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Falcón J, Herrero MJ, Nisembaum LG, Isorna E, Peyric E, Beauchaud M, Attia J, Covès D, Fuentès M, Delgado MJ, Besseau L. Pituitary Hormones mRNA Abundance in the Mediterranean Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax: Seasonal Rhythms, Effects of Melatonin and Water Salinity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:774975. [PMID: 34975529 PMCID: PMC8715012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.774975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In fish, most hormonal productions of the pituitary gland display daily and/or seasonal rhythmic patterns under control by upstream regulators, including internal biological clocks. The pineal hormone melatonin, one main output of the clocks, acts at different levels of the neuroendocrine axis. Melatonin rhythmic production is synchronized mainly by photoperiod and temperature. Here we aimed at better understanding the role melatonin plays in regulating the pituitary hormonal productions in a species of scientific and economical interest, the euryhaline European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. We investigated the seasonal variations in mRNA abundance of pituitary hormones in two groups of fish raised one in sea water (SW fish), and one in brackish water (BW fish). The mRNA abundance of three melatonin receptors was also studied in the SW fish. Finally, we investigated the in vitro effects of melatonin or analogs on the mRNA abundance of pituitary hormones at two times of the year and after adaptation to different salinities. We found that (1) the reproductive hormones displayed similar mRNA seasonal profiles regardless of the fish origin, while (2) the other hormones exhibited different patterns in the SW vs. the BW fish. (3) The melatonin receptors mRNA abundance displayed seasonal variations in the SW fish. (4) Melatonin affected mRNA abundance of most of the pituitary hormones in vitro; (5) the responses to melatonin depended on its concentration, the month investigated and the salinity at which the fish were previously adapted. Our results suggest that the productions of the pituitary are a response to multiple factors from internal and external origin including melatonin. The variety of the responses described might reflect a high plasticity of the pituitary in a fish that faces multiple external conditions along its life characterized by marked daily and seasonal changes in photoperiod, temperature and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Falcón
- Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS UMR 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maria Jesus Herrero
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laura Gabriela Nisembaum
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Isorna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elodie Peyric
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marilyn Beauchaud
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, ENES/CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, UMR-S 1028, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Jean-Monnet (UJM), Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Joël Attia
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, ENES/CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, UMR-S 1028, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Jean-Monnet (UJM), Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Denis Covès
- Station Ifremer de Palavas, Palavas-les-Flots, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Fuentès
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maria Jesus Delgado
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Saha S, Singh KM, Gupta BBP. Robust circadian and circannual rhythms of expression of clock genes and clock controlled aanat2 gene in the photoreceptive pineal organ of catfish, Clarias gariepinus under natural conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1911550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Saha
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Kshetrimayum Manisana Singh
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Braj B. P. Gupta
- Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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Nisembaum LG, Martin P, Lecomte F, Falcón J. Melatonin and osmoregulation in fish: A focus on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smoltification. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12955. [PMID: 33769643 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Part of the life cycle of several fish species includes important salinity changes, as is the case for the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) or the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Salmo salar juveniles migrate downstream from their spawning sites to reach seawater, where they grow and become sexually mature. The process of preparation enabling juveniles to migrate downstream and physiologically adapt to seawater is called smoltification. Daily and seasonal variations of photoperiod and temperature play a role in defining the timing of smoltification, which may take weeks to months, depending on the river length and latitude. Smoltification is characterised by a series of biochemical, physiological and behavioural changes within the neuroendocrine axis. This review discusses the current knowledge and gaps related to the neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate the effects of light and temperature on smoltification. Studies performed in S. salar and other salmonids, as well as in other species undergoing important salinity changes, are reviewed, and a particular emphasis is given to the pineal hormone melatonin and its possible role in osmoregulation. The daily and annual variations of plasma melatonin levels reflect corresponding changes in external photoperiod and temperature, which suggests that the hormonal time-keeper melatonin might contribute to controlling smoltification. Here, we review studies on (i) the impact of pinealectomy and/or melatonin administration on smoltification; (ii) melatonin interactions with hormones involved in osmoregulation (e.g., prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol); (iii) the presence of melatonin receptors in tissues involved in osmoregulation; and (iv) the impacts of salinity changes on melatonin receptors and circulating melatonin levels. Altogether, these studies show evidence indicating that melatonin interacts with the neuroendocrine pathways controlling smoltification, although more information is needed to clearly decipher its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gabriela Nisembaum
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage, Chanteuges, France
| | - Frédéric Lecomte
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, Québec, Canada
| | - Jack Falcón
- Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS 7208, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Liu Q, Manning AJ, Duston J. Light intensity and suppression of nocturnal plasma melatonin in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 228:103-106. [PMID: 30471350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The problem of early sexual maturation among farmed Arctic charr and other salmonids can be effectively reduced by 24 h light overwinter, provided it is bright enough to over-ride interference from the natural daylength cycle. To determine the threshold light intensity to suppress the nocturnal elevation of plasma melatonin, three groups of individually tagged fish (n = 26-28/group ca. 1040 g) were reared on 12 h light: 12 h dark (LD 12:12) and subjected to nighttime light intensities of either 50-65, 0.1-0.3 or 0 (control) lux for five months (November to April). Daytime light intensity was 720-750 lx. Diel plasma melatonin profiles in both November and April were similar; mean daytime levels ranged from 20 to 100 pg/ml, and nighttime levels were inversely proportional to light intensity. In the control group at 0 lx, plasma melatonin increased about four-fold after lights-off, ranging between 320 and 430 pg/ml. Nighttime light intensity of 0.1-0.3 lx halved plasma melatonin levels to 140-220 pg/ml, and 50-65 lx further reduced the levels to one quarter of the control group, 68-108 pg/ml. Among the lit groups, daytime plasma melatonin levels were about 20-30 pg/ml, significantly lower than the nocturnal levels suggesting the diel hormonal rhythm was not completely abolished. Fish grew steadily from about 1100 g to 1600 g between November and April, independent of light intensity (P = .67). Overall, the study demonstrated the sensitivity of pineal melatonin hormone to different light intensities in Arctic charr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Agricultural Campus, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Anthony J Manning
- Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Research and Productivity Council, Fredericton, NB E3B 6Z9, Canada
| | - James Duston
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Agricultural Campus, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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Cowan M, Azpeleta C, López-Olmeda JF. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1057-1089. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Espigares F, Rocha A, Gómez A, Carrillo M, Zanuy S. Photoperiod modulates the reproductive axis of European sea bass through regulation of kiss1 and gnrh2 neuronal expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 240:35-45. [PMID: 27641683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The onset of puberty is characterized by activation of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. However, the molecular and endocrine mechanism involved in the process of puberty and the influence of environmental conditions, such as photoperiod signalling, are not well understood in fish. In this study, 1-year-old male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were exposed to photoperiod manipulation in combination with size-sorting. Two treatment groups, a puberty accelerating photoperiod (AP) group and a continuous light (LL) group, were studied from August to February. Our results indicate that AP and LL are able to entrain the rhythms of both kiss1 and gnrh2 mRNA levels in the brain, while kiss2 and gnrh1 mRNA expression does not seem to be directly affected by the photoperiod, at least during testicular growth. It is likely that AP and LL photoperiod regimes affected both plasma Fsh and 11-KT profiles, which might explain, respectively, the phase shift and reduction of testes maturation seen under these conditions. We therefore hypothesize that the unbalanced production of this androgen regulated by circulating Fsh might be limiting the stimulation of germ cell proliferation in European sea bass males. In summary, our study establishes that photoperiod modulates the expression of kiss1 and gnrh2 in the forebrain-midbrain, which may be involved in the translation of the light stimulus to activate the reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Espigares
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, s/n, Castellón, Spain
| | - A Rocha
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, s/n, Castellón, Spain
| | - A Gómez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, s/n, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Carrillo
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, s/n, Castellón, Spain.
| | - S Zanuy
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, s/n, Castellón, Spain.
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Carrillo M, Espigares F, Felip A, Escobar S, Molés G, Rodríguez R, Alvarado MV, Gómez A, Zanuy S. Updating control of puberty in male European sea bass: A holistic approach. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 221:42-53. [PMID: 26172577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is the process by which an immature animal acquires the ability to reproduce for the first time; its onset occurs soon after sexual differentiation and is characterized by the beginning of gametogenesis in both sexes. Here we present new insights on when and how the onset of puberty occurs in male European sea bass, its dependence on reaching a critical size, and how it can be controlled by photoperiod, revealing the existence of a photolabile period with important applications in aquaculture. Regarding size, apparently only European sea bass above a certain size threshold attain the ability to carry out gametogenesis during their first year of life, while their smaller counterparts fail to do so. This could imply that fish need to achieve an optimal threshold of hormone production, particularly from the kisspeptin/Gnrh/Gth systems, in order to initiate and conclude puberty. However, a long-term restricted feeding regime during the second year of life did not prevent the onset of puberty, thus suggesting that the fish are able to maintain the reproductive function, even at the expense of other functions. Finally, the study of daily hormonal rhythms under different photoperiod regimes revealed the equivalence between their core values and those of seasonal rhythms, in such a way that the daily rhythms could be considered as the functional units of the seasonal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Carrillo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Felipe Espigares
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Alicia Felip
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Sebastian Escobar
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Molés
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Maria Victoria Alvarado
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
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Alvarado MV, Carrillo M, Felip A. Melatonin-induced changes in kiss/gnrh gene expression patterns in the brain of male sea bass during spermatogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jin YH, Park JW, Kim JH, Kwon JY. The Expression Pattern of Melatonin Receptor 1a Gene during Early Life Stages in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Dev Reprod 2015; 17:45-53. [PMID: 25949120 PMCID: PMC4282221 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.1.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The action of melatonin within the body of animals is known to be mediated by melatonin receptors. Three different types of melatonin receptors have been identified so far in fish. However, which of these are specifically involved in puberty onset is not known in fish. We cloned and analyzed the sequence of melatonin receptor 1a (mel 1a) gene in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In addition, we examined the tissue distribution of gene expressions for three types of receptors, mel 1a, 1b and lc and investigated which of them is involved in the onset of puberty by comparing their expression with that of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor I (GnRHr I) gene using quantitative real-time PCR from 1 week post hatch (wph) to 24 wph. The mel 1a gene of Nile tilapia consisted of two exons and one bulky intron between them. Mel 1a gene was found to be highly conserved gene showing high homology with the corresponding genes from different teleost. All three types of melatonin receptor genes were expressed in the brain, eyes and ovary in common. Expression of mel 1a gene was the most abundant and ubiquitous among 3 receptors in the brain, liver, gill, ovary, muscle, eye, heart, intestine, spleen and kidney. Mel 1b and mel 1c genes were, however, expressed in fewer tissues at low level. During the development post hatch, expressions of both mel 1a and GnRHr I genes significantly increased at 13 wph which was close to the putative timing of puberty onset in this species. These results suggest that among three types of receptors mel 1a is most likely associated with the action of melatonin in the onset of puberty in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hwa Jin
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
| | - Joon Yeong Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 336-708, Korea
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Servili A, Herrera-Pérez P, del Carmen Rendón M, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Melatonin inhibits GnRH-1, GnRH-3 and GnRH receptor expression in the brain of the European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7603-16. [PMID: 23567273 PMCID: PMC3645706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several evidences supported the existence of melatonin effects on reproductive system in fish. In order to investigate whether melatonin is involved in the modulation of GnRH systems in the European sea bass, we have injected melatonin (0.5 μg/g body mass) in male specimens. The brain mRNA transcript levels of the three GnRH forms and the five GnRH receptors present in this species were determined by real time quantitative PCR. Our findings revealed day–night variations in the brain expression of GnRH-1, GnRH-3 and several GnRH receptors (dlGnRHR-II-1c, -2a), which exhibited higher transcript levels at mid-light compared to mid-dark phase of the photocycle. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of melatonin on the nocturnal expression of GnRH-1, GnRH-3, and GnRH receptors subtypes 1c, 2a and 2b was also demonstrated. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of melatonin affected the expression of hypophysiotrophic GnRH forms and GnRH receptors that exhibit day–night fluctuations, suggesting that exogenous melatonin reinforce physiological mechanisms already established. These interactions between melatoninergic and GnRH systems could be mediating photoperiod effects on reproductive and other rhythmic physiological events in the European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Servili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEI·MAR), University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain; E-Mails: (P.H.-P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Patricia Herrera-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEI·MAR), University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain; E-Mails: (P.H.-P.); (M.C.R.)
- Andalusian Center of Marine Sciences and Technologies (CACYTMAR), Research Institutes, University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Rendón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEI·MAR), University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain; E-Mails: (P.H.-P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEI·MAR), University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain; E-Mails: (P.H.-P.); (M.C.R.)
- Andalusian Center of Marine Sciences and Technologies (CACYTMAR), Research Institutes, University Campus of Puerto Real, Puerto Real E-11510, Spain
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-956-016-023; Fax: +34-956-016-019
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Escobar S, Felip A, Gueguen MM, Zanuy S, Carrillo M, Kah O, Servili A. Expression of kisspeptins in the brain and pituitary of the european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:933-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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