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Maklad A, Sedeeq M, Chan KM, Gueven N, Azimi I. Exploring Lin28 proteins: Unravelling structure and functions with emphasis on nervous system malignancies. Life Sci 2023; 335:122275. [PMID: 37984514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and stem cells share many characteristics related to self-renewal and differentiation. Both cell types express the same critical proteins that govern cellular stemness, which provide cancer cells with the growth and survival benefits of stem cells. LIN28 is an example of one such protein. LIN28 includes two main isoforms, LIN28A and LIN28B, with diverse physiological functions from tissue development to control of pluripotency. In addition to their physiological roles, LIN28A and LIN28B affect the progression of several cancers by regulating multiple cancer hallmarks. Altered expression levels of LIN28A and LIN28B have been proposed as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for various malignancies. This review discusses the structure and modes of action of the different LIN28 proteins and examines their roles in regulating cancer hallmarks with a focus on malignancies of the nervous system. This review also highlights some gaps in the field that require further exploration to assess the potential of targeting LIN28 proteins for controlling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maklad
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mohammed Sedeeq
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kai Man Chan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iman Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Subramani M, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Reproducible generation of human retinal ganglion cells from banked retinal progenitor cells: analysis of target recognition and IGF-1-mediated axon regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214104. [PMID: 37519299 PMCID: PMC10373790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common feature in glaucoma, a complex group of diseases, leading to irreversible vision loss. Stem cell-based glaucoma disease modeling, cell replacement, and axon regeneration are viable approaches to understand mechanisms underlying glaucomatous degeneration for neuroprotection, ex vivo stem cell therapy, and therapeutic regeneration. These approaches require direct and facile generation of human RGCs (hRGCs) from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we demonstrate a method for rapid generation of hRGCs from banked human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) by recapitulating the developmental mechanism. The resulting hRGCs are stable, functional, and transplantable and have the potential for target recognition, demonstrating their suitability for both ex vivo stem cell approaches to glaucomatous degeneration and disease modeling. Additionally, we demonstrate that hRGCs derived from banked hRPCs are capable of regenerating their axons through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involving insulin-like growth factor 1 and the mTOR axis, demonstrating their potential to identify and characterize the underlying mechanism(s) that can be targeted for therapeutic regeneration.
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Hills R, Mossman JA, Bratt-Leal AM, Tran H, Williams RM, Stouffer DG, Sokolova IV, Sanna PP, Loring JF, Lelos MJ. Neurite Outgrowth and Gene Expression Profile Correlate with Efficacy of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dopamine Neuron Grafts. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:387-397. [PMID: 37166357 PMCID: PMC10398740 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic (iPSC-DA) neurons is a promising therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). To assess optimal cell characteristics and reproducibility, we evaluated the efficacy of iPSC-DA neuron precursors from two individuals with sporadic PD by transplantation into a hemiparkinsonian rat model after differentiation for either 18 (d18) or 25 days (d25). We found similar graft size and dopamine (DA) neuron content in both groups, but only the d18 cells resulted in recovery of motor impairments. In contrast, we report that d25 grafts survived equally as well and produced grafts rich in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, but were incapable of alleviating any motor deficits. We identified the mechanism of action as the extent of neurite outgrowth into the host brain, with d18 grafts supporting significantly more neurite outgrowth than nonfunctional d25 grafts. RNAseq analysis of the cell preparation suggests that graft efficacy may be enhanced by repression of differentiation-associated genes by REST, defining the optimal predifferentiation state for transplantation. This study demonstrates for the first time that DA neuron grafts can survive well in vivo while completely lacking the capacity to induce recovery from motor dysfunction. In contrast to other recent studies, we demonstrate that neurite outgrowth is the key factor determining graft efficacy and our gene expression profiling revealed characteristics of the cells that may predict their efficacy. These data have implication for the generation of DA neuron grafts for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hills
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jim A. Mossman
- Independent Bioinformatics Consultant, Del Mar, California, USA
| | - Andres M. Bratt-Leal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Summit for Stem Cell Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ha Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
- Summit for Stem Cell Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roy M. Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David G. Stouffer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Irina V. Sokolova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pietro P. Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeanne F. Loring
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mariah J. Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Zhu Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Wang Q. Lin28A Reduced Sevoflurane-Induced Nerve Injury and Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting Tau Acetylation and Phosphorylation via Activating SIRT1 in Elderly Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1913-1923. [PMID: 36322362 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev) might cause neurotoxicity in elderly rats. However, the role of Lin28A in Sev-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear in elderly rats. In this study, elderly rats were used to construct an Sev-induced nerve injury model. Learning and memory abilities were assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) trainings; pathological alterations in hippocampal region were assessed by HE staining; neuronal apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL; related protein expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Results of this study showed that Sev treatment caused nerve injury and cognitive dysfunction in elderly rats, with increased neuronal apoptosis and decreased Lin28A levels. Pathological impairment and learning and memory abilities of elderly rats were significantly improved after forced overexpression of Lin28A using AAV, accompanied by decreased expression of CD68, Iba-1, and GFAP. TUNEL analysis showed that Lin28A overexpression significantly reversed Sev-induced neuronal apoptosis. Further mechanistic analysis showed that Lin28A significantly promoted SIRT1 expression, which further reversed Sev-induced Tau acetylation at lysine 280 and 686 and Tau hyperphosphorylation, thereby alleviating nerve injury and cognitive dysfunction in elderly rats. The introduction of SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 further confirmed the involvement of SIRT1 in the regulation of Lin28A in elderly rats. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that Lin28A reduced sevoflurane-induced nerve injury and cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting Tau acetylation and phosphorylation via activating SIRT1 in elderly rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District , 223300, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District , 223300, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District , 223300, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxiu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
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Chetta M, Tarsitano M, Oro M, Rivieccio M, Bukvic N. An in silico pipeline approach uncovers a potentially intricate network involving spike SARS-CoV-2 RNA, RNA vaccines, host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and host miRNAs at the cellular level. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:129. [PMID: 36066672 PMCID: PMC9446605 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last 2 years, we have been fighting against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, which continues to claim victims all over the world. The entire scientific community has been mobilized in an attempt to stop and eradicate the infection. A well-known feature of RNA viruses is their high mutational rate, particularly in specific gene regions. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein is also affected by these changes, allowing viruses to adapt and spread more easily. The vaccines developed using mRNA coding protein S undoubtedly contributed to the "fight" against the COVID-19 pandemic even though the presence of new variants in the spike protein could result in protein conformational changes, which could affect vaccine immunogenicity and thus vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS The study presents the findings of an in silico analysis using various bioinformatics tools finding conserved sequences inside SARS-CoV-2 S protein (encoding mRNA) same as in the vaccine RNA sequences that could be targeted by specific host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). According to the results an interesting scenario emerges involving host RBPs competition and subtraction. The presence of viral RNA in cytoplasm could be a new tool in the virus's armory, allowing it to improve its chances of survival by altering cell gene expression and thus interfering with host cell processes. In silico analysis was used also to evaluate the presence of similar human miRNA sequences within RBPs motifs that can modulate human RNA expression. Increased cytoplasmic availability of exogenous RNA fragments derived from RNA physiological degradation could potentially mimic the effect of host human miRNAs within the cell, causing modulation of the host cell network. CONCLUSIONS Our in silico analysis could aid in shedding light on the potential effects of exogenous RNA (i.e. viruses and vaccines), thereby improving our understanding of the cellular interactions between virus and host biomolecules. Finally, using the computational approach, it is possible to obtain a safety assessment of RNA-based vaccines as well as indications for use in specific clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Chetta
- AORN A. Cardarelli-Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari-U.O.C. Genetica Medica e di Laboratorio, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marina Tarsitano
- AORN A. Cardarelli-Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari-U.O.C. Genetica Medica e di Laboratorio, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Oro
- AORN A. Cardarelli-Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari-U.O.C. Genetica Medica e di Laboratorio, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rivieccio
- AORN A. Cardarelli-Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari-U.O.C. Genetica Medica e di Laboratorio, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nenad Bukvic
- AOUC "Policlinico di Bari"-UOC Lab. di Genetica Medica, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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Krsnik D, Marić T, Bulić-jakuš F, Sinčić N, Bojanac AK. LIN28 Family in Testis: Control of Cell Renewal, Maturation, Fertility and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7245. [PMID: 35806250 PMCID: PMC9266904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive development starts early in the embryogenesis with somatic and germ cell differentiation in the testis. The LIN28 family of RNA-binding proteins promoting pluripotency has two members—LIN28A and LIN28B. Their function in the testis has been investigated but many questions about their exact role based on the expression patterns remain unclear. LIN28 expression is detected in the gonocytes and the migrating, mitotically active germ cells of the fetal testis. Postnatal expression of LIN28 A and B showed differential expression, with LIN28A expressed in the undifferentiated spermatogonia and LIN28B in the elongating spermatids and Leydig cells. LIN28 interferes with many signaling pathways, leading to cell proliferation, and it is involved in important testicular physiological processes, such as cell renewal, maturation, fertility, and aging. In addition, aberrant LIN28 expression is associated with testicular cancer and testicular disorders, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Klinefelter’s syndrome. This comprehensive review encompasses current knowledge of the function of LIN28 paralogs in testis and other tissues and cells because many studies suggest LIN28AB as a promising target for developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Yu NK, McClatchy DB, Diedrich JK, Romero S, Choi JH, Martínez-Bartolomé S, Delahunty CM, Muotri AR, Yates JR. Interactome analysis illustrates diverse gene regulatory processes associated with LIN28A in human iPS cell-derived neural progenitor cells. iScience 2021; 24:103321. [PMID: 34816099 PMCID: PMC8593586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A single protein can be multifaceted depending on the cellular contexts and interacting molecules. LIN28A is an RNA-binding protein that governs developmental timing, cellular proliferation, differentiation, stem cell pluripotency, and metabolism. In addition to its best-known roles in microRNA biogenesis, diverse molecular roles have been recognized. In the nervous system, LIN28A is known to play critical roles in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We profiled the endogenous LIN28A-interacting proteins in NPCs differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We identified over 500 LIN28A-interacting proteins, including 156 RNA-independent interactors. Functions of these proteins span a wide range of gene regulatory processes. Prompted by the interactome data, we revealed that LIN28A may impact the subcellular distribution of its interactors and stress granule formation upon oxidative stress. Overall, our analysis opens multiple avenues for elaborating molecular roles and characteristics of LIN28A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Kyung Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel B. McClatchy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Romero
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jun-Hyeok Choi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Claire M. Delahunty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Archealization Center (ArchC), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sherpa RD, Hui SP. An insight on established retinal injury mechanisms and prevalent retinal stem cell activation pathways in vertebrate models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:189-203. [PMID: 34557646 PMCID: PMC8446703 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing different tools and injury mechanisms in multiple animal models of retina regeneration, researchers have discovered the existence of retinal stem/progenitor cells. Although they appear to be distributed uniformly across the vertebrate lineage, the reparative potential of the retina is mainly restricted to lower vertebrates. Regenerative repair post-injury requires the creation of a proliferative niche, vital for proper stem cell activation, propagation, and lineage differentiation. This seems to be lacking in mammals. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the many forms of retinal injuries that have been generated using animal models. Next, we discuss how they are utilized to stimulate regeneration and mimic eye disease pathologies. The key to driving stem cell activation in mammals relies on the information we can gather from these models. Lastly, we present a brief update about the genes, growth factors, and signaling pathways that have been brought to light using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for NeurosciencesUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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Xia X, Teotia P, Patel H, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Chemical induction of neurogenic properties in mammalian Müller glia. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1081-1090. [PMID: 33764634 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia (MG), cells that maintain homeostasis in the retina, are dormant stem cells that can regenerate neurons upon injury. However, the regenerative property of MG, which is reproducibly displayed in the lower vertebrates, is not readily observed in the mammals even upon forced expression of regulatory genes or exposure to growth factors. Here, we demonstrate a reproducible unmasking of the neurogenic properties of enriched rodent MG by serial exposure to different combinations of small molecules. The enriched MG, in response to changing culture conditions, silenced glia-specific genes and acquired transcriptional signature of neurons, accompanied by upregulation of genes known to regulate neuronal potential of MG. The MG-derived neurons expressed immunoreactivities corresponding to neuronal proteins and displayed electrophysiological features of immature neurons. Our study presents a proof of principle of pharmacological activation of neurogenic properties of mammalian MG, which may be utilized for therapeutic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hiren Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Frasson LT, Dalmaso B, Akamine PS, Kimura ET, Hamassaki DE, Del Debbio CB. Let-7, Lin28 and Hmga2 Expression in Ciliary Epithelium and Retinal Progenitor Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:31. [PMID: 33749722 PMCID: PMC7991968 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ciliary epithelium (CE) of adult mammalian eyes contains quiescent retinal progenitor/stem cells that generate neurospheres in vitro and differentiate into retinal neurons. This ability doesn't evolve efficiently probably because of regulatory mechanisms, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) that control pluripotent, progenitor, and differentiation genes. Here we investigate the presence of Let-7 miRNAs and its regulator and target, Lin28 and Hmga2, in CE cells from neurospheres, newborns, and adult tissues. Methods Newborn and adult rats CE cells were dissected into pigmented and nonpigmented epithelium (PE and NPE). Newborn PE cells were cultured with growth factors to form neurospheres and we analyzed Let-7, Lin28a, and Hmga2 expression. During the neurospheres formation, we added chemically modified single-stranded oligonucleotides designed to bind and inhibit or mimic endogenous mature Let-7b and Let-7c. After seven days in culture, we analyzed neurospheres size, number and expression of Let-7, Lin28, and Hmga2. Results Let-7 miRNAs were expressed at low rates in newborn CE cells with significant increase in adult tissues, with higher levels on NPE cells, that does not present the stem cells reprogramming ability. The Lin28a and Hmga2 protein and transcripts were more expressed in newborns than adults cells, opposed to Let-7. Neurospheres presented higher Lin28 and Hmga2 expression than newborn and adult, but similar Let-7 than newborns. Let-7b inhibitor upregulated Hmga2 expression, whereas Let-7c mimics upregulated Lin28 and downregulated Hmga2. Conclusions This study shows the dynamic of Lin28-Let-7-Hmga regulatory axis in CE cells. These components may develop different roles during neurospheres formation and postnatal CE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Teixeira Frasson
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Dalmaso
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Sayami Akamine
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Teruko Kimura
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dânia Emi Hamassaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Beltrame Del Debbio
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Chen D, Zheng K, Wu H, Zhang X, Ye W, Tan X, Xiong Y. Lin28a attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating Sirt3-induced autophagy. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:39-48. [PMID: 33548334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury causes damage to local brain tissue and its function, but its specific pathogenesis is still unclear. Autophagy is an important catabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells, which is mainly used to remove damaged intracellular organelles, misfolded long-acting macromolecules and participate in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Lin28 is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that plays a role in regulating gene translation, which is important for the growth and maintenance of pluripotent cells. Lin28a has been reported to have a clear protective effect on post-ischemic reperfusion injury of the heart. However, whether Lin28a has an effect on nerve injury after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion needs further study. In this study, we found that the expression of Lin28a was decreased in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion mice model. Upregulation of Lin28a could alleviate the nerve injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion, and promote autophagy of nerve cells. Upregulation of Lin28a reduced nerve cell apoptosis and relieved nerve cell injure induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Lin28a increased the LC3-II levels in nerve cells, suggesting the promotion of autophagy. Mechanism studies indicated that Lin28a promoted autophagy mainly through regulating Sirt3 expression and activating AMPK-mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our study revealed the important role of Lin28a in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and suggested that Lin28a was a protective factor for cerebral ischemia-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hengdian Wenrong Hospital, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, 322118,China
| | - Kuang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Henggang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hengdian Wenrong Hospital, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, 322118,China
| | - Xuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hengdian Wenrong Hospital, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, 322118,China
| | - Wangyang Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Xianxi Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
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Kempfle JS, Luu NNC, Petrillo M, Al-Asad R, Zhang A, Edge ASB. Lin28 reprograms inner ear glia to a neuronal fate. Stem Cells 2020; 38:890-903. [PMID: 32246510 PMCID: PMC10908373 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is irreversible and can be caused by loss of auditory neurons. Regeneration of neural cells from endogenous cells may offer a future tool to restore the auditory circuit and to enhance the performance of implantable hearing devices. Neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system are closely related and originate from a common progenitor. Prior work in our lab indicated that in the early postnatal mouse inner ear, proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) expressing glial cells could act as progenitor cells for neurons in vitro. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model to transiently overexpress Lin28, a neural stem cell regulator, in Plp1-positive glial cells. Lin28 promoted proliferation and conversion of auditory glial cells into neurons in vitro. To study the effects of Lin28 on endogenous glial cells after loss of auditory neurons in vivo, we produced a model of auditory neuropathy by selectively damaging auditory neurons with ouabain. After neural damage was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response, we briefly upregulated the Lin28 in Plp1-expressing inner ear glial cells. One month later, we analyzed the cochlea for neural marker expression by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that transient Lin28 overexpression in Plp1-expressing glial cells induced expression of neural stem cell markers and subsequent conversion into neurons. This suggests the potential for inner ear glia to be converted into neurons as a regeneration therapy for neural replacement in auditory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Kempfle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ngoc-Nhi C. Luu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Petrillo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reef Al-Asad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert S. B. Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Nathan FM, Ohtake Y, Wang S, Jiang X, Sami A, Guo H, Zhou FQ, Li S. Upregulating Lin28a Promotes Axon Regeneration in Adult Mice with Optic Nerve and Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1902-1917. [PMID: 32353321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severed CNS axons fail to regenerate in adult mammals and there are no effective regenerative strategies to treat patients with CNS injuries. Several genes, including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Krüppel-like factors, regulate intrinsic growth capacity of mature neurons. The Lin28 gene is essential for cell development and pluripotency in worms and mammals. In this study, we evaluated the role of Lin28a in regulating regenerative capacity of diverse populations of CNS neurons in adult mammals. Using a neuron-specific Thy1 promoter, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress Lin28a protein in multiple populations of projection neurons, including corticospinal tracts and retinal ganglion cells. We demonstrate that upregulation of Lin28a in transgenic mice induces significant long distance regeneration of both corticospinal axons and the optic nerve in adult mice. Importantly, overexpression of Lin28a by post-injury treatment with adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vector stimulates dramatic regeneration of descending spinal tracts and optic nerve axons after lesions. Upregulation of Lin28a also enhances activity of the Akt signaling pathway in mature CNS neurons. Therefore, Lin28a is critical for regulating growth capacity of multiple CNS neurons and may become an important molecular target for treating CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima M Nathan
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xinpei Jiang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Armin Sami
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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14
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Xia X, Li C, Wang Y, Deng X, Ma Y, Ding L, Zheng J. Reprogrammed astrocytes display higher neurogenic competence, migration ability and cell death resistance than reprogrammed fibroblasts. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 32071715 PMCID: PMC7011554 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) has been envisioned as a promising approach to overcome ethical and clinical issues of pluripotent stem cell transplantation. We previously reported that astrocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have more tendencies for neuronal differentiation than fibroblast-derived iPSCs. However, the differences of neurogenic potential between astrocyte-derived iNPCs (AiNPCs) and iNPCs from non-neural origins, such as fibroblast-derived iNPCs (FiNPCs), and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our results suggested that AiNPCs exhibited higher differentiation efficiency, mobility and survival capacities, compared to FiNPCs. The whole transcriptome analysis revealed higher activities of TGFβ signaling in AiNPCs, versus FiNPCs, following a similar trend between astrocytes and fibroblasts. The higher neurogenic competence, migration ability, and cell death resistance of AiNPCs could be abrogated using TGFβ signaling inhibitor LY2157299. Hence, our study demonstrates the difference between iNPCs generated from neural and non-neural cells, together with the underlying mechanisms, which, provides valuable information for donor cell selection in the reprogramming approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Chunhong Li
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yi Wang
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Xiaobei Deng
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yizhao Ma
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Lu Ding
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- 1Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China.,2Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China.,3Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA.,4Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
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15
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Ahmad I, Teotia P, Erickson H, Xia X. Recapitulating developmental mechanisms for retinal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100824. [PMID: 31843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of specific retinal neurons in diseases like glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, there is no therapy to modify the disease-associated degenerative changes. With the advancement in our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the development of the vertebrate retina, the approach to treat blinding diseases through regenerative medicine appears a near possibility. Recapitulation of developmental mechanisms is critical for reproducibly generating cells in either 2D or 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells for retinal repair and disease modeling. It is the key for unlocking the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in the adult retina for therapeutic regeneration. Here, we examine the current status and potential of the regenerative medicine approach for the retina in the backdrop of developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Erickson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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16
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Teotia P, Van Hook MJ, Fischer D, Ahmad I. Human retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration by recapitulating developmental mechanisms: effects of recruitment of the mTOR pathway. Development 2019; 146:dev178012. [PMID: 31273087 PMCID: PMC6633601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) often leads to permanent functional deficit following disease or injury. For example, degeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in glaucoma leads to irreversible loss of vision. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the mTOR pathway regulates the development of human RGCs and that its recruitment after injury facilitates axon regeneration. We observed that the mTOR pathway is active during RGC differentiation, and using the induced pluripotent stem cell model of neurogenesis show that it facilitates the differentiation, function and neuritogenesis of human RGCs. Using a microfluidic model, we demonstrate that recruitment of the mTOR pathway facilitates human RGC axon regeneration after axotomy, providing evidence that the recapitulation of developmental mechanism(s) might be a viable approach for facilitating axon regeneration in the diseased or injured human CNS, thus helping to reduce and/or recover loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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17
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Xia X, Teotia P, Ahmad I. miR-29c regulates neurogliogenesis in the mammalian retina through REST. Dev Biol 2019; 450:90-100. [PMID: 30914322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, including its simple and accessible model retina, neurogenesis is followed by gliogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the neurogliogenic switch remains poorly understood despite the identification of several regulatory genes, associated with the lineage identity and transition. The mechanism may involve cross talks between regulatory genes, facilitated through microRNAs. Here, we posit miR-29c as one of the regulatory miRNAs that may influence neuronal versus glial differentiation. We observed that the temporal patterns of miR-29c expression corresponded with late retinal histogenesis, the stage in the developing retina when neurogliogenic decision predominantly occurs. Examination of the effects of miR-29c on neurogliogenesis by the perturbation of function approach revealed that miR-29c preferentially facilitated differentiation of late RPCs into rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells, the late-born neurons, at the expense of Müller glia, the sole glia generated by retinal progenitor cells. We further observed that miR-29c facilitated neurogenesis and inhibited gliogenesis by regulating the expression of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which encodes a transcriptional repressor of cell cycle regulators and neuronal genes. Thus, miR-29c may influence neurogliogenic decision in the developing retina by regulating the instructive out put of a molecular axis helmed by REST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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