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Siddiqui H, Deo N, Rutledge MT, Williams MJ, Redpath GM, McCormick SP. Plasminogen Receptors Promote Lipoprotein(a) Uptake by Enhancing Surface Binding and Facilitating Macropinocytosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1851-1866. [PMID: 37589135 PMCID: PMC10521804 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of Lp(a) (lipoprotein(a)) are associated with multiple forms of cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) consists of an apoB100-containing particle attached to the plasminogen homologue apo(a). The pathways for Lp(a) clearance are not well understood. We previously discovered that the plasminogen receptor PlgRKT (plasminogen receptor with a C-terminal lysine) promoted Lp(a) uptake in liver cells. Here, we aimed to further define the role of PlgRKT and to investigate the role of 2 other plasminogen receptors, annexin A2 and S100A10 (S100 calcium-binding protein A10) in the endocytosis of Lp(a). METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and haploid human fibroblast-like (HAP1) cells were used for overexpression and knockout of plasminogen receptors. The uptake of Lp(a), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), apo(a), and endocytic cargos was visualized and quantified by confocal microscopy and Western blotting. RESULTS The uptake of both Lp(a) and apo(a), but not LDL, was significantly increased in HepG2 and HAP1 cells overexpressing PlgRKT, annexin A2, or S100A10. Conversely, Lp(a) and apo(a), but not LDL, uptake was significantly reduced in HAP1 cells in which PlgRKT and S100A10 were knocked out. Surface binding studies in HepG2 cells showed that overexpression of PlgRKT, but not annexin A2 or S100A10, increased Lp(a) and apo(a) plasma membrane binding. Annexin A2 and S100A10, on the other hand, appeared to regulate macropinocytosis with both proteins significantly increasing the uptake of the macropinocytosis marker dextran when overexpressed in HepG2 and HAP1 cells and knockout of S100A10 significantly reducing dextran uptake. Bringing these observations together, we tested the effect of a PI3K (phosphoinositide-3-kinase) inhibitor, known to inhibit macropinocytosis, on Lp(a) uptake. Results showed a concentration-dependent reduction confirming that Lp(a) uptake was indeed mediated by macropinocytosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncover a novel pathway for Lp(a) endocytosis involving multiple plasminogen receptors that enhance surface binding and stimulate macropinocytosis of Lp(a). Although the findings were produced in cell culture models that have limitations, they could have clinical relevance since drugs that inhibit macropinocytosis are in clinical use, that is, the PI3K inhibitors for cancer therapy and some antidepressant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Nikita Deo
- Department of Biochemistry (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm T. Rutledge
- Department of Biochemistry (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Michael J.A. Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine (M.J.A.W.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M.I. Redpath
- Department of Biochemistry (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sally P.A. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago (H.S., N.D., M.T.R., M.J.A.W., G.M.I.R., S.P.A.M.), Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Nowowiejska J, Baran A, Hermanowicz JM, Sieklucka B, Pawlak D, Flisiak I. Evaluation of Plasma Concentrations of Galectins-1, 2 and 12 in Psoriasis and Their Clinical Implications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1472. [PMID: 37892153 PMCID: PMC10604582 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex disease that nowadays is considered not only a dermatosis but a kind of systemic disorder associated with many accompanying diseases. Metabolic complications leading to cardiovascular incidences are the cause of increased mortality in psoriatic patients. Galectins (gal) are beta-galactoside-binding lectins that exert different functions, including engagement in metabolic processes. Our aim was to assess the concentrations of gal-1, 2 and 12 in psoriatics, to establish their potential clinical implications, including in metabolic complications. Plasma galectins were assessed by ELISA in 60 psoriatic patients and 30 controls without dermatoses and a negative family history of psoriasis. Plasma concentrations of all galectins were significantly higher in patients than controls (gal-1 with p < 0.001, gal-2 and 12 with p < 0.05). There were no correlations between galectins concentrations and psoriasis severity in PASI or disease duration (p > 0.05). Gal-1 and 12 were significantly negatively correlated with GFR (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) and gal-2 with HDL (p < 0.05). Gal-2 was significantly positively correlated with CRP (p < 0.05) and gal-12 with fasting glucose (p < 0.01). Based on the results and given the reported role of galectins in metabolic disorders we may conclude that gal-1, 2 and 12 could be potentially engaged in metabolic complications in psoriatics, most probably in atherosclerosis. Gal-2 could be perhaps further investigated as a marker of metabolically induced inflammation in psoriasis, gal-1 and gal-12 as predictors of renal impairment in psoriatics due to metabolic disorders. Potentially, gal-12 could be considered in the future as a marker of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in psoriatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowowiejska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Anna Baran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Iwona Flisiak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
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Kalaivani V, Krishna MS, Kumar AA, Satheesh G, Jaleel A. O-glycan structures in apo(a) subunit of human lipoprotein(a) suppresses the pro-angiogenic activity of galectin-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22813. [PMID: 36809652 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201001rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] is a highly polymorphic O-glycoprotein circulating in human plasma as lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. The O-glycan structures of apo(a) subunit of Lp(a) serve as strong ligands of galectin-1, an O-glycan binding pro-angiogenic lectin abundantly expressed in placental vascular tissues. But the pathophysiological significance of apo(a)-galectin-1 binding is not yet been revealed. Carbohydrate-dependent binding of galectin-1 to another O-glycoprotein, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) on endothelial cells activates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Using apo(a), isolated from human plasma, we demonstrated the potential of the O-glycan structures of apo(a) in Lp(a) to inhibit angiogenic properties such as proliferation, migration, and tube-formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as neovascularization in chick chorioallantoic membrane. Further, in vitro protein-protein interaction studies have confirmed apo(a) as a superior ligand to NRP-1 for galectin-1 binding. We also demonstrated that the protein levels of galectin-1, NRP-1, VEGFR2, and downstream proteins in MAPK signaling were reduced in HUVECs in the presence of apo(a) with intact O-glycan structures compared to that of de-O-glycosylated apo(a). In conclusion, our study shows that apo(a)-linked O-glycans prevent the binding of galectin-1 to NRP-1 leading to the inhibition of galectin-1/neuropilin-1/VEGFR2/MAPK-mediated angiogenic signaling pathway in endothelial cells. As higher plasma Lp(a) level in women is an independent risk factor for pre-eclamsia, a pregnancy-associated vascular complication, we propose that apo(a) O-glycans-mediated inhibition of the pro-angiogenic activity of galectin-1 may be one of the underlying molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of Lp(a) in pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha Kalaivani
- Diabetes Biology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mahesh S Krishna
- Diabetes Biology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Asokan Aneesh Kumar
- Diabetes Biology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Gopika Satheesh
- Diabetes Biology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Diabetes Biology Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Abstract
Apolipoproteins, the protein component of lipoproteins, play an important role in lipid transport, lipoprotein assembly, and receptor recognition. Apolipoproteins are glycosylated and the glycan moieties play an integral role in apolipoprotein function. Changes in apolipoprotein glycosylation correlate with several diseases manifesting in dyslipidemias. Despite their relevance in apolipoprotein function and diseases, the total glycan repertoire of most apolipoproteins remains undefined. This review summarizes the current knowledge and knowledge gaps regarding human apolipoprotein glycan composition, structure, glycosylation site, and functions. Given the relevance of glycosylation to apolipoprotein function, we expect that future studies of apolipoprotein glycosylation will contribute new understanding of disease processes and uncover relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Considering these future efforts, we also provide a brief overview of current mass spectrometry based technologies that can be applied to define detailed glycan structures, site-specific compositions, and the role of emerging approaches for clinical applications in biomarker discovery and personalized medicine.
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Sayed A, Munir M, Nabet MS, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM, Bahbah EI, Elfil M, Tsuji F. Galectin-3: A Novel Marker for the Prediction of Stroke Incidence and Clinical Prognosis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35281427 PMCID: PMC8904909 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2924773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, whether ischemic or haemorrhagic, is one of the main causes of mortality and disability all over the world, which entails huge burdens in both healthcare environments as well as social and economic aspects of life. Therefore, there is a continuous search for novel reliable biomarkers that can enhance the recognition of stroke events in a timely manner and predict the clinical outcomes following a stroke event. Galectins are a group of proteins expressed by many types of cells and tissues including vasculature, certain immune cells, fibroblasts, and gastrointestinal epithelial cells. These proteins vary in their structure and configuration according to their type and have a diversity of functions according to the type of tissue they are expressed in. Among these proteins, a few studies investigated mainly the roles played by galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and in brain tissue remodeling after a stroke event. In this review, we present an updated overview of the current understanding of Gal-3's functions and implications in stroke occurrence and the response of the brain tissue to stroke events, which may be a key to its utility as a predictor of stroke incidence and clinical prognosis in the future.
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Bruikman CS, Dalila N, van Capelleveen JC, Kroon J, Peter J, Havik SR, Willems M, Huisman LC, de Boer OJ, Hovingh GK, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Dallinga-Thie GM. Genetic variants in SUSD2 are associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:470-481. [PMID: 32620384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors partly determine the risk for premature myocardial infarction (MI). OBJECTIVES We report the identification of a novel rare genetic variant in a kindred with an autosomal dominant trait for premature MI and atherosclerosis and explored the association of a common nonsynonymous variant in the same gene with the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a population-based study. METHODS Next-generation sequencing was performed in a small pedigree with premature MI or subclinical atherosclerosis. A common variant, rs8141797 A>G (p.Asn466Ser), in sushi domain-containing protein 2 (SUSD2) was studied in the prospective Copenhagen General Population Studies (N = 105,408) for association with IHD. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in SUSD2 (c.G583T; p.Glu195Ter) was associated with the disease phenotype in the pedigree. SUSD2 protein was expressed in aortic specimens in the subendothelial cell layer and around the vasa vasorum. Furthermore, the minor G-allele of rs8141797 was associated with per allele higher levels of SUSD2 mRNA expression in the heart and vasculature. In the Copenhagen General Population Study, hazard ratios for IHD were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.97) in AG heterozygotes and 0.86 (0.62-1.19) in GG homozygotes vs noncarrriers (P-trend = .002). Finally, in meta-analysis including 73,983 IHD cases and 215,730 controls, the odds ratio for IHD per G-allele vs A-allele was 0.93 (0.90-0.96) (P = 4.6 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS The identification of a truncating mutation in SUSD2, which was associated with premature MI and subclinical atherosclerosis, combined with the finding that a common missense variant in SUSD2 was strongly associated with a lower risk of IHD, suggest that SUSD2 may alter the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Bruikman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian C van Capelleveen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Peter
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Havik
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Willems
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Flevoziekenhuis Almere, Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens C Huisman
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kalaivani V, Jaleel A. Apolipoprotein(a), an enigmatic anti-angiogenic glycoprotein in human plasma: A curse or cure? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104858. [PMID: 32430285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely co-ordinated, multi-step developmental process of the new vascular structure. Even though angiogenesis is regularly occurring in physiological events such as embryogenesis, in adults, it is restricted to specific tissue sites where rapid cell-turnover and membrane synthesis occurs. Both excessive and insufficient angiogenesis lead to vascular disorders such as cancer, ocular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, intra-uterine growth restriction, ischemic heart disease, stroke etc. Occurrence of altered lipid profile and vascular lipid deposition along with vascular disorders is a hallmark of impaired angiogenesis. Among lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a) needs special attention due to the presence of a multi-kringle protein subunit, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which is structurally homologous to many naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins such as plasminogen and angiostatin. Researchers have constructed different recombinant forms of apo(a) (rhLK68, rhLK8, RHACK2, KV-11, and AU-6) and successfully exploited its potential to inhibit unwanted angiogenesis during tumor metastasis and retinal neovascularization. Similar to naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins, apo(a) can directly interfere with angiogenic signaling pathways. Besides this, apo(a) can also exert its anti-angiogenic effect indirectly by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, by inhibiting endothelial progenitor cell functions or by upregulating nuclear factors in endothelial cells via apo(a)-bound oxPLs. However, the impact of the anti-angiogenic potential of native apo(a) during physiological angiogenesis in embryos and wounded tissues is not yet explored. In this context, we review the studies so far done to demonstrate the anti-angiogenic activity of apo(a) and the recent developments in using apo(a) as a therapeutic agent to treat impaired angiogenesis during vascular disorders, with emphasis on the gaps in the literature.
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Ramaswamy AK, Vorp DA, Weinbaum JS. Functional Vascular Tissue Engineering Inspired by Matricellular Proteins. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:74. [PMID: 31214600 PMCID: PMC6554335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering specifically, has benefited from a greater appreciation of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibronectin, collagen, and elastin have entered the tissue engineer's toolkit; however, as fully decellularized biomaterials have come to the forefront in vascular engineering it has become apparent that the ECM is comprised of more than just fibronectin, collagen, and elastin, and that cell-instructive molecules known as matricellular proteins are critical for desired outcomes. In brief, matricellular proteins are ECM constituents that contrast with the canonical structural proteins of the ECM in that their primary role is to interact with the cell. Of late, matricellular genes have been linked to diseases including connective tissue disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Despite the range of biological activities, this class of biomolecules has not been actively used in the field of regenerative medicine. The intent of this review is to bring matricellular proteins into wider use in the context of vascular tissue engineering. Matricellular proteins orchestrate the formation of new collagen and elastin fibers that have proper mechanical properties-these will be essential components for a fully biological small diameter tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG). Matricellular proteins also regulate the initiation of thrombosis via fibrin deposition and platelet activation, and the clearance of thrombus when it is no longer needed-proper regulation of thrombosis will be critical for maintaining patency of a TEVG after implantation. Matricellular proteins regulate the adhesion, migration, and proliferation of endothelial cells-all are biological functions that will be critical for formation of a thrombus-resistant endothelium within a TEVG. Lastly, matricellular proteins regulate the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and activation of smooth muscle cells-proper control of these biological activities will be critical for a TEVG that recellularizes and resists neointimal formation/stenosis. We review all of these functions for matricellular proteins here, in addition to reviewing the few studies that have been performed at the intersection of matricellular protein biology and vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh K Ramaswamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David A Vorp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Justin S Weinbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abel WF, Funk CR, Blenda AV. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Cerebrovascular Accidents: An Overview. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519836794. [PMID: 31007530 PMCID: PMC6458655 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519836794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to limitations of neuroimaging, such as the isodense appearance of blood to neuronal tissue in subacute hemorrhagic stroke, a body of studies have been performed to evaluate candidate biomarkers which may aid in accurate determination of cerebrovascular accident type. Beyond aiding in the delineation of stroke cause, biomarkers could also confer useful prognostic information to help clinicians plan use of resources. One of the candidate biomarkers studied for detection of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) includes a class of proteins called galectins. Galectins bind β-galactoside through a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain, endowing an ability to interact with carbohydrate moieties on glycoproteins, some of which are relevant to CVA response. Furthermore, galectins-1, -2, -3, -9, and -12 are expressed in tissues relevant to CVA, and some exhibit characteristics (eg, extracellular secretion) that could render feasible their detection in serum. Galectins-1 and -3 appear to have the largest amounts of preclinical evidence, consistently demonstrating increased activity and expression levels during CVA. However, a lack of standardization of biochemical assays across cohort studies limits further translation of these basic science studies. This review aims to increase awareness of the biochemical roles of galectins in CVA, while also highlighting challenges and remaining questions preventing the translation of basic science observations into a clinically useful test.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Abel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Anna V Blenda
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
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McCormick SPA, Schneider WJ. Lipoprotein(a) catabolism: a case of multiple receptors. Pathology 2018; 51:155-164. [PMID: 30595508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing plasma lipoprotein similar in structure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Lp(a) is more complex than LDL due to the presence of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], a large glycoprotein sharing extensive homology with plasminogen, which confers some unique properties onto Lp(a) particles. ApoB and apo(a) are essential for the assembly and catabolism of Lp(a); however, other proteins associated with the particle may modify its metabolism. Lp(a) specifically carries a cargo of oxidised phospholipids (OxPL) bound to apo(a) which stimulates many proinflammatory pathways in cells of the arterial wall, a key property underlying its pathogenicity and association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the liver and kidney are the major tissues implicated in Lp(a) clearance, the pathways for Lp(a) uptake appear to be complex and are still under investigation. Biochemical studies have revealed an exceptional array of receptors that associate with Lp(a) either via its apoB, apo(a), or OxPL components. These receptors fall into five main categories, namely 'classical' lipoprotein receptors, toll-like and scavenger receptors, lectins, and plasminogen receptors. The roles of these receptors have largely been dissected by genetic manipulation in cells or mice, although their relative physiological importance for removal of Lp(a) from the circulation remains unclear. The LPA gene encoding apo(a) has an overwhelming effect on Lp(a) levels which precludes any clear associations between potential Lp(a) receptor genes and Lp(a) levels in population studies. Targeted approaches and the selection of unique Lp(a) phenotypes within populations has nevertheless allowed for some associations to be made. Few of the proposed Lp(a) receptors can specifically be manipulated with current drugs and, as such, it is not currently clear whether any of these receptors could provide relevant targets for therapeutic manipulation of Lp(a) levels. This review summarises the current status of knowledge about receptor-mediated pathways for Lp(a) catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P A McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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van der Hoeven NW, Hollander MR, Yıldırım C, Jansen MF, Teunissen PF, Horrevoets AJ, van der Pouw Kraan TCTM, van Royen N. The emerging role of galectins in cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 81:31-41. [PMID: 26945624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are an ancient family of β-galactoside-specific lectins and consist of 15 different types, each with a specific function. They play a role in the immune system, inflammation, wound healing and carcinogenesis. In particular the role of galectin in cancer is widely studied. Lately, the role of galectins in the development of cardiovascular disease has gained attention. Worldwide cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death. In ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis limits adequate blood flow. Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis are highly important mechanisms relieving ischemia by restoring perfusion to the post-stenotic myocardial area. Galectins act ambiguous, both relieving ischemia and accelerating atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, which are both associated with galectins. There is also a role for galectins in the development of myocarditis by their influence on inflammatory processes. Moreover, galectin acts as a biomarker for the severity of myocardial ischemia and heart failure. This review summarizes the association between galectins and the development of multiple cardiovascular diseases such as myocarditis, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Furthermore it focuses on the association between galectin and more general mechanisms such as angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurits R Hollander
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs F Jansen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F Teunissen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
A major function of platelets is keeping the vascular system intact. Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury leads to the formation of a hemostatic plug. Activation of platelets is therefore crucial for normal hemostasis; however, uncontrolled platelet activation may also lead to the formation of occlusive thrombi that can cause ischemic events. Although they are essential for proper hemostasis, platelet function extends to physiologic processes such as tissue repair, wound remodeling and antimicrobial host defense, or pathologic conditions such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Platelets can be activated by soluble molecules including thrombin, thromboxane A2 (TXA2), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin or by adhesive extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as von Willebrand factor (vWF) and collagen. Here we describe recent advances in the activation of platelets by non-canonical platelet agonists such as galectins. By acting either in soluble or immobilized form, these glycan-binding proteins trigger all platelet activation responses through modulation of discrete signaling pathways. We also offer new hypotheses and some speculations about the role of platelet-galectin interactions not only in hemostasis and thrombosis but also in inflammation and related diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Kalaivani V, Appukuttan PS. Circulating Lp(a):LDL Complexes Contain LDL Molecules Proportionate to Lp(a) Size and Bind to Galectin-1: A Possible Route for LDL Entry into Cells. Lipids 2014; 49:1101-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Lee YJ, Koh YS, Park HE, Lee HJ, Hwang BH, Kang MK, Lee SY, Kim PJ, Ihm SH, Seung KB, Chang K. Spatial and temporal expression, and statin responsiveness of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in murine atherosclerosis. Korean Circ J 2013; 43:223-30. [PMID: 23682281 PMCID: PMC3654109 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2013.43.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Existing data on the spatiotemporal expression patterns of a variety of galectins in murine atherosclerosis are limited. We investigated the expression levels of galectins, and their in vivo spatiotemporal expression patterns and statin responsiveness in the inflamed atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-/- mice. Materials and Methods Galectins expression patterns in aortic atherosclerotic plaques and serum galectin-3 levels were investigated in 26-week-old apoE-/- (n=6) and C57BL/6 mice (n=9). To investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in plaques, high-cholesterol diet-fed 26-week-old (n=12) and 36-week-old apoE-/- mice (n=6) were sacrificed and their aortas were examined for galectins' expression using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemical stain. 36-week-old apoE-/- mice were treated with atorvastatin (n=3, 0.57 mg/kg/day) for the evaluation of its effect on aortic galectins' expression. Results Immunoblot analyses showed that galectin-1 and galectin-3 were the predominant galectins expressed in murine atherosclerosis. The serum galectin-3 level was significantly higher in apoE-/- mice (p<0.001). While galectin-1 was weakly expressed in both intimal plaques and the media of atherosclerotic aortas, galectin-3 was heavily and exclusively accumulated in intimal plaques. Galectin-3 distribution was colocalized with plaque macrophages' distribution (r=0.66). As the degree of plaque extent and inflammation increased, the intraplaque galectin-3 expression levels proportionally elevated (p<0.01 vs. baseline), whereas galectin-1 expression had not elevated (p=0.14 vs. baseline). Atorvastatin treatment markedly reduced intraplaque galectin-3 and macrophage signals (p<0.001 vs. baseline), whereas it failed to reduce galectin-1 expression in the aortas. Conclusion Galectin-3 is the predominant gal and is colocalized with macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques. Intraplaque galectin-3 expression reflects the degree of plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Romaniuk MA, Croci DO, Lapponi MJ, Tribulatti MV, Negrotto S, Poirier F, Campetella O, Rabinovich GA, Schattner M. Binding of galectin‐1 to α
IIb
β
3
integrin triggers “outside‐in” signals, stimulates platelet activation, and controls primary hemostasis. FASEB J 2012; 26:2788-98. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Romaniuk
- Laboratory of Experimental ThrombosisInstitute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine
| | - Diego O. Croci
- Laboratory of ImmunopathologyInstitute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME)
| | - Maria J. Lapponi
- Laboratory of Experimental ThrombosisInstitute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine
| | - Maria V. Tribulatti
- Institute of Biotechnological Investigations‐Institute of Technology of Chascomús‐National University of San MartínConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Soledad Negrotto
- Laboratory of Experimental ThrombosisInstitute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine
| | - Francoise Poirier
- Jacques Monod InstituteUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)—Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7592, Paris Diderot University Paris France
| | - Oscar Campetella
- Institute of Biotechnological Investigations‐Institute of Technology of Chascomús‐National University of San MartínConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental ThrombosisInstitute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine
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Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that bind to β-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, in free form or contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. They are located intracellularly or extracellularly. In the latter they exhibit bivalent or multivalent interactions with glycans on cell surfaces and induce various cellular responses, including production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Furthermore, they can form lattices with membrane glycoprotein receptors and modulate receptor properties. Intracellular galectins can participate in signaling pathways and alter biological responses, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell motility. Current evidence indicates that galectins play important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory responses, as well as other diverse pathological processes. Galectin involvement in some processes in vivo has been discovered, or confirmed, through studies of genetically engineered mouse strains, each deficient in a given galectin. Current evidence also suggests that galectins may be therapeutic targets or employed as therapeutic agents for these inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95816, USA.
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17
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Romaniuk MA, Negrotto S, Campetella O, Rabinovich GA, Schattner M. Identification of galectins as novel regulators of platelet signaling and function. IUBMB Life 2012; 63:521-7. [PMID: 21698756 DOI: 10.1002/iub.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury leads to the formation of a hemostatic plug. Activation of platelets is therefore crucial for normal hemostasis. However, uncontrolled platelet activation may also lead to the formation of occlusive thrombi that can cause ischemic events. Platelets can be activated by soluble molecules including thrombin, TXA2 , adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and serotonin or by adhesive extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as von Willebrand factor and collagen. In this article, we review recent advances on the role of galectins in platelet physiology. By acting in either soluble or immobilized form, these glycan-binding proteins trigger platelet activation through modulation of discrete signaling pathways. We also offer new hypotheses and some speculations about the role of platelet-galectin interactions not only in hemostasis and thrombosis but also in inflammation and related diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
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18
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Ashraf GM, Bilal N, Suhail N, Hasan S, Banu N. Glycosylation of purified buffalo heart galectin-1 plays crucial role in maintaining its structural and functional integrity. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2011; 75:1450-7. [PMID: 21314615 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910120059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A buffalo heart galectin-1 purified by gel filtration chromatography revealed the presence of 3.55% carbohydrate content, thus it is the first mammalian heart galectin found to be glycosylated in nature and emphasizes the need to perform deglycosylation studies. Physicochemical comparative analysis between the properties of the native and deglycosylated proteins was carried out to understand the significance of glycosylation. The deglycosylated protein exhibited lesser thermal and pH stability compared to the native galectin. When exposed to thiol blocking reagents, denaturants, and detergents, remarkable differences were observed in the properties of the native and deglycosylated protein. Compared to the native glycosylated protein, the deglycosylated galectin showed enhanced fluorescence quenching when exposed to various agents. CD and FTIR analysis showed that deglycosylation of the purified galectin and its exposure to different chemicals resulted in significant deviations from regular secondary structure of the protein, thus emphasizing the significance of glycosylation for maintaining the active conformation of the protein. The remarkable differences observed in the properties of the native and deglycosylated galectin add an important dimension to the significance of protein glycosylation and its associated biological and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ashraf GM, Banu N, Ahmad A, Singh LP, Kumar R. Purification, characterization, sequencing and biological chemistry of galectin-1 purified from Capra hircus (goat) heart. Protein J 2011; 30:39-51. [PMID: 21210196 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A soluble β-galactoside binding 14.5 kDa lectin was purified from the heart of Capra hircus. Its metal independent nature, preferential affinity for β-D-lactose and 90-94% homology with carbohydrate recognition domain of previously reported galectin-1 confirmed its inclusion in galectin-1 subfamily. The secondary structures of the deduced amino acid sequences were generally conserved with previously reported Gal-1. Exposure of the purified protein to varying temperature and pH, oxidant, thiol blocking reagents, denaturants and detergents resulted in significant changes in UV (ultraviolet), fluorescence, CD (circular dichroism) and FTIR (fourier transform infra red) spectra, thus strongly emphasizing the vitality of regular secondary structure of galectins for maintaining their active conformation. Bioinformatics studies corroborated the results obtained in wet lab. Our findings based on physico-chemical properties, oxidative inactivation and structural analysis of the goat heart galectin-1 suggests significant implications in potential biological and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Lucknow 206010, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Romaniuk MA, Tribulatti MV, Cattaneo V, Lapponi MJ, Molinas FC, Campetella O, Schattner M. Human platelets express and are activated by galectin-8. Biochem J 2010; 432:535-47. [PMID: 20858220 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gals (galectins) are proteins with glycan affinity that are emerging as mediators of atherosclerosis. Despite the similarities in structure and sequence, different Gals exert distinct effects on their target cells. We have shown that Gal-1 triggers platelet activation, suggesting a role for Gals in thrombus formation. Since Gal-8 is expressed upon endothelial activation and also contributes to inflammation, to understand further the role of these lectins in haemostasis, we evaluated the effect of Gal-8 on human platelets. Gal-8 bound specific glycans in the platelet membrane and triggered spreading, calcium mobilization and fibrinogen binding. It also promoted aggregation, thromboxane generation, P-selectin expression and granule secretion. GP (glycoprotein) αIIb and Ib-V were identified as putative Gal-8 counter-receptors by MS. Studies performed using platelets from Glanzmann's thromboasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome patients confirmed that GPIb is essential for transducing Gal-8 signalling. Accordingly, Src, PLC2γ (phospholipase C2γ), ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt downstream molecules were involved in the Gal-8 signalling pathway. Gal-8 fragments containing either the N- or C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domains showed that activation is exerted through the N-terminus. Western blotting and cytometry showed that platelets not only contain Gal-8, but also expose Gal-8 after thrombin activation. These findings reveal Gal-8 as a potent platelet activator, supporting a role for this lectin in thrombosis and inflammation.
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Ashraf GM, Rizvi S, Naqvi S, Suhail N, Bilal N, Hasan S, Tabish M, Banu N. Purification, characterization, structural analysis and protein chemistry of a buffalo heart galectin-1. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1321-32. [PMID: 20354738 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A soluble β-galactoside-binding lectin was purified by gel filtration chromatography from Bubalus bubalis heart. Its metal-independent nature, molecular weight of 14.5 kDa, preferential affinity for β-D-lactose, and 87-92% identity with carbohydrate recognition domain of previously reported galectin-1 confirmed its inclusion in galectin-1 subfamily. Stokes radii determination using gel filtration under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed its homo-dimeric nature, further confirming its Gal-1 nomenclature. The purified lectin was found to be the most stable mammalian heart galectin purified till date, suggesting its preferential use in various recognition studies. Treatment of the purified lectin with oxidizing agent, thiol blocking reagents, denaturants, and detergents resulted in significant changes in UV-VIS, fluorescence, CD and FTIR spectra, which strongly emphasized the important aspect of regular secondary structure of galectins for the maintenance of their active conformation. Reduction of the activity of the purified lectin after oxidation by H2O2, with remarkable fluorescence quenching, may suggest potential role for galectin-1 in free radical-induced, oxidative stress-mediated cardiovascular disorders. The predictions of bioinformatics studies were found to be in accordance with the results obtained in wet lab.
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23
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Malik RKJ, Ghurye RR, Lawrence-Watt DJ, Stewart HJS. Galectin-1 stimulates monocyte chemotaxis via the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway and a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1402-7. [PMID: 19561030 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1, the prototype of a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes. Data presented herein show that galectin-1 stimulates monocyte migration in a dose-dependent manner but is not chemotactic for macrophages. Galectin-1-induced monocyte chemotaxis is blocked by lactose and inhibited by an anti-galectin-1 antibody but not by nonspecific antibodies. Furthermore, galectin-1-mediated monocyte migration was significantly inhibited by MEK inhibitors in a rapid, time-dependent manner suggesting that MAP kinase pathways are involved in galectin-1. Migration was also almost completely blocked by pertussis toxin implying G-protein involvement in the galectin-1-induced chemotaxis. These results demonstrate a role for galectin-1 in monocyte chemotaxis which differs from galectin-3 in that macrophages are nonresponsive. Furthermore, our observations suggest that galectin-1 may be involved in chemoattraction at sites of inflammation in vivo and may contribute to disease processes such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshad K J Malik
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PS, UK
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Anuradha, Jayakumari N, Appukuttan PS. IgA1 desialylated by microbial neuraminidase forms immune complex with naturally occurring anti-T antibody in human serum. Immunol Lett 2008; 115:90-7. [PMID: 18045697 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
IgA1 was identified as the most prominent O-glycosylated protein of human serum. Desialylation by bacterial (Clostridium perfringens) neuraminidase rendered dot-blotted IgA1 recognizable by the naturally occurring serum antibody (anti-T) directed against Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen, Galbeta1-->3GalNAc-alpha-. On Western blot of serum O-glycosylated proteins anti-T recognized nearly all the bands including IgA1 as did the T antigen-specific animal lectin galectin-1 but only after their desialylation. Agglutination of desialylated human erythrocytes by anti-T was effectively inhibited by desialylated IgA1, but not by native IgA1 or other immunoglobulins. Desialylation of serum by neuraminidase led to significantly increased formation of immune complexes containing IgM, the major immunoglobulin type in anti-T on one hand and O-glycosylated proteins/IgA1 on the other. In further evidence for anti-T-desialylated IgA1 immune complex formation, purified anti-T added to desialylated, but not native serum led to formation of additional IgA-IgM immune complexes. Also neuraminidase treatment significantly reduced the titre of free (non-immune complexed) anti-T in serum, while selective removal of anti-T by affinity absorption resulted in considerable decrease in the amount of IgA1 that got converted to immune complexes following enzymatic desialylation of serum. Formation of immune complex between anti-T and neuraminidase-treated IgA1 in serum may be significant since many disease pathogens release neuraminidase and since IgA1 is a powerful ligand for tissue galectin-1 more so after desialylation. Diabetes also raises serum IgA and neuraminidase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha
- Biochemistry Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
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