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Yang S, Zheng C, Xia C, Kang J, Gu L. Detection of positive selection on depression-associated genes. Heredity (Edinb) 2025; 134:263-272. [PMID: 40075226 PMCID: PMC12056014 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Although depression significantly impacts fitness, some hypotheses suggest that it may offer a survival benefit. However, there has been limited systematic investigation into the selection pressures acting on genes associated with depression at the genomic level. Here, we conducted comparative genomic analyses and computational molecular evolutionary analyses on 320 depression-associated genes at two levels, i.e., across the primate phylogeny (long timescale selection) and in modern human populations (recent selection). We identified seven genes under positive selection in the human lineage, and 46 genes under positive selection in modern human populations. Most positively selected variants in modern human populations were at UTR regions and non-coding exons, indicating the importance of gene expression regulation in the evolution of depression-associated genes. Positively selected genes are not only related to immune responses, but also function in reproduction and dietary adaptation. Notably, the proportion of depression-associated genes under positive selection was significantly higher than the positively selected genes at the genome-wide average level in African, East Asian, and South Asian populations. We also identified two positively selected loci that happened to be associated with depression in the South Asian population. Our study revealed that depression-associated genes are subject to varying selection pressures across different populations. We suggest that, in precision medicine-particularly in gene therapy-it is crucial to consider the specific functions of genes within distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China
| | - Chenqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Canwei Xia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jihui Kang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Langyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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2
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Dalgliesh C, Aldalaqan S, Atallah C, Best A, Scott E, Ehrmann I, Merces G, Mannion J, Badurova B, Sandher R, Illing Y, Wirth B, Wells S, Codner G, Teboul L, Smith GR, Hedley A, Herbert M, de Rooij DG, Miles C, Reynard LN, Elliott DJ. An ultra-conserved poison exon in the Tra2b gene encoding a splicing activator is essential for male fertility and meiotic cell division. EMBO J 2025; 44:877-902. [PMID: 39748121 PMCID: PMC11791180 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
The cellular concentrations of splicing factors (SFs) are critical for controlling alternative splicing. Most serine and arginine-enriched (SR) protein SFs regulate their own concentration via a homeostatic feedback mechanism that involves regulation of inclusion of non-coding 'poison exons' (PEs) that target transcripts for nonsense-mediated decay. The importance of SR protein PE splicing during animal development is largely unknown despite PE ultra-conservation across animal genomes. To address this, we used mouse genetics to disrupt an ultra-conserved PE in the Tra2b gene encoding the SR protein Tra2β. Focussing on germ cell development, we found that Tra2b PE deletion causes azoospermia due to catastrophic cell death during meiotic prophase. Failure to proceed through meiosis was associated with increased Tra2b expression sufficient to drive aberrant Tra2β protein hyper-responsive splice patterns. Although critical for meiotic prophase, Tra2b PE deletion spared earlier mitotically active germ cells, even though these still required Tra2b gene function. Our data indicate that PE splicing control prevents the accumulation of toxic levels of Tra2β protein that are incompatible with meiotic prophase. This unexpected connection with male fertility helps explain Tra2b PE ultra-conservation and indicates the importance of evaluating PE function in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dalgliesh
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Saad Aldalaqan
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Christian Atallah
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew Best
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ingrid Ehrmann
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - George Merces
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Innovation, Methodology and Application (IMA) Research Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Image Analysis Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joel Mannion
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbora Badurova
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Raveen Sandher
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ylva Illing
- University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Wells
- The Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gemma Codner
- The Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Graham R Smith
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mary Herbert
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Miles
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Louise N Reynard
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute (NUBI), Central Parkway, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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3
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Rosalinda E, Sasongko H, Maharani D. Polymorphism of the prolactin gene and its association with reproductive traits in F2 local crossed chickens. Vet World 2025; 18:29-39. [PMID: 40041506 PMCID: PMC11873387 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.29-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Reproductive traits are crucial for genetic improvement in chickens. Prolactin (PRL) is a gene involved in a complex hormonal network that regulates reproduction in chickens. In this study, three local chicken breeds were crossed and had been produce a second filial (F2) generation, referred to as the F2 local crossed chicken. This study aimed to evaluate reproductive traits, identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and assess genetic variation in the PRL gene of F2 local crossed chickens. Materials and Methods Data on reproductive traits, including body weight (BW) at first egg laying, total egg production (EP) at the first 90 days of laying eggs, egg weight (EW), egg length (EL), and egg width (EWd), and blood samples from 60 hens of F2 local crossed chicken (Merawang × Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan [KUB], n= 30; Murung Panggang × KUB [MP × KUB], n= 30) were collected. SNPs within PRL gene were identified using BioEdit version 7.0. Genetic diversity was calculated using Popgen 1.32. Statistical analysis of reproductive traits and its association with genotypes were assessed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 20. Results Crossing patterns had no significant effect on reproductive traits (p > 0.05), except for EWd (p < 0.05). Five polymorphic SNPs were identified in exon 5 of the PRL gene: 8052T>C, 8113G>C, 8187C>T, 8188G>A, and 8321C>T. Observed and expected heterozygosity range from 0.15-0.52 and 0.14-0.38, respectively. All SNPs were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium based on Chi-square test (χ2 <3.841), except for SNP 8052T>C in F2 crossing of MP × KUB. SNP 8052T>C was significantly associated with BW (p < 0.05), with TT genotype chickens showing higher BW. SNP 8187C>T was associated with EW and EL (p < 0.05), with CT genotype chickens having higher values for both traits. Conclusion This study demonstrates the significant role of the PRL gene in influencing reproductive traits in F2 local crossed chickens. While crossing patterns showed limited impact, specific SNPs in exon 5 of the PRL gene were associated with BW, EW, and EL. The findings highlight PRL gene polymorphisms as valuable markers for improving reproductive traits in poultry breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ega Rosalinda
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heru Sasongko
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Maharani
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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4
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Gallardo-Dodd CJ, Kutter C. The regulatory landscape of interacting RNA and protein pools in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:109. [PMID: 39334294 PMCID: PMC11437681 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological systems encompass intricate networks governed by RNA-protein interactions that play pivotal roles in cellular functions. RNA and proteins constituting 1.1% and 18% of the mammalian cell weight, respectively, orchestrate vital processes from genome organization to translation. To date, disentangling the functional fraction of the human genome has presented a major challenge, particularly for noncoding regions, yet recent discoveries have started to unveil a host of regulatory functions for noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). While ncRNAs exist at different sizes, structures, degrees of evolutionary conservation and abundances within the cell, they partake in diverse roles either alone or in combination. However, certain ncRNA subtypes, including those that have been described or remain to be discovered, are poorly characterized given their heterogeneous nature. RNA activity is in most cases coordinated through interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Extensive efforts are being made to accurately reconstruct RNA-RBP regulatory networks, which have provided unprecedented insight into cellular physiology and human disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of RNAs and RBPs, focusing on how their interactions generate functional signals in living cells, particularly in the context of post-transcriptional regulatory processes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Gallardo-Dodd
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
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5
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Chen Y, Dawes R, Kim HC, Ljungdahl A, Stenton SL, Walker S, Lord J, Lemire G, Martin-Geary AC, Ganesh VS, Ma J, Ellingford JM, Delage E, D'Souza EN, Dong S, Adams DR, Allan K, Bakshi M, Baldwin EE, Berger SI, Bernstein JA, Bhatnagar I, Blair E, Brown NJ, Burrage LC, Chapman K, Coman DJ, Compton AG, Cunningham CA, D'Souza P, Danecek P, Délot EC, Dias KR, Elias ER, Elmslie F, Evans CA, Ewans L, Ezell K, Fraser JL, Gallacher L, Genetti CA, Goriely A, Grant CL, Haack T, Higgs JE, Hinch AG, Hurles ME, Kuechler A, Lachlan KL, Lalani SR, Lecoquierre F, Leitão E, Fevre AL, Leventer RJ, Liebelt JE, Lindsay S, Lockhart PJ, Ma AS, Macnamara EF, Mansour S, Maurer TM, Mendez HR, Metcalfe K, Montgomery SB, Moosajee M, Nassogne MC, Neumann S, O'Donoghue M, O'Leary M, Palmer EE, Pattani N, Phillips J, Pitsava G, Pysar R, Rehm HL, Reuter CM, Revencu N, Riess A, Rius R, Rodan L, Roscioli T, Rosenfeld JA, Sachdev R, Shaw-Smith CJ, Simons C, Sisodiya SM, Snell P, St Clair L, Stark Z, Stewart HS, Tan TY, Tan NB, Temple SEL, Thorburn DR, Tifft CJ, Uebergang E, VanNoy GE, Vasudevan P, Vilain E, Viskochil DH, et alChen Y, Dawes R, Kim HC, Ljungdahl A, Stenton SL, Walker S, Lord J, Lemire G, Martin-Geary AC, Ganesh VS, Ma J, Ellingford JM, Delage E, D'Souza EN, Dong S, Adams DR, Allan K, Bakshi M, Baldwin EE, Berger SI, Bernstein JA, Bhatnagar I, Blair E, Brown NJ, Burrage LC, Chapman K, Coman DJ, Compton AG, Cunningham CA, D'Souza P, Danecek P, Délot EC, Dias KR, Elias ER, Elmslie F, Evans CA, Ewans L, Ezell K, Fraser JL, Gallacher L, Genetti CA, Goriely A, Grant CL, Haack T, Higgs JE, Hinch AG, Hurles ME, Kuechler A, Lachlan KL, Lalani SR, Lecoquierre F, Leitão E, Fevre AL, Leventer RJ, Liebelt JE, Lindsay S, Lockhart PJ, Ma AS, Macnamara EF, Mansour S, Maurer TM, Mendez HR, Metcalfe K, Montgomery SB, Moosajee M, Nassogne MC, Neumann S, O'Donoghue M, O'Leary M, Palmer EE, Pattani N, Phillips J, Pitsava G, Pysar R, Rehm HL, Reuter CM, Revencu N, Riess A, Rius R, Rodan L, Roscioli T, Rosenfeld JA, Sachdev R, Shaw-Smith CJ, Simons C, Sisodiya SM, Snell P, St Clair L, Stark Z, Stewart HS, Tan TY, Tan NB, Temple SEL, Thorburn DR, Tifft CJ, Uebergang E, VanNoy GE, Vasudevan P, Vilain E, Viskochil DH, Wedd L, Wheeler MT, White SM, Wojcik M, Wolfe LA, Wolfenson Z, Wright CF, Xiao C, Zocche D, Rubenstein JL, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Fica SM, Baralle D, Depienne C, MacArthur DG, Howson JMM, Sanders SJ, O'Donnell-Luria A, Whiffin N. De novo variants in the RNU4-2 snRNA cause a frequent neurodevelopmental syndrome. Nature 2024; 632:832-840. [PMID: 38991538 PMCID: PMC11338827 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07773-7] [Show More Authors] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Around 60% of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) remain undiagnosed after comprehensive genetic testing, primarily of protein-coding genes1. Large genome-sequenced cohorts are improving our ability to discover new diagnoses in the non-coding genome. Here we identify the non-coding RNA RNU4-2 as a syndromic NDD gene. RNU4-2 encodes the U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is a critical component of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex of the major spliceosome2. We identify an 18 base pair region of RNU4-2 mapping to two structural elements in the U4/U6 snRNA duplex (the T-loop and stem III) that is severely depleted of variation in the general population, but in which we identify heterozygous variants in 115 individuals with NDD. Most individuals (77.4%) have the same highly recurrent single base insertion (n.64_65insT). In 54 individuals in whom it could be determined, the de novo variants were all on the maternal allele. We demonstrate that RNU4-2 is highly expressed in the developing human brain, in contrast to RNU4-1 and other U4 homologues. Using RNA sequencing, we show how 5' splice-site use is systematically disrupted in individuals with RNU4-2 variants, consistent with the known role of this region during spliceosome activation. Finally, we estimate that variants in this 18 base pair region explain 0.4% of individuals with NDD. This work underscores the importance of non-coding genes in rare disorders and will provide a diagnosis to thousands of individuals with NDD worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Chen
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruebena Dawes
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alicia Ljungdahl
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah L Stenton
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jenny Lord
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gabrielle Lemire
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Martin-Geary
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vijay S Ganesh
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialan Ma
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Genomics England, London, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Erwan Delage
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elston N D'Souza
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shan Dong
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Adams
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Allan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madhura Bakshi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin E Baldwin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ishita Bhatnagar
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ed Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha J Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly Chapman
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David J Coman
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith university, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison G Compton
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe A Cunningham
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Precilla D'Souza
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Emmanuèle C Délot
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kerith-Rae Dias
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen R Elias
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Frances Elmslie
- South West Thames Centre for Genomics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Care-Anne Evans
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick Genomics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Ewans
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, North South Wales, Australia
| | - Kimberly Ezell
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lyndon Gallacher
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Goriely
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina L Grant
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jenny E Higgs
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anjali G Hinch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alma Kuechler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katherine L Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - François Lecoquierre
- University of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, Rouen, France
| | - Elsa Leitão
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Le Fevre
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan E Liebelt
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics Unit, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Lindsay
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan S Ma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Specialty of Genomic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen F Macnamara
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Centre for Genomics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Taylor M Maurer
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hector R Mendez
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kay Metcalfe
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Department of Genetics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marie-Cécile Nassogne
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut des Maladies Rares, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serena Neumann
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Melanie O'Leary
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikhil Pattani
- South West Thames Centre for Genomics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Phillips
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Georgia Pitsava
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Pysar
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe M Reuter
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angelika Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rocio Rius
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lance Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick Genomics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles J Shaw-Smith
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Peninsula Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Cas Simons
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK
| | - Penny Snell
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura St Clair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen S Stewart
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie B Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanna E L Temple
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eloise Uebergang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grace E VanNoy
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Eric Vilain
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Viskochil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura Wedd
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Wojcik
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoe Wolfenson
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Changrui Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Zocche
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospitals, London, UK
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eirene Markenscoff-Papadimitriou
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana Baralle
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Human Genetics Centre of Excellence, Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne O'Donnell-Luria
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Susgun S, Yucesan E, Goncu B, Hasanoglu Sayin S, Kina UY, Ozgul C, Duzenli OF, Kocaturk O, Calik M, Ozbek U, Ugur Iseri SA. Two rare autosomal recessive neurological disorders identified by combined genetic approaches in a single consanguineous family with multiple offspring. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2271-2277. [PMID: 38012464 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) refer to a broad range of diseases including developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder caused by dysfunctions in tightly controlled brain development. The genetic backgrounds of NDDs are quite heterogeneous; to date, recessive or dominant variations in numerous genes have been implicated. Herein, we present a large consanguineous family from Turkiye, who has been suffering from NDDs with two distinct clinical presentations. METHODS AND RESULTS Combined in-depth genetic approaches led us to identify a homozygous frameshift variant in NALCN related to NDD and expansion of dodecamer repeat in CSTB related to Unverricht-Lundborg disease (ULD). Additionally, we sought to functionally analyze the NALCN variant in terms of mRNA expression level and current alteration. We have both detected a decrease in the level of premature stop codon-bearing mRNA possibly through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism and also an increased current in patch-clamp recordings for the expressed truncated protein. CONCLUSION In conclusion, increased consanguinity may lead to the revealing of distinct rare neurogenetic diseases in a single family. Exome sequencing is generally considered the first-tier diagnostic test in individuals with NDD. Yet we underline the fact that customized approaches other than exome sequencing may be used as in the case of ULD to aid diagnosis and better genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Susgun
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Vakif Gureba Cad., 34093, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emrah Yucesan
- Department of Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beyza Goncu
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Umit Yasar Kina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Ozgul
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Duzenli
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Vakif Gureba Cad., 34093, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozcan Kocaturk
- Department of Neurology, Interventional Neurology, Balıkesir Atatürk City Hospital, Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Calik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ugur Ozbek
- IBG-Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sibel Aylin Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Vakif Gureba Cad., 34093, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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7
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Chen Y, Dawes R, Kim HC, Stenton SL, Walker S, Ljungdahl A, Lord J, Ganesh VS, Ma J, Martin-Geary AC, Lemire G, D’Souza EN, Dong S, Ellingford JM, Adams DR, Allan K, Bakshi M, Baldwin EE, Berger SI, Bernstein JA, Brown NJ, Burrage LC, Chapman K, Compton AG, Cunningham CA, D’Souza P, Délot EC, Dias KR, Elias ER, Evans CA, Ewans L, Ezell K, Fraser JL, Gallacher L, Genetti CA, Grant CL, Haack T, Kuechler A, Lalani SR, Leitão E, Fevre AL, Leventer RJ, Liebelt JE, Lockhart PJ, Ma AS, Macnamara EF, Maurer TM, Mendez HR, Montgomery SB, Nassogne MC, Neumann S, O’Leary M, Palmer EE, Phillips J, Pitsava G, Pysar R, Rehm HL, Reuter CM, Revencu N, Riess A, Rius R, Rodan L, Roscioli T, Rosenfeld JA, Sachdev R, Simons C, Sisodiya SM, Snell P, Clair L, Stark Z, Tan TY, Tan NB, Temple SEL, Thorburn DR, Tifft CJ, Uebergang E, VanNoy GE, Vilain E, Viskochil DH, Wedd L, Wheeler MT, White SM, Wojcik M, Wolfe LA, Wolfenson Z, Xiao C, Zocche D, Rubenstein JL, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Fica SM, Baralle D, Depienne C, MacArthur DG, Howson JMM, Sanders SJ, O’Donnell-Luria A, Whiffin N. De novo variants in the non-coding spliceosomal snRNA gene RNU4-2 are a frequent cause of syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.07.24305438. [PMID: 38645094 PMCID: PMC11030480 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.07.24305438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Around 60% of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) remain undiagnosed after comprehensive genetic testing, primarily of protein-coding genes1. Increasingly, large genome-sequenced cohorts are improving our ability to discover new diagnoses in the non-coding genome. Here, we identify the non-coding RNA RNU4-2 as a novel syndromic NDD gene. RNU4-2 encodes the U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is a critical component of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex of the major spliceosome2. We identify an 18 bp region of RNU4-2 mapping to two structural elements in the U4/U6 snRNA duplex (the T-loop and Stem III) that is severely depleted of variation in the general population, but in which we identify heterozygous variants in 119 individuals with NDD. The vast majority of individuals (77.3%) have the same highly recurrent single base-pair insertion (n.64_65insT). We estimate that variants in this region explain 0.41% of individuals with NDD. We demonstrate that RNU4-2 is highly expressed in the developing human brain, in contrast to its contiguous counterpart RNU4-1 and other U4 homologs, supporting RNU4-2's role as the primary U4 transcript in the brain. Overall, this work underscores the importance of non-coding genes in rare disorders. It will provide a diagnosis to thousands of individuals with NDD worldwide and pave the way for the development of effective treatments for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Chen
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruebena Dawes
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Stenton
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alicia Ljungdahl
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jenny Lord
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Vijay S Ganesh
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialan Ma
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Martin-Geary
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabrielle Lemire
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elston N D’Souza
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shan Dong
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Genomics England, London, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David R Adams
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Allan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhura Bakshi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin E Baldwin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Seth I Berger
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natasha J Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly Chapman
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alison G Compton
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chloe A Cunningham
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Precilla D’Souza
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuèle C Délot
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kerith-Rae Dias
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellen R Elias
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carey-Anne Evans
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick Genomics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Ewans
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberly Ezell
- Division of Medical Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lyndon Gallacher
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina L Grant
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elsa Leitão
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Le Fevre
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan E Liebelt
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics Unit, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Repromed, Dulwich, SA, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan S Ma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Genomic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellen F Macnamara
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor M Maurer
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hector R Mendez
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Department of Genetics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Cécile Nassogne
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut des Maladies Rares, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serena Neumann
- Division of Medical Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melanie O’Leary
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John Phillips
- Division of Medical Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Georgia Pitsava
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Pysar
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe M Reuter
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angelika Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rocio Rius
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lance Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick Genomics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Penny Snell
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Clair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie B Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanna EL Temple
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Childrens’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eloise Uebergang
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grace E VanNoy
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Viskochil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura Wedd
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- GREGoR Stanford Site, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica Wojcik
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoe Wolfenson
- Undiagnosed Disesases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changrui Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David Zocche
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Mark’s Hospitals, London, UK
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Eirene Markenscoff-Papadimitriou
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Diana Baralle
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna MM Howson
- Human Genetics Centre of Excellence, Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anne O’Donnell-Luria
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Stott J, Wright T, Holmes J, Wilson J, Griffiths-Jones S, Foster D, Wright B. A systematic review of non-coding RNA genes with differential expression profiles associated with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287131. [PMID: 37319303 PMCID: PMC10270643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify differential expression of shorter non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). BACKGROUND ncRNA are functional molecules that derive from non-translated DNA sequence. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) have approved ncRNA gene classes with alignment to the reference human genome. One subset is microRNA (miRNA), which are highly conserved, short RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by direct post-transcriptional repression of messenger RNA. Several miRNA genes are implicated in the development and regulation of the nervous system. Expression of miRNA genes in ASD cohorts have been examined by multiple research groups. Other shorter classes of ncRNA have been examined less. A comprehensive systematic review examining expression of shorter ncRNA gene classes in ASD is timely to inform the direction of research. METHODS We extracted data from studies examining ncRNA gene expression in ASD compared with non-ASD controls. We included studies on miRNA, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), small NF90 (ILF3) associated RNA (snaR), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), vault RNA (vtRNA) and Y RNA. The following electronic databases were searched: Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC, AMED and CINAHL for papers published from January 2000 to May 2022. Studies were screened by two independent investigators with a third resolving discrepancies. Data was extracted from eligible papers. RESULTS Forty-eight eligible studies were included in our systematic review with the majority examining miRNA gene expression alone. Sixty-four miRNA genes had differential expression in ASD compared to controls as reported in two or more studies, but often in opposing directions. Four miRNA genes had differential expression in the same direction in the same tissue type in at least 3 separate studies. Increased expression was reported in miR-106b-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-146a-5p in blood, post-mortem brain, and across several tissue types, respectively. Decreased expression was reported in miR-328-3p in bloods samples. Seven studies examined differential expression from other classes of ncRNA, including piRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and Y RNA. No individual ncRNA genes were reported in more than one study. Six studies reported differentially expressed snoRNA genes in ASD. A meta-analysis was not possible because of inconsistent methodologies, disparate tissue types examined, and varying forms of data presented. CONCLUSION There is limited but promising evidence associating the expression of certain miRNA genes and ASD, although the studies are of variable methodological quality and the results are largely inconsistent. There is emerging evidence associating differential expression of snoRNA genes in ASD. It is not currently possible to say whether the reports of differential expression in ncRNA may relate to ASD aetiology, a response to shared environmental factors linked to ASD such as sleep and nutrition, other molecular functions, human diversity, or chance findings. To improve our understanding of any potential association, we recommend improved and standardised methodologies and reporting of raw data. Further high-quality research is required to shine a light on possible associations, which may yet yield important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Stott
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Foss Park Hospital, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wright
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jannah Holmes
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Foster
- Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Foss Park Hospital, York, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Wright
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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