eating upon metabolic health outcomes in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A scoping review

The primary objective of this scoping review (ScR) was to assess the breadth and type of evidence related to time-restricted eating (TRE) as an intervention to modify metabolic health outcomes in individuals with diagnosed metabolic syndrome (MetS), a major health challenge due to increasing prevalence and association with other chronic diseases. MetS comprises three or more of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia, dysregulated glucose homeostasis, and abdominal obesity. TRE, also known as time-restricted feeding (TRF), restricts food intake to specific time windows within a day, for example, a 10-h eating period between 10:00 and 20:00. Via multiple mechanisms, TRE interventions may provide an effective tool to prevent and treat metabolic disease such as MetS. While studies have assessed TRE in populations with components of MetS, there is a gap in the knowledge of how effective TRE can be for people with diagnosed MetS. A search of studies published in English in the PubMed (Medline), Embase, Cochrane, and PROSPERO databases was performed in February 2024. Of 3449 articles, 45 underwent full text analysis, and three were accepted into the ScR. These studies, comprising 10 and 8 h TRE interventions for 12 weeks, showed mixed benefits to body composition markers such as body weight, fat mass, and abdominal fat, blood pressure, and blood markers of lipid and glucose homeostasis. Future research into TRE and MetS will aim to more closely define optimal formulations of TRE interventions to improve MetS and its components.

Association Between Alcohol Consumption, Other Healthy Habits and Sociodemographic Variables and the Values of Different Insulin Resistance Risk Scales in 139,634 Spanish Workers

Background: Alcohol consumption is a major public health concern, influencing metabolic health and insulin resistance (IR). While moderate alcohol intake has been associated with potential metabolic benefits, excessive consumption is linked to IR and related disorders. This study examines the association between sociodemographic variables, health habits, and IR risk using validated metabolic indices. Methods: A dual-phase study was conducted, including a cross-sectional analysis of 139,634 Spanish workers and a retrospective longitudinal follow-up of 40,431 participants (2009-2019). Data on sociodemographic factors (age, sex and socioeconomic status) and health habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity) were collected through standardized occupational health assessments. IR risk was assessed using the Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR). Binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: Age, male sex, lower socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet were significantly associated with higher IR risk across all indices (p < 0.001). Alcohol consumption exhibited a dose-dependent relationship with IR, with excessive intake significantly increasing the risk of IR. Longitudinal data revealed a worsening IR profile over time, particularly among older, low-income and physically inactive individuals. Conclusions: Sociodemographic factors and lifestyle habits strongly influence IR. Preventive strategies focused on reducing alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and promoting physical activity and dietary improvements are essential to mitigate the risk of IR, especially in vulnerable populations. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships and refine intervention strategies.

Assessment of the Risk of Insulin Resistance in Workers Classified as Metabolically Healthy Obese

Introduction and Objectives: Obesity constitutes a significant public health concern and is frequently linked to metabolic dysfunctions, particularly insulin resistance (IR). Nevertheless, a subset of obese individuals, referred to as metabolically healthy obese (MHO), do not exhibit overt metabolic abnormalities. The present study aims to assess the risk of developing IR among MHO workers and to explore the determinants contributing to this risk. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation utilized data from a cohort of 68,884 obese workers across multiple occupational sectors in Spain. The classification of participants as MHO was based on the number of metabolic syndrome components, in accordance with the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII). Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters-including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, glycemic levels, and blood pressure-were systematically assessed. The likelihood of developing IR was estimated through various validated risk assessment models. Results: The analysis indicates that, despite having a relatively favorable metabolic profile, individuals classified as MHO also show signs of metabolic deterioration, such as an increased risk of insulin resistance. Key risk factors such as physical inactivity, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and socioeconomic disparities were identified as significant contributors to the transition from the MHO phenotype to a metabolically unhealthy state. Logistic regression analyses corroborated that insufficient physical activity and suboptimal dietary habits were strongly associated with an elevated risk of IR. Conclusions: The findings underscore the dynamic and potentially transient nature of the MHO phenotype, emphasizing the necessity of proactive monitoring and early preventive strategies. Encouraging physical activity, promoting adherence to a nutritionally balanced diet, and implementing workplace health initiatives emerge as critical measures to attenuate the risk of IR and metabolic deterioration in MHO individuals. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to enhance risk stratification and to formulate tailored preventive interventions.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of intermittent fasting versus caloric restriction in weight loss and improving cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Dietary interventions, particularly intermittent fasting (IF) and energy restriction (ER), have emerged as effective strategies for managing weight.

Objective

We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the effects of IF and ER on body weight and cardiometabolic factors.

Methods

PRISMA compliant methods were used, and PubMed and the Cochrane CENTRAL Library were systematically searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from database inception to September 27, 2023. A bibliographic and gray literature search was also performed to identify unpublished literature. Effect sizes were pooled with random effects models in the R package "meta" and are reported as mean differences with 95 % confidence intervals. The quality of the included studies was assessed with The Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool.

Results

A total of 2931 records were identified through a database search. The study included 17 publications: 16 RCTs identified after two stages of screening and an additional publication identified from a bibliographic search. All trials were published between 2011 and 2022, and included a total of 1258 participants (24-209 per study). Pooled analysis revealed that IF led to a more significant decrease in BMI than ER (-0.44 [-0.88 to -0.01]; p < 0.01). Additionally, IF resulted in a slightly greater, but statistically nonsignificant, decrease in weight, triglyceride levels, fasting plasma glucose, and diastolic blood pressure than ER. However, similar decreases in SBP, LDL, and HDL levels were observed between IF and ER, which showed no major differences. The ER group experienced a higher frequency of headaches than the IF group, whereas the IF group reported a greater occurrence of dizziness than the ER group.

Conclusion

IF appears to be slightly advantageous over ER in terms of body weight, cardiometabolic factors, and plasma glucose levels.

[Association between sociodemographic variables, healthy habits and stress with metabolic syndrome. A descriptive, cross-sectional study]

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pathological condition that encompasses various cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated blood pressure levels. It is considered a multifactorial pathological condition. The aim of this study is to assess how variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and stress are associated with the prevalence of MS, determined using two different criteria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted on 24,224 Spanish workers, evaluating the association between sociodemographic variables, health habits, and stress with MS, determined using two criteria: the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

RESULTS

All the variables analyzed showed an association with the presence of MS when applying both criteria. Among them, the variables with the strongest association were age: odds ratio 5.55 (95% CI: 4.80-6.30) for MS using the NCEP ATP-III criteria and 6.71 (95% CI: 5.30-8.13) for IDF criteria; and type of job: odds ratio 3.42 (95% CI: 2.95-3.90) for NCEP ATP-III and 3.57 (95% CI: 3.12-4.03) for IDF.

CONCLUSIONS

The profile of an individual at higher risk of developing MS under both criteria would be an older male, manual laborer, smoker, habitual alcohol consumer, sedentary, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and experiencing high levels of stress.

Time Restricted Eating: A Valuable Alternative to Calorie Restriction for Addressing Obesity?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review, we summarize the molecular effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) and its possible role in appetite regulation. We also discuss the potential clinical benefits of TRE in obesity.

RECENT FINDINGS

TRE is an emerging dietary approach consisting in limiting food intake to a specific window of time each day. The rationale behind this strategy is to restore the circadian misalignment, commonly seen in obesity. Preclinical studies have shown that restricting food intake only during the active phase of the day can positively influence several cellular functions including senescence, mitochondrial activity, inflammation, autophagy and nutrients' sensing pathways. Furthermore, TRE may play a role by modulating appetite and satiety hormones, though further research is needed to clarify its exact mechanisms. Clinical trials involving patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes suggest that TRE can be effective for weight loss, but its broader effects on improving other clinical outcomes, such as cardiovascular risk factors, remain less certain. The epidemic proportions of obesity cause urgency to find dietary, pharmacological and surgical interventions that can be effective in the medium and long term. According to its molecular effects, TRE can be an interesting alternative to caloric restriction in the treatment of obesity, but the considerable variability across clinical trials regarding population, intervention, and follow-up duration makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions.

Effects of early, late and self-selected time-restricted eating on visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic health in participants with overweight or obesity: a randomized controlled trial

The optimal eating window for time-restricted eating (TRE) remains unclear, particularly its impact on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which is associated with cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. We investigated the effects of three TRE schedules (8 h windows in the early day, late day and participant-chosen times) combined with usual care (UC, based on education about the Mediterranean diet) versus UC alone over 12 weeks in adults with overweight or obesity. The primary outcome was VAT changes measured by magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 197 participants were randomized to UC (n = 49), early TRE (n = 49), late TRE (n = 52) or self-selected TRE (n = 47). No significant differences were found in VAT changes between early TRE (mean difference (MD): -4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), -12 to 4; P = 0.87), late TRE (MD: -6%; 95% CI, -13 to 2; P = 0.31) and self-selected TRE (MD: -3%; 95% CI, -11 to 5; P ≥ 0.99) compared with UC, nor among the TRE groups (all P ≥ 0.99). No serious adverse events occurred; five participants reported mild adverse events. Adherence was high (85-88%) across TRE groups. These findings suggest that adding TRE, irrespective of eating window timing, offers no additional benefit over a Mediterranean diet alone in reducing VAT. TRE appears to be a safe, well-tolerated and feasible dietary approach for adults with overweight or obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05310721 .

Hyperuricemia-induced complications: dysfunctional macrophages serve as a potential bridge

With the changes in modern life, hyperuricemia (HUA) has become a serious universal health issue, leading to rising morbidity and mortality. Characterized by elevated levels of UA, HUA has become an independent risk factor for gout, chronic kidney disease, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. As HUA is a metabolic syndrome, the immune response is likely to play an active role throughout the whole process. Moreover, macrophages, as an indispensable component of the immune system, may serve as a promising target for addressing hyperuricemia-induced inflammation. Along with their precursor cells, monocytes, macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of HUA, primarily through three specific aspects, all of which are associated with inflammatory cytokines. The first mechanism involves direct action on urate transporters, such as URAT1 and ABCG2. The second mechanism is the modulation of inflammation, including targeting toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The third mechanism pertains to the effects on oxidative stress mediators. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of hyperuricemia, focusing on the effects of macrophages, therapeutic approaches, and clinical trials addressing hyperuricemia-caused dysfunction. Additionally, we highlight directions for future development, aiming to support future theoretical studies.

Adherence and Retention in Early or Late Time-Restricted Eating: A Narrative Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves reducing the time-period in which food is typically consumed daily. While TRE is known to induce health benefits, particularly for adults with obesity, there is currently debate about whether the time of day in which food is consumed also contributes to the health benefits of TRE. Early TRE (eTRE) and late TRE (lTRE) are subtypes of TRE that involve consuming food and caloric beverages either in the early or later part of the day. A growing body of literature indicates that eTRE may offer additional health benefits compared with lTRE. An important and unanswered question, however, is whether most adults can adhere to this type of eating pattern and whether adherence and retention differ between eTRE and lTRE. This narrative review compared adherence and retention in studies that implemented either eTRE or lTRE in adults for 8 weeks or longer. Five databases were searched, and 10 studies met our eligibility criteria. The key finding was that participants had high and comparable levels of adherence and retention in both eTRE and lTRE interventions. Specifically, the mean adherence rate was 81.4% for eTRE and 82.3% for lTRE, while the mean retention rate was 81% for eTRE and 85.8% for lTRE in eligible studies. Thus, the findings support the feasibility of both approaches. The lowest adherence and retention rates occurred in studies in which either eTRE or lTRE regimens were combined with other dietary interventions. Notably, the duration of the eating window did not seem to negatively affect adherence and retention rates for either eTRE or lTRE. More research is warranted to determine the influence of other factors, such as age and study location, on adherence to and retention of both eTRE and lTRE interventions.

Metabolic syndrome therapy in pediatric age - between classic and modern. From diets to pipeline drugs

The metabolic syndrome, made up of the sum of the entities that define it (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemias and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis) has gained an important place in the research of the last decades. This aspect is mainly due to the complexity of management in pediatric practice. The main directions in his approach therefore bring together the concern of counteracting the noise or systemic, of the multiple intercurrents at the physiopathological level, as well as the negative imprint exerted on the quality of life. Its appearance and evolution are currently controversial topics, but the influence of genetic predisposition and lifestyle (diet, physical activity, psychological balance) are certainties. Considering the escalation of the incident at the global level, it is self-evident that it is necessary to know the pathogenesis and practice countermeasures for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. The present work aims to summarize general aspects related to the metabolic syndrome encountered in pediatric age, with an emphasis on complementary therapeutic perspectives and their effectiveness, by analyzing the latest data from the specialized literature, accessed with the help of international databases (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar).

Time-restricted eating with or without a low-carbohydrate diet improved myocardial status and thyroid function in individuals with metabolic syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become urgent worldwide health problems, predisposing patients to unfavorable myocardial status and thyroid dysfunction. Low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and time-restricted eating (TRE) have been confirmed to be effective methods for weight management and improving MetS, but their effects on the myocardium and thyroid are unclear.

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis in a randomized clinical diet-induced weight-loss trial. Participants (N = 169) diagnosed with MetS were randomized to the LCD group, the 8 h TRE group, or the combination of the LCD and TRE group for 3 months. Myocardial enzymes and thyroid function were tested before and after the intervention. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation was assessed between functions of the myocardium and thyroid and cardiometabolic parameters at baseline.

RESULTS

A total of 162 participants who began the trial were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, and 57 participants who adhered to their assigned protocol were involved in the per-protocol (PP) analysis. Relative to baseline, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase MB, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and free triiodothyronine (FT3) declined, and free thyroxine (FT4) increased after all 3 interventions (both analyses). Creatine kinase (CK) decreased only in the TRE (- 18 [44] U/L, P < 0.001) and combination (- 22 [64] U/L, P = 0.003) groups (PP analysis). Thyrotropin (- 0.24 [0.83] μIU/mL, P = 0.011) and T3 (- 0.10 ± 0.04 ng/mL, P = 0.011) decreased in the combination group (ITT analysis). T4 (0.82 ± 0.39 μg/dL, P = 0.046), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb, 2 [1] %, P = 0.021), and thyroid microsomal antibodies (TMAb, 2 [2] %, P < 0.001) increased, while the T3/T4 ratio (- 0.01 ± 0.01, P = 0.020) decreased only in the TRE group (PP analysis). However, no significant difference between groups was observed in either analysis. At baseline, CK was positively correlated with the visceral fat area. FT3 was positively associated with triglycerides and total cholesterol. FT4 was negatively related to insulin and C-peptide levels. TgAb and TMAb were negatively correlated with the waist-to-hip ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

TRE with or without LCD confers remarkable metabolic benefits on myocardial status and thyroid function in subjects with MetS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04475822.

The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in hepatic insulin resistance and T2D

The root cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is insulin resistance (IR), defined by the failure of cells to respond to circulating insulin to maintain lipid and glucose homeostasis. While the causes of whole-body insulin resistance are multifactorial, a major contributing factor is dysregulation of liver and adipose tissue function. Adipose dysfunction, particularly adipose tissue-IR (adipo-IR), plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance and the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in the context of T2D. In this review, we will focus on molecular mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance and its association with adipose tissue function. A deeper understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the transition from a healthy state to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and T2D may enable us to prevent and intervene in the progression to T2D.

Time-restricted eating, the clock ticking behind the scenes

Introduction

Maintaining metabolic balance relies on accumulating nutrients during feeding periods and their subsequent release during fasting. In obesity and metabolic disorders, strategies aimed at reducing food intake while simulating fasting have garnered significant attention for weight loss. Caloric restriction (CR) diets and intermittent fasting (IF) interventions have emerged as effective approaches to improving cardiometabolic health. Although the comparative metabolic benefits of CR versus IF remain inconclusive, this review focuses on various forms of IF, particularly time-restricted eating (TRE).

Methods

This study employs a narrative review methodology, systematically collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting the existing literature on TRE and its metabolic effects. A comprehensive and unbiased search of relevant databases was conducted to identify pertinent studies, including pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials in humans. Keywords such as "Obesity," "Intermittent Fasting," "Time-restricted eating," "Chronotype," and "Circadian rhythms" guided the search. The selected studies were critically appraised based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, allowing for a thorough exploration and synthesis of current knowledge.

Results

This article synthesizes pre-clinical and clinical studies on TRE and its metabolic effects, providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and identifying gaps for future research. It explores the metabolic outcomes of recent clinical trials employing different TRE protocols in individuals with overweight, obesity, or type II diabetes, emphasizing the significance of individual chronotype, which is often overlooked in practice. In contrast to human studies, animal models underscore the role of the circadian clock in mitigating metabolic disturbances induced by obesity through time-restricted feeding (TRF) interventions. Consequently, we examine pre-clinical evidence supporting the interplay between the circadian clock and TRF interventions. Additionally, we provide insights into the role of the microbiota, which TRE can modulate and its influence on circadian rhythms.

The association between visceral fat obesity and prefrailty in Chinese older adults: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of obesity is escalating. Previous research has concentrated on the link between frailty and obesity; however, the association between prefrailty and obesity has been less studied. Prefrailty screening and intervention may prevent or postpone frailty in older persons.

OBJECTIVE

The study was to investigate into the relationship between prefrailty and several obesity indicators in Chinese community-dwelling older individuals.

METHODS

This research employed the Frailty Screening Index to investigate the frailty phenotype of people living in Shanghai. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used for evaluating body composition.

RESULTS

There were 510 participants (39.0%) with high visceral adipose areas. Participants with a high visceral adipose area showed a higher risk of prefrailty (adjusted OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.19-1.96), according to multivariate models. When body mass index (BMI) and visceral fat area (VFA) were combined, it was discovered that having an overweight BMI with normal VFA was a protective factor for prefrailty (corrected OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.90), but having a normal weight but excess VFA increased the risk of prefrailty (corrected OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.15-3.03).

CONCLUSION

Visceral fat obesity is an independent risk factor for prefrailty in Chinese older adults. Implementing targeted interventions, such as dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and other lifestyle changes, could play a crucial role in reducing the risk of prefrailty and improving overall health outcomes in this population.

Counting hours or calories? Metabolic regulatory role of time-restricted eating in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Time-restricted eating (TRE) effectively improves healthspan, including controlling obesity and improving metabolic health. To date, few meta-analyses have been conducted to explore the effects of various protocols of TRE in participants with overweight/obesity. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up until October 15, 2022. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of TRE on body weight, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in participants with overweight/obesity were included. Mean differences of changes from the baseline were used for all analyses between the two groups. Prespecified subgroup analyses based on different protocols of TRE were performed. Twenty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis with 1867 participants. TRE interventions led to significant changes in body weight. When energy restriction strategies were conducted in both the TRE and control groups, the weight-loss effect of TRE remained significant. TRE with 4 ∼ 8h feeding window, morning or late eating strategies, led to reduction in body weight and fat mass for at least 8 wk. Hence TRE is a potential and effective approach for weight loss for participants with overweight/obesity. An 8h-TRE intervention with a morning eating strategy for at least eight weeks might be the optimum TRE intervention mode.

Liver fat as a dietary target by Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy (CMNT) diet for treating type 2 diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often coexist and increase risk for developing liver fibrosis and diabetes complications if no effective measures are taken. Dietary intervention is known to be able to achieve diabetes remission, while evidence regarding the long-term effect on liver fat is limited for comorbidity management of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. This study aims to investigate the long-term effect of a Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy (CMNT) diet accompanied by intermittent energy restriction on reducing liver fat and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a multicentre two-armed parallel randomised controlled trial study. 120 participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD will be recruited from the physical examination centres of multiple hospitals in China. Participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either the CMNT group or the usual care group. The CMNT group will be instructed to consume the provided specific meal replacement Chinese medicinal foods consisting of 6 cycles of 5 consecutive days followed by 10 days of regular food intake. The usual care group will be given standard dietary advice. Primary outcomes are changes in the controlled attenuation parameter value by transient elastography and HbA1c level. Secondary outcomes include differences in anthropometrics, clinical blood markers, questionnaires, gut microbiota and metabolomics. Further follow-up will be performed at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Hunan Agricultural University (BRECHAU20200235).The results will be disseminated via relevant peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05439226.

Non-Interventional Weight Changes Are Associated with Alterations in Serum Uric Acid Levels

Background/Objectives: Serum uric acid is an established cardiovascular risk factor. Higher serum uric acid levels are associated with overweight and obesity. We assessed whether non-interventional weight changes affect serum uric acid levels. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 19,193 participants referred to annual medical screening. Body mass index (BMI) and serum uric acid were measured annually. Subjects were divided into five groups according to changes in BMI between visits: large reduction (reduction of more than 5% in BMI), moderate reduction (reduction of more than 2.5% and 5% or less in BMI), unchanged (up to 2.5% change in BMI), moderate increase (increase of more than 2.5% and 5% or less in BMI), and large increase (increase of more than 5% in BMI). The primary outcome was serum uric acid level changes between visits. Results: A decrease in serum uric acid levels was evident as BMI decreased and an increase in serum uric acid levels was associated with an increase in BMI. The proportion of patients whose serum uric acid levels were increased by at least 10% between visits increased with the relative increase in BMI, while the proportion of patients whose serum uric acid levels were reduced by at least 10% decreased with the relative decrease in BMI. Conclusions: Non-interventional weight changes, even modest, are associated with significant alterations in serum uric acid levels. Our findings may aid in better risk stratification and the primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Protocol for evaluating the effects of the Reducing Cardiometabolic Diseases Risk dietary pattern in the Chinese population with dyslipidaemia: a single-centre, open-label, dietary intervention study

INTRODUCTION

Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is the leading cause of mortality in China. A healthy diet plays an essential role in the occurrence and development of CMD. Although the Chinese heart-healthy diet is the first diet with cardiovascular benefits, a healthy dietary pattern that fits Chinese food culture that can effectively reduce the risk of CMD has not been found.

METHODS/DESIGN

The study is a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effect of the Reducing Cardiometabolic Diseases Risk (RCMDR) dietary pattern in reducing the risk of CMDs in people with dyslipidaemia and providing a reference basis for constructing a dietary pattern suitable for the prevention of CMDs in the Chinese population. Participants are men and women aged 35-45 years with dyslipidaemia in Tianjin. The target sample size is 100. After the run-in period, the participants will be randomised to the RCMDR dietary pattern intervention group or the general health education control group with a 1:1 ratio. The intervention phases will last 12 weeks, with a dietary intervention of 5 working days per week for participants in the intervention group. The primary outcome variable is the cardiometabolic risk score. The secondary outcome variables are blood lipid, blood pressure, blood glucose, body composition indices, insulin resistance and 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study complies with the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings and the Declaration of Helsinki. Signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (approval number: KY2023020). The results from the study will be disseminated through publications in a peer-reviewed journal.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300072472).

Circadian alignment of food intake and glycaemic control by time-restricted eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Daily rhythms of metabolic function are supported by molecular circadian clock systems that are strongly regulated by feeding and fasting. Intermittent fasting diets have been associated with weight loss and improved metabolism. However, the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on glycemic parameters are still under debate. In this review, we aim to systematically analyze the effects of TRE on glycemic parameters. We searched on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for controlled studies in which subjects followed TRE for at least 4 weeks. 20 studies were included in the qualitative systematic review, and 18 studies (n = 1169 subjects) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, TRE had no significant effect on fasting glucose (Hedges's g = -0.08; 95% CI:-0.31,0.16; p = 0.52), but it did reduce HbA1c levels (Hedges's g = -0.27; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.06; p = 0.01). TRE significantly reduced fasting insulin (Hedges's g = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.73,-0.08; p = 0.01) and showed a tendency to decrease HOMA-IR (Hedges's g = -0.32; 95% CI:-0.66,0.02; p = 0.06). Interestingly, a cumulative analysis showed that the beneficial effects of TRE regarding glucose levels were less apparent as studies with later TRE windows (lTRE) were being included. Indeed, a subgroup analysis of the early TRE (eTRE) studies revealed that fasting glucose was significantly reduced by eTRE (Hedges's g = -0.38; 95% CI:-0.62, -0.14; p < 0.01). Our meta-analysis suggests that TRE can reduce HbA1c and insulin levels, and that timing of food intake is a crucial factor in the metabolic benefit of TRE, as only eTRE is capable of reducing fasting glucose levels in subjects with overweight or obesity.PROSPERO registration number CRD42023405946.

Time-Restricted Eating and Bone Health: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Time-restricted eating (TRE) has emerged as a dietary strategy that restricts food consumption to a specific time window and is commonly applied to facilitate weight loss. The benefits of TRE on adipose tissue have been evidenced in human trials and animal models; however, its impact on bone tissue remains unclear. To systematically synthesize and examine the evidence on the impact of TRE on bone health (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover factors), PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases were systematically explored from inception to 1 October 2023 searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at determining the effects of TRE on bone health in adults (≥18 years). The Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA recommendations were followed. A total of seven RCTs involving 313 participants (19 to 68 years) were included, with an average length of 10.5 weeks (range: 4 to 24 weeks). Despite the significant weight loss reported in five out of seven studies when compared to the control, our meta-analysis showed no significant difference in BMD (g/cm2) between groups (MD = -0.009, 95% CI: -0.026 to 0.009, p = 0.328; I2 = 0%). BMC and bone turnover markers between TRE interventions and control conditions were not meta-analyzed because of scarcity of studies (less than five). Despite its short-term benefits on cardiometabolic health, TRE did not show detrimental effects on bone health outcomes compared to those in the control group. Nevertheless, caution should be taken when interpreting our results due to the scarcity of RCTs adequately powered to assess changes in bone outcomes.

Comparative efficacy of energy-restricted dietary interventions in overweight and obese populations: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

This meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of different energy-restricted diets on body composition, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese populations. Five databases were searched to identify relevant studies in English from inception until July 20, 2023, for randomized controlled trials of at least 2 weeks duration assessing the effects of continuous energy-restricted diets compared with any intermittent energy-restricted diet in obesity adults. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool version 2.0, while the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) system was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. A non-informative prior distribution Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Thirty-eight studies (3039 participants) assessing four energy-restricted diets were included. Three RCTs were at high risk of bias with a very low to moderate certainty of evidence. Combined with pairwise comparisons and surface under the cumulative ranking curve, alternate-day fasting may be the best energy restriction regimen with the potential to have the most beneficial effects on various aspects of the obesity population. More rigorously designed and long-term follow-up studies are warranted.

Does early time-restricted eating reduce body weight and preserve fat-free mass in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

This meta-analysis evaluated whether weight loss caused by early time-restricted eating could promote fat mass loss while preserving fat-free mass, thereby leading to improvements in inflammation and metabolic health.

METHODS

Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to March 28, 2023, were identified in six databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase.

RESULTS

We initially screened 1279 articles, thirteen RCTs with 859 patients were ultimately included. Compared with nontime-restricted eating, early time-restricted eating significantly reduced body weight (-1.84 kg [-2.28, -1.41]; I2 = 56 %; P < 0.00001), fat mass (-1.10 kg [-1.47, -0.74]; I2 = 42 %; P < 0.00001), waist circumstance (-3.21 cm [-3.90, -2.51]; I2 = 43 %; P < 0.00001), visceral fat area (-9.76 cm2 [-13.76, -5.75]; I2 = 2 %; P < 0.00001), and inflammation as measured by tumour necrosis factor-α (-1.36 pg/mL [-2.12, -0.60]; I2 = 42 %; P < 0.001). However, early time-restricted eating did not lead to a significant change in fat-free mass (-0.56 kg [-1.16, 0.03]; I2 = 59 %; P = 0.06). Subgroup analysis showed that the early time-restricted eating of the 16:08 (fasting-time versus eating-time) strategy had a superior effect on preserving fat-free mass (-0.25 kg [-0.68, 0.18]; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.25) while significantly reducing body weight (-1.60 kg [-2.09, -1.11]; I2 = 0 %; P < 0.001) and improving metabolic outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Early time-restricted eating, especially 16:08 strategy, appears to be an effective strategy to decrease body weight, fat mass, abdominal obesity and inflammation, but less likely to decrease fat-free mass.

The effects of time-restricted eating for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a significant global health concern. Numerous investigations have explored the implications of time-restricted eating (TRE) in the management of NAFLD. Therefore, the objective of our study was to conduct a systematic review to summarize and analyze all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TRE for patients with NAFLD. A thorough literature search was executed across Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases, covering all records from their inception until 1 September 2023. All clinical studies of TRE for NAFLD were summarized and analyzed. Our systematic review included four RCTs, encompassing a total of 443 NAFLD patients. These studies varied in sample size from 32 to 271 participants. The TRE intervention was consistently applied in an 8-h window, over durations ranging from 4 weeks to 12 months. The findings suggest that TRE could offer several health benefits for NAFLD patients, such as improved liver health indicators like liver stiffness and intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) levels. Consequently, TRE appears to be a promising dietary intervention for NAFLD patients. However, it is premature to recommend TRE for patients with NAFLD. The existing body of research on the effects of TRE in NAFLD contexts is limited, underscoring the need for further high-quality studies to expand our understanding of TRE's benefits in treating NAFLD. Ongoing clinical trials may provide more insights into the effects of TRE in NAFLD.

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Lipid Profile, Anthropometric and Hepatic Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

The first-line treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is lifestyle modification; this should accompany any pharmacological intervention. Intermittent fasting (IF) has shown benefits over metabolic and cardiovascular parameters. Non-religious IF includes Time-Restricted Feeding (TRF), Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF), and 5:2 IF interventions.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of IF on anthropometric, liver damage, and lipid profile markers in subjects with NAFLD.

METHODS

A bibliographic search was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using PubMed and Scopus databases.

RESULTS

Five studies involving 470 patients with NAFLD were included. In relation to anthropometric markers, all the articles reported body weight reduction (2.48-7.63%), but only ADF and 5:2 IF reported a body weight reduction >5%; also, all the articles reported fat mass reduction. Concerning hepatic markers, all the articles reported a reduction in hepatic steatosis and alanine aminotransferase activity, but no changes in fat-free mass and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. There were variable results on fibrosis, other liver enzymes, waist circumference and body mass index, as well as the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

CONCLUSION

Any form of IF could be potentially beneficial for NAFLD treatment and some associated cardiometabolic parameters. However, it is necessary to evaluate the effects and safety of IF in long-term studies involving a higher number of participants with different stages of NAFLD. The effect of IF on NAFLD-associated vascular risk also needs evaluation.

Efficacy of different 8 h time-restricted eating schedules on visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic health: A study protocol

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To investigate the efficacy and feasibility of three different 8 h time-restricted eating (TRE) schedules (i.e., early, late, and self-selected) compared to each other and to a usual-care (UC) intervention on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cardiometabolic health in men and women.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Anticipated 208 adults (50% women) aged 30-60 years, with overweight/obesity (25 ≤ BMI<40 kg/m2) and with mild metabolic impairments will be recruited for this parallel-group, multicenter randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to one of four groups for 12 weeks: UC, early TRE, late TRE or self-selected TRE. The UC group will maintain their habitual eating window and receive, as well as the TRE groups, healthy lifestyle education for weight management. The early TRE group will start eating not later than 10:00, and the late TRE group not before 13:00. The self-selected TRE group will select an 8 h eating window before the intervention and maintain it over the intervention. The primary outcome is changes in VAT, whereas secondary outcomes include body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSION

This study will determine whether the timing of the eating window during TRE impacts its efficacy on VAT, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors and provide insights about its feasibility.

Time-restricted feeding alleviates metabolic implications of circadian disruption by regulating gut hormone release and brown fat activation

Individuals with rotating and night shift work are highly susceptible to developing metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. This is primarily attributed to disruptions in the circadian rhythms caused by activities and irregular eating habits. Time-restricted feeding (tRF) limits the daily eating schedules and has been demonstrated to markedly improve several metabolic disorders. Although an intricate relationship exists between tRF and circadian rhythms, the underlying specific mechanism remains elusive. We used a sleep disruption device for activity interference and established a model of circadian rhythm disorder in mice with different genetic backgrounds. We found that circadian rhythm disruption led to abnormal hormone secretion in the gut and elevated insulin resistance. tRF improved metabolic abnormalities caused by circadian rhythm disruption, primarily by restoring the gut hormone secretion rhythm and activating brown fat thermogenesis. The crucial function of brown fat in tRF was confirmed using a mouse model with brown fat removal. We demonstrated that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) effectively improved circadian rhythm disruption-induced metabolic disorders by restoring brown fat activation. Our findings demonstrate the potential benefits of CDCA in reversing metabolic disadvantages associated with irregular circadian rhythms.

Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating with Caloric Restriction vs. Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss and Health: Meta-Analysis

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is an increasingly popular dietary strategy for weight loss. Recent studies suggest that combining TRE with caloric restriction (CR) may have more favorable effects on both physical and biochemical aspects when compared with CR alone. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the effects of TRE with CR vs. CR alone on anthropometric and biochemical measures in overweight or obese adults. We reviewed articles from PubMed, Web of science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library published before 25 May 2023. The meta-analysis incorporated data from seven randomized controlled trials of nine interventions, with a total of 231 participants in the TRE with CR group and 227 participants in the CR-only group. Data were analyzed using RewMan version 5.4.1. All results in our meta-analysis were described as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (Cl). Results showed that TRE with CR compared to CR alone resulted in significantly greater reductions in body weight (MD: -2.11 kg, 95% CI: -2.68 kg to -1.54 kg, p = < 0.00001, I2 = 42%), body fat mass (MD: -0.75 kg, 95% CI: -1.35 kg to -0.16 kg, p = 0.01; I2 = 0%), and waist circumference (MD: -1.27 cm, 95% CI: -2.36 cm to -0.19 cm, p = 0.02, I2 = 0%), while no additional impact of TRE in combination with CR in comparison to CR on serum biochemical parameters were found. Our results suggest that the improvement in biochemical parameters are mainly caused by CR, while improvements in anthropometric parameters are further enhanced by TRE.

Time-Restricted Eating and Its Metabolic Benefits

Newer management strategies are being evaluated to treat obesity, which continues to increase worldwide. After 12 h of fasting, the body switches from glucose to fat metabolism, regulating protein synthesis and autophagy. These cellular responses are central to the metabolic benefits of time-restricted eating (TRE), independent of calorie restriction and weight loss, and they have heightened interest in TRE regimens. Controversy remains, however, regarding the benefits of TRE regimens. We reviewed the current literature and concluded that TRE is equivalent to calorie restriction for weight loss and has positive effects for patients with diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating windows on human metabolic health: pooled analysis of existing cohorts

BACKGROUND

Time-restricted eating (TRE), a feasible form of intermittent fasting, has been proven to benefit metabolic health in animal models and humans. To our knowledge, specific guidance on the appropriate period for eating during TRE has not yet been promoted. Therefore, to compare and assess the relative effectiveness estimates and rankings of TRE with different eating windows on human metabolic health, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA).

METHOD

PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared different eating windows on human metabolic health for adults. A Bayesian NMA was used to compare direct and indirect effects to determine the best different eating windows, and scientific evidence using GRADE.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven RCTs comparing TRE with different eating windows on human metabolic health were reviewed, and all were included in the NMA. Compared with the normal diet group (non-TRE), the TRE group has certain benefits in reducing weight and fasting insulin. In terms of reducing fasting insulin, the 18:6 group (eating time = 6 h) was better than the 14:10 group (eating time = 10 h) and 16:8 group (eating time = 8 h) (P < 0.05); The < 6 group (eating time < 6 h) was better than the 14:10 group (P < 0.05). In terms of reducing fasting glucose, the < 6 group was better than the 14:10 group (P < 0.05). There were no statistical variations in weight, HDL, TG, and LDL across the different modes of TRE (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our research showed that no particular metabolic advantages of various eating windows were found. Therefore, our results suggested that different eating windows could promote similar benefits for metabolic parameters.

Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications

Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant defence mechanisms leads to cellular damage and dysfunction. In diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to increased ROS production, further exacerbating oxidative stress. This oxidative burden adversely affects various aspects of diabetes, including impaired beta-cell function and insulin resistance, leading to disrupted glucose regulation. Additionally, oxidative stress-induced damage to blood vessels and impaired endothelial function contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, organs and tissues throughout the body, including the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, are vulnerable to oxidative stress, resulting in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Strategies to mitigate oxidative stress in diabetes include antioxidant therapy, lifestyle modifications, and effective management of hyperglycaemia. However, further research is necessary to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress in diabetes and to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant interventions in preventing and treating diabetic complications. By addressing oxidative stress, it might be possible to alleviate the burden of diabetes and improve patient outcomes.

Feasibility of time-restricted eating in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes: A systematic scoping review

OBJECTIVE

This systematic scoping review aimed to map and synthesize research on feasibility of time-restricted eating (TRE) in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes, including recruitment rate, retention rate, safety, adherence, and participants' attitudes, experiences, and perspectives.

METHODS

The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from inception to November 22, 2022, supplemented by backward and forward citation search.

RESULTS

From 4219 identified records, 28 studies were included. In general, recruitment was easy and median retention rate was 95% among studies with <12 weeks duration and 89% among studies ≥12 weeks. Median (range) adherence to the target eating window for studies <12 and ≥12 weeks was 89% (75%-98%) and 81% (47%-93%), respectively. Variation in adherence among participants and studies was considerable, indicating that following TRE was difficult for some people and that intervention conditions influenced adherence. These findings were supported by qualitative data synthetized from seven studies, and determinants of adherence included calorie-free beverages outside the eating window, provision of support, and influence on the eating window. No serious adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

TRE is implementable, acceptable, and safe in populations with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes, but it should be accompanied by support and options for individual adjustments.

"Effect of time-restricted feeding on high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in Drosophila melanogaster"

BACKGROUND

Metabolic alterations associated with obesity have been related to chronodisruption i.e., the desynchronization of molecular clocks that regulate circadian rhythms. The search for tools that improve the dietary treatment of obesity has recently focused on behaviors related to chronodisruption, and intermittent fasting is increasingly gaining interest. Studies in animal models have identified the benefits of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on metabolic alterations associated with changes in circadian rhythms induced by a high-fat diet. We aimed to evaluate the effect of TRF in flies with metabolic damage and chronodisruption.

METHODS

Using high-fat diet fed Drosophila melanogaster as a model of metabolic damage and chronodisruption, we determined the impact of 12-h TRF on metabolic and molecular markers. Flies with metabolic dysfunction were switched to a control diet and randomly assigned to Ad libitum or a TRF regimen for seven days. We evaluated total triglyceride content, glycemia, weight, and 24 h mRNA expression rhythms of Nlaz (insulin resistance marker), clock genes (circadian rhythm molecular markers), and the neuropeptide Cch-amide2.

RESULTS

Flies with metabolic damage that received TRF showed lower total triglyceride content, Nlaz expression, circulating glucose, and weight compared to Ad libitum. We observed the recovery of some of the high-fat diet-induced alterations in the amplitude of the circadian rhythm, particularly in the peripheral clock.

CONCLUSIONS

TRF produced a partial reversal of metabolic dysfunction and chronodisruption of circadian cycles.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

TRF could be a useful tool to help to ameliorate metabolic and chronobiologic damage induced by a high-fat diet.