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Basak NP, Jaganathan K, Das B, Muthusamy O, M R, Malhotra R, Samal A, Nath M, Ms G, Shankar AP, Bv P, Pillai V, Bv M, C J, K V, K GS, Govindan S, V S, Juby, R K, Bhowal C, Kumar U, K G, Malhotra M, Sankaran S. Tumor histoculture captures the dynamic interactions between tumor and immune components in response to anti-PD1 in head and neck cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1585. [PMID: 38383563 PMCID: PMC10881470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions within the tumor micro-environment drive patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Existing preclinical models lack true representation of this complexity. Using a Head and Neck cancer patient derived TruTumor histoculture platform, the response spectrum of 70 patients to anti-PD1 treatment is investigated in this study. With a subset of 55 patient samples, multiple assays to characterize T-cell reinvigoration and tumor cytotoxicity are performed. Based on levels of these two response parameters, patients are stratified into five sub-cohorts, with the best responder and non-responder sub-cohorts falling at extreme ends of the spectrum. The responder sub-cohort exhibits high T-cell reinvigoration, high tumor cytotoxicity with T-cells homing into the tumor upon treatment whereas immune suppression and tumor progression pathways are pre-dominant in the non-responders. Some moderate responders benefit from combination of anti-CTLA4 with anti-PD1, which is evident from better cytotoxic T-cell: T-regulatory cell ratio and enhancement of tumor cytotoxicity. Baseline and on-treatment gene expression signatures from this study stratify responders and non-responders in unrelated clinical datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biswajit Das
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajashekar M
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritu Malhotra
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Samal
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Moumita Nath
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Ms
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Prakash Bv
- Sri Lakshmi Multi-Speciality Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Pillai
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjula Bv
- Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaprakash C
- DBR & SK Super Speciality Hospital, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vasanth K
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gowri Shankar K
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhu Govindan
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Syamkumar V
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Juby
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Koushika R
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Bhowal
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindaraj K
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohit Malhotra
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish Sankaran
- Farcast Biosciences India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Sawada K, Momose S, Kawano R, Kohda M, Irié T, Mishima K, Kaneko T, Horie N, Okazaki Y, Higashi M, Tamaru JI. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 predict the mutational status of TP53 in oral epithelial dysplasia. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:177-185. [PMID: 34404905 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has revealed TP53 as the most frequently mutated gene in OSCC mutually exclusive with human papillomavirus infection. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is defined as a precancerous lesion of OSCC by the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification; therefore, it is assumed that TP53 mutations occur in early precancerous conditions such as OED. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of TP53, including whole coding sequencing of TP53, FISH analysis of the 17p13.1 locus, and immunohistochemical analysis for p53 (p53-IHC), in 40 OED cases. We detected 20 mutations in 16 (40%) OED cases, and four cases, each harbored two mutations. FISH analysis revealed six of 24 cases (25%) had a deletion on 17p13.1, and four cases had concurrent TP53 mutations and 17p13.1 deletion (2-hit). Also, the increased frequency of TP53 mutations in higher degrees of OED implies acquisition of the mutation is a major event toward OSCC. p53-IHC revealed that overall cases could be categorized into four patterns that correlate well with the mutational status of TP53. Especially, two patterns, broad p53 expression type (pattern HI) and p53 null type (pattern LS), strongly correlated with a missense mutation and nonsense mutation, respectively. Furthermore, seven of the 40 cases progressed to SCC, and six of these seven cases presented pattern HI or LS. Therefore, patterns HI and LS have a high risk for malignant transformation if excisional treatment is not performed irrespective of the dysplasia grade. Although the current WHO classification mainly focuses on morphological criteria for the diagnosis of OED, interobserver discrepancy appears in some instances of the OED diagnosis. Our immunohistochemical analysis supports a more accurate pathological diagnosis for OED in cases of low dysplastic changes or of differential diagnosis with non-dysplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuji Momose
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Kawano
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohda
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kaneko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio Horie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morihiro Higashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamaru
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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3
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Biesaga B, Janecka-Widła A, Kołodziej-Rzepa M, Mucha-Małecka A, Słonina D, Ziobro M, Wysocka J, Adamczyk A, Majchrzyk K, Niemiec J, Ambicka A, Grela-Wojewoda A, Harazin-Lechowska A. Low frequency of HPV positivity in breast tumors among patients from south-central Poland. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:67. [PMID: 34838092 PMCID: PMC8626918 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies suggest that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is important factor in carcinogenesis of breast tumors. This study’ objective was to analyze HPV prevalence in breast cancers of patients from south-central Poland. Materials and methods The study was performed based on archival paraffin embebbed and formalin fixed blocks in the group of 383 patients with breast cancer. HPV prevalence and its genotype were assessed, respectively by: nested PCR (with two groups of primers: PGMY09/PGMY11 and GP5+/GP6+), quantitative PCR (qPCR). Tumors were classified as HPV positive in case of at least one positive result in nested PCR and positive results in genotyping procedure. For all HPV positive tissues P16 immunostaining was applied in order to confirm active viral infection. Results In the group of 383 breast cancers, HPV positivity was found in 17 samples (4.4%) in nested PCR. All these samples were subjected to HPV genotyping. This analysis revealed presence of HPV type 16 into two tumors (0.5%). In these two cancers, P16 overexpression was reported. Conclusion In breast tumors of patients from south-central Poland in Poland, HPV positivity is demonstrated in very low percentage of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Biesaga
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland. .,Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Anna Janecka-Widła
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marta Kołodziej-Rzepa
- Department of General, Oncological and Vascular Surgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Mucha-Małecka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Słonina
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marek Ziobro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamczyk
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kaja Majchrzyk
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Niemiec
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland.,Department Laboratory of Medical Diagnostics, Cytogenetics and Flow Cytometry Specialist Hospital, Brzozow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grela-Wojewoda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Harazin-Lechowska
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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4
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Verma G, Aggarwal N, Chhakara S, Tyagi A, Vishnoi K, Jadli M, Singh T, Goel A, Pandey D, Sharma A, Agarwal K, Sarkar U, Doval DC, Sharma S, Mehrotra R, Singh SM, Bharti AC. Detection of human papillomavirus infection in oral cancers reported at dental facility: assessing the utility of FFPE tissues. Med Oncol 2021; 39:13. [PMID: 34792663 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral cancers is on the rise. However, epidemiological data of this subset of cancers are limited. Dental hospital poses a unique advantage in detection of HPV-positive oral malignancies. We assessed the utility of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, which are readily available, for evaluation of high-risk HPV infection in oral cancer. For protocol standardization, we used 20 prospectively collected paired FFPE and fresh tissues of histopathologically confirmed oral cancer cases reported in Oral Medicine department of a dental hospital for comparative study. Only short PCRs (~ 200 bp) of DNA isolated using a modified xylene-free method displayed a concordant HPV result. For HPV analysis, we used additional 30 retrospectively collected FFPE tissues. DNA isolated from these specimens showed an overall 23.4% (11/47) HPV positivity with detection of HPV18. Comparison of HPV positivity from dental hospital FFPE specimens with overall HPV positivity of freshly collected oral cancer specimens (n = 55) from three cancer care hospitals of the same region showed notable difference (12.7%; 7/55). Further, cancer hospital specimens showed HPV16 positivity and displayed a characteristic difference in reported sub-sites and patient spectrum. Overall, using a xylene-free FFPE DNA isolation method clubbed with short amplicon PCR, we showed detection of HPV-positive oral cancer in dental hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Verma
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Suhail Chhakara
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kanchan Vishnoi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ankit Goel
- Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Durgatosh Pandey
- Department of Oncosurgery, Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Urmi Sarkar
- Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukh Mahendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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5
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Cherif S, Amine A, Thies S, Taube ET, Braicu EI, Sehouli J, Kaufmann AM. Prevalence of human papillomavirus detection in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1791-1802. [PMID: 34086102 PMCID: PMC8346400 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis of published data to update and estimate the prevalence of HPV in ovarian cancer. A comprehensive literature search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Eligible articles published from 1989 until 2020 by searching Web of Sciences, Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library Central databases were gathered. A pooled estimation of HPV prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated based on a random effect model. Quantitative assessment of heterogeneity was explored using Cochrane test and I2. Additionally, publication bias, sensitivity, meta-regression, and subgroup analyses were also performed. Twenty-nine studies involving 2280 patients with ovarian cancer were included. The statistical heterogeneity was high (I2 = 88%, P<0.0001). The pooled prevalence of HPV in ovarian cancer cases was 15.9% (95% CI, 11–22). In subgroup analyses, the highest prevalence of HPV was reported by studies from Asia (30.9%; 95% CI, 20–44) and Eastern Europe (29.3%; 95% CI, 4.4–78). Furthermore, the most frequently detected HPV genotype was HPV16 (54%; 95% CI, 27.9–55), followed by HPV18 (23.2%; 95% CI, 18.8–28.2). Our meta-analysis suggests a great difference in the prevalence of HPV detected in ovarian cancer by different studies, which is not seen in strongly HPV-associated cancers such as cervical cancer. However, the prevalence varied markedly by geographic region. Considering the substantial heterogeneity found, more studies with control groups and precise assays measuring HPV mRNA expression are needed to further evaluate the link and causative aetiology between HPV and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Cherif
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment, and Agrifood, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Mohammedia, Hassan II University, 8 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Amine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment, and Agrifood, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Mohammedia, Hassan II University, 8 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sarah Thies
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliane T Taube
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Pathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Ioana Braicu
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Chen L, Dong P, Yu Z. Detection of human papillomavirus infection in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma using droplet digital PCR and its correlation with prognosis. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:619-625. [PMID: 33754942 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1904669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx (SCCLHP) and to analyze its association with the prognosis of patients with HPV. METHODS We used ddPCR for HPV detection in 114 patients with SCCLHP; clinical data were collected, and the patients were followed-up for prognosis analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to complete the analysis of risk factors. This clinical study was registered (clinical trial registration no. ChiCTR2000033032). RESULT Of the total cases, 15.79% (18/114) were HPV-positive and 8 (8/18, 44.4%) patients had tumors with HPV-16. There was a significant correlation between HPV-16 and the T classification and Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) (P = 0.025 and 0.036, respectively). The 3-year overall survival rates in the HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients were 39.8% and 48.6% (P = 0.776), respectively. In the univariate analysis, HPV infection was not associated with the relative risk of progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.109, P = 0.778). Patients with laryngeal carcinoma (HR = 1.805, P = 0.037), no alcohol consumption (HR = 0.430, P = 0.009), well-differentiated tumors (HR = 2.570, p = 0.006), TNM I-II (HR = 2.482, P = 0.003), and no lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.615, P = 0.001) had better prognoses. In the multivariate analysis, tumor location (HR = 3.044, P = 0.001), alcohol consumption (HR = 0.474, P = 0.022), tumor differentiation (HR = 2.131, P = 0.030), and lymph node metastasis (HR = 4.179, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of better overall survival in SCCLHP. CONCLUSION ddPCR is an advanced technology that can accurately diagnose HPV infection with high specificity and sensitivity. The HPV infection rate in SCCLHP was low, and there was no significant difference in the prognosis of SCCLHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Grace VMB, B L, Wilson DD. The Effect of Indian Fig Fruit Extract on Human Papilloma Virus containing Cervical Cancer Cells (HeLa) by Decreasing the HPV18 L1 Gene Load. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:785-791. [PMID: 33773542 PMCID: PMC8286670 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Global trend is moving towards the use of natural phytochemicals to fight against pathogens. Human cervical cancer is directly associated with onco-potent type of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). There is no known medicine for clearance of HPV type whose persistence is the cause of occurrence and re-occurrence of cervical cancer. The different species of fig fruit and their latex are reported to have HPV associated genital warts clearance capability. Methods: In the current investigation, the effect of the methanol extract of Ficus benghalensis L. fruits on HPV type18 viral load in HeLa cell line was tested by doing PCR using HPV L1 primers (MY09/My011) and the cytotoxicity was also analysed by MTT assay. The induction of apoptotic activity in terms of DNA fragmentation and hyper-chromic effects of DNA was analysed. Results: The PCR results showed a reduction in the HPV18 DNA and also the treatment exhibited a promising cytotoxicity with IC50 value at 211.86 μg/ml. The DNA samples from treated HeLa cells showed DNA shearing and laddering as a mark of apoptotic DNA fragmentation (Fig. 2) and the UV absorbance value at 260 nm was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in the DNA sample treated with fruit extract compared to the untreated DNA sample. Conclusion: The Ficus benghalensis L. fruit extract reduced the HPV viral load in HPV18 containing HeLa cells and showed an effective cytotoxicity on HeLa cell line. It also could induce the apoptotic activity in HeLa cell line and this study results suggest that the Ficus benghalensis L. fruits can be used to fight against cervical carcinoma, acting on HPV load.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Berlin Grace
- Department of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lydia B
- Department of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D David Wilson
- School of Science, Arts, Media and Management (SSAMM), Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of human papillomavirus in normal cervical samples from northern Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Božić L, Jovanović T, Šmitran A, Janković M, Knežević A. Comparison of HPV detection rate in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of head and neck carcinoma using two DNA extraction kits and three amplification methods. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:501-507. [PMID: 33200860 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential problems of DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and amplification efficiency of Human papilloma virus (HPV) may occur in the molecular studies of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to compare HPV detection rate in FFPE tissues of oral, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers using two silica-based extraction kits and three amplification methods. A total of 50 FFPE specimens from HNSCC tissues were analyzed. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were tested by spectrophotometry. HPV DNA was detected using a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a nested PCR, and a Real-time PCR kit. Statistically significantly higher DNA quality and quantity was observed using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit than when using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. There was not HPV amplification in any of the 50 FFPE samples using the single PCR and Real-time PCR kits, whereas HPV DNA was detected in 22% of samples using nested PCR. Comparing results of the three different methods showed that HPV DNA was detected only with nested PCR. The results presented imply that nested PCR is the most appropriate method for the detection of HPV DNA in FFPE samples, along with adequate DNA extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Božić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tanja Jovanović
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Šmitran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marko Janković
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Knežević
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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10
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Reis RSD, Santos JAD, Abreu PMD, Dettogni RS, Santos EDVWD, Stur E, Agostini LP, Anders QS, Alves LNR, Valle IBD, Lima MA, Souza ED, Podestá JRV, Zeidler SVV, Cordeiro-Silva MDF, Louro ID. Hypermethylation status of DAPK, MGMT and RUNX3 in HPV negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190334. [PMID: 32870234 PMCID: PMC7452731 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx is the sixth most common type of cancer in the world. During tumorigenesis, gene promoter hypermethylation is considered an important mechanism of transcription silencing of tumor suppressor genes, such as DAPK, MGMT and RUNX3. These genes participate in signaling pathways related to apoptosis, DNA repair and proliferation whose loss of expression is possibly associated with cancer development and progression. In order to investigate associations between hypermethylation and clinicopathological and prognostic parameters, promoter methylation was evaluated in 72 HPV negative oral and oropharyngeal tumors using methylation-specific PCR. Hypermethylation frequencies found for DAPK, MGMT and RUNX3 were 38.88%, 19.44% and 1.38% respectively. Patients with MGMT hypermethylation had a better 2-year overall survival compared to patients without methylation. Being MGMT a repair gene for alkylating agents, it could be a biomarker of treatment response for patients who are candidates for cisplatin chemotherapy, predicting drug resistance. In view of the considerable levels of hypermethylation in cancer cells and, for MGMT, its prognostic relevance, DAPK and MGMT show potential as epigenetic markers, in a way that additional studies may test its viability and efficacy in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aflávio Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marinho de Abreu
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Raquel Spinassé Dettogni
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Stur
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Pignaton Agostini
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Quézia Silva Anders
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lyvia Neves Rebello Alves
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Isabella Bittencourt do Valle
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Marília Arantes Lima
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Evandro Duccini Souza
- Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia - SESA, Programa de Prevenção e Detecção Precoce do Câncer Bucal, Setor de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Vasconcelos Podestá
- Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia - SESA, Programa de Prevenção e Detecção Precoce do Câncer Bucal, Setor de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Sandra Ventorin von Zeidler
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Melissa de Freitas Cordeiro-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Iúri Drumond Louro
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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11
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Gautam A, Gedda MR, Rai M, Sundar S, Chakravarty J. Human Papillomavirus Genome based Detection and Typing: A Holistic Molecular Approach. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:237-246. [PMID: 30950352 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190405120441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a species specific double-stranded DNA virus infecting human cutaneous or mucosal tissues. The genome structure of HPV is extremely polymorphic hence making it difficult to discriminate between them. HPV exhibits numerous dissimilar types that can be subdivided into high-risk (HR), probably high-risk and low-risk (LR), causing numerous types of cancers and warts around the genital organs in humans. Several screening methods are performed in order to detect cytological abnormalities and presence or absence of HPV genome. Currently available commercial kits and methods are designed to detect only a few HR/LR-HPV types, which are expensive adding to the economic burden of the affected individual and are not freely available. These gaps could be minimized through Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) method, which is a gold standard and a cost-effective technique for the detection of most HPV (both known and unknown) types by using specific consensus primers in minimal lab setup. In this context, numerous studies have validated the effectiveness of different sets of consensus primers in the screening of HPVs. Numerous consensus primers, such as E6, E6/E7, GP-E6/E7, MY09/11, GP5+/GP6+, SPF10, and PGMY09/11 have been developed to detect the presence of HPV DNA. In addition, HPV detection sensitivity could be achieved through consensus primer sets targeting specific ORF regions like L1 and E6, which may finally assist in better diagnosis of several unknown HR-HPVs. The present review, provides a summary of the available methods, kits and consensus primer sets for HPV genome based detection, their advantages and limitations along with future goals to be set for HPV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Mallikarjuna R Gedda
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Jaya Chakravarty
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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12
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Janecka-Widła A, Mucha-Małecka A, Majchrzyk K, Halaszka K, Przewoźnik M, Słonina D, Biesaga B. Active HPV infection and its influence on survival in head and neck squamous-cell cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1677-1692. [PMID: 32372145 PMCID: PMC7256081 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose HPV is involved in the development of some head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas (HNSCC). It was suggested that only transcriptionally active virus can induce carcinogenesis, therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of active HPV infection, virus type, and its prognostic role in HNSCC patients. Methods Status of active HPV infection was assessed for 155 HNSCC patients based on p16 expression and HPV DNA presence. Univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox proportional regression model were performed to select independent prognostic factors. Results Active HPV infection was detected in 20.65% of patients. We identified 16.0, 40.9 and 1.7% of HPV positive oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer cases, respectively. HPV16 was dominant (81.25%) followed by HPV35 (9.38%) and double infections with HPV16 and 35 (6.25%) or HPV35 and 18 (3.12%). Patients with active HPV infection demonstrated significantly higher survival than HPV negative ones (OS 80.89% vs. 37.08%, p = 0.000; DFS 93.0% vs. 53.35%, p = 0.000, respectively). Longer OS and DFS were maintained for infected patients when oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal cases were analyzed separately. Interestingly, all patients infected with other than HPV16 types survived 5 years without cancer progression. In the analyzed group of 155 patients the strongest independent favourable prognostic factor for both OS and DFS was HPV presence. Conclusions High prevalence of HPV-driven HNSCC (mostly within oropharynx) was detected, with HPV16 type the most frequent, followed by HPV35 and HPV18. The presence of active HPV infection improved survival of both oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal cancer patients and should be taken into account in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janecka-Widła
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Mucha-Małecka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kaja Majchrzyk
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Halaszka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dorota Słonina
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.,Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Biesaga
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.,Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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13
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Huang KB, Liu RY, Peng QH, Li ZS, Jiang LJ, Guo SJ, Zhou QH, Liu TY, Deng CZ, Yao K, Qin ZK, Liu ZW, Li YH, Han H, Zhou FJ. EGFR mono-antibody salvage therapy for locally advanced and distant metastatic penile cancer: Clinical outcomes and genetic analysis. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Bumrungthai S, Ekalaksananan T, Duangchai D, Lanpol P, Panya P, Kattiwong F, Acharya S, Pientong C. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral rinse samples from healthy individuals in northern Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 48:159-165. [PMID: 30415508 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of oral cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate HPV prevalence in oral cells and exposure to risk factors in various age groups. METHODS Oral rinse samples from healthy individuals in northern Thailand were investigated for HPV prevalence and genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction (GP5+/6+ primers) and DNA sequencing of the PCR products. RESULTS Samples were collected from 594 participants between 4 and 60 years of age. HPV was detected in 3.7% of samples. The prevalence of HPV-positive cases was 8.6% in the 31-50 age group. HPV prevalence increased with age and was the highest (9.2%) in the 41-50 age group, but decreased (to 3%) in the 51-60 age group. Risk factors significantly associated with HPV-positive cases included alcohol consumption, coffee drinking, sexual activity, and having children. HPV 16 and 18 were common genotypes, especially in the 31-50 age group, and were associated with having sexual activity (odds ratio 19.0 [95% CI: 2.5-142.5]). At follow-up of some individuals in the 4-10 age group, a 9-year-old child was found to be positive for HPV18. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HPV can be acquired at a young age and the prevalence peaks in the middle age class among healthy individuals in northern Thailand, especially in the 31-50 age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureewan Bumrungthai
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Darin Duangchai
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Lanpol
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Papichaya Panya
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Fernladda Kattiwong
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Sulav Acharya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nobel College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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15
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Kerishnan JP, Gopinath SCB, Kai SB, Tang TH, Ng HLC, Rahman ZAA, Hashim U, Chen Y. Detection of Human Papillomavirus 16-Specific IgG and IgM Antibodies in Patient Sera: A Potential Indicator of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factor. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:424-31. [PMID: 27279791 PMCID: PMC4893556 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and oral cancer has been widely reported. However, detecting anti-HPV antibodies in patient sera to determine risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been well studied. In the present investigation, a total of 206 OSCC serum samples from the Malaysian Oral Cancer Database & Tissue Bank System, with 134 control serum samples, were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to detect HPV16-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. In addition, nested PCR analysis using comprehensive consensus primers (PGMY09/11 and GP5(+)/6(+)) was used to confirm the presence of HPV. Furthermore, we have evaluated the association of various additional causal factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel quid chewing) in HPV-infected OSCC patients. Statistical analysis of the Malaysian population indicated that OSCC was more prevalent in female Indian patients that practices betel quid chewing. ELISA revealed that HPV16 IgG, which demonstrates past exposure, could be detected in 197 (95.6%) OSCC patients and HPV16-specific IgM was found in a total of 42 (20.4%) OSCC patients, indicating current exposure. Taken together, our study suggest that HPV infection may play a significant role in OSCC (OR: 13.6; 95% CI: 3.89-47.51) and HPV16-specific IgG and IgM antibodies could represent a significant indicator of risk factors in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesinda P Kerishnan
- 1. Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- 2. Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; 3. School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sia Bik Kai
- 4. Faculty of Accountancy and Management, University Tungku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- 5. Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Helen Lee-Ching Ng
- 6. Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Dental Research Management Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- 7. Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- 2. Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- 1. Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 8. Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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