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Gottlieb S, Rand JS, Ishioka K, Dias DA, Boughton BA, Roessner U, Ramadan Z, Anderson ST. Measures of insulin sensitivity, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations in cats in diabetic remission compared to healthy control cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905929. [PMID: 35968003 PMCID: PMC9372504 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Firstly, to compare differences in insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and measures of insulin sensitivity between diabetic cats in remission and healthy control cats, and determine whether these are predictors of diabetic relapse. Secondly, to determine if these hormones are associated with serum metabolites known to differ between groups. Thirdly, if any of the hormonal or identified metabolites are associated with measures of insulin sensitivity. Animals Twenty cats in diabetic remission for a median of 101 days, and 21 healthy matched control cats. Methods A casual blood glucose measured on admission to the clinic. Following a 24 h fast, a fasted blood glucose was measured, and blood sample taken for hormone (i.e., insulin, leptin, and adiponectin) and untargeted metabolomic (GC-MS and LC-MS) analysis. A simplified IVGGT (1 g glucose/kg) was performed 3 h later. Cats were monitored for diabetes relapse for at least 9 months (270 days). Results Cats in diabetic remission had significantly higher serum glucose and insulin concentrations, and decreased insulin sensitivity as indicated by an increase in HOMA and decrease in QUICKI and Bennett indices. Leptin was significantly increased, but there was no difference in adiponectin (or body condition score). Several significant correlations were found between insulin sensitivity indices, leptin, and serum metabolites identified as significantly different between remission and control cats. No metabolites were significantly correlated with adiponectin. No predictors of relapse were identified in this study. Conclusion and clinical importance Insulin resistance, an underlying factor in diabetic cats, persists in diabetic remission. Cats in remission should be managed to avoid further exacerbating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Susan Gottlieb
| | - Jacquie S. Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD, Australia
| | - Katsumi Ishioka
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel A. Dias
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziad Ramadan
- Nestlé Purina Research, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stephen T. Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis in adult. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:979-990. [PMID: 35673497 PMCID: PMC9167343 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Various studies have evaluated the effects of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on serum concentrations of adipokines. Although the association between LCD and serum levels of leptin and adiponectin has been studied extensively, the results were not consistent. Objective The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of LCD on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin. Design Electronic databases were retrieved in PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science to search relevant publications. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by the random-effect model. Cochrane Q test and I2 statistic were used to test heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were applied to assess possible sources of heterogeneity. Results A total of thirty-five articles were included in final analysis. Meta-analysis results revealed no statistical association between LCD and adiponectin concentration (WMD: 0.32 ng/ml, 95% CI: - 0.02, 0.66, p=0.062). Subgroup analysis showed that LCD increased adiponectin concentration in subjects under 45 years old and in studies with long term duration intervention. Also, did not observe a significant effect from the LCD on serum concentration of leptin (WMD: - 0.77 ng/ml, 95% CI: -3.15, 1.61, P=0.409). Subgroup analysis did not show any new information. The results of this study did not support the evidence for the positive effects of LCD on serum leptin and adiponectin levels.
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Blees NR, Wolfswinkel J, Kooistra HS, Corbee RJ. Influence of macronutrient composition of commercial diets on circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations in overweight dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:698-706. [PMID: 31880032 PMCID: PMC7078794 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin play important roles in obesity‐related inflammation and comorbidities. Previous research suggests that alterations in dietary macronutrient composition can modify circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations in people, but limited research on this subject has been performed in dogs. This study investigated the effects of commercial high protein (HP), high fat (HF) and high carbohydrate medium protein (HCMP) diets on baseline (T−1) concentrations, post‐prandial peak concentrations and total release in a ten‐hour time span of leptin and adiponectin in dogs, when compared to a maintenance high carbohydrate low protein (HCLP) diet. Thirty‐six overweight dogs were fed the HCLP diet in a one‐week control period, after which the animals were assigned to one of three groups. In three four‐week periods, each group was fed all test diets in a different sequence. At the last day of each period, blood was sampled at one hour before feeding (T−1) and at three (T3), six (T6) and nine (T9) hours after feeding. Feeding caused peak leptin concentrations at T6 and T9 (p < .001). No significant post‐prandial change in adiponectin concentrations was found (p = .056). The HP diet resulted in lower leptin peak concentrations (p = .004) and AUCT−1–T9 (p = .01), but none of the diets influenced baseline leptin concentrations (p = .273). Baseline adiponectin concentrations were lower for the HF diet (p = .018) and HCMP (p < .001), and the HP, HF and HCMP AUCT−1–T9 (p < .001) were lower compared with the HCLP diet. Female dogs had lower adiponectin baseline concentrations (p = .041) and AUCT−1–T9 (p = .023) than male dogs. In conclusion, the HP diet was associated with the lowest post‐prandial peak leptin concentration and the least decrease in adiponectin release, suggesting that a HP diet may improve immune‐metabolic health and post‐prandial satiety in overweight dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Roderick Blees
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Wolfswinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Sjoerd Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Frank N, Walsh DM. Repeatability of Oral Sugar Test Results, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Measurements, and Serum High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Concentrations in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1178-1187. [PMID: 28543933 PMCID: PMC5508339 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeatability of the oral sugar test (OST) has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that OST glucose, insulin, active (aGLP-1) and total (tGLP-1) glucagon-like peptide 1, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin results would be repeatable. ANIMALS Fifty-three horses from a Tennessee research facility (n = 23) and private practice in Missouri (n = 30), including animals with medical histories of equine metabolic syndrome. METHODS Two OSTs were performed 7-14 days apart and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at 0, 60, and 75 minutes; a positive result was defined as detection of an insulin concentration >45 μU/mL at 60 or 75 minutes. Plasma aGLP-1 and serum tGLP-1 concentrations at 75 minutes and serum HMW adiponectin concentrations at 0 minute were measured in the Missouri group. Bland-Altman analyses were performed. RESULTS No adverse events were reported. Bland-Altman analysis indicated mean ± SD bias of 1.5 ± 14.8 μU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], -27.6 to 30.5 μU/mL) and 1.2 ± 16.1 μU/mL (95% CI, -30.4 to 32.8 μU/mL) for insulin concentrations at 60 and 75 minutes, respectively. There was 91 and 83% agreement in test interpretation between test days for OST insulin results for all horses in the Tennessee and Missouri groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Repeatability of the OST was acceptable when values obtained from Bland-Altman analyses were evaluated, and there was good agreement in binary (negative/positive) test interpretation for insulin concentrations. However, wide 95% CIs were detected for insulin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - D M Walsh
- Homestead Veterinary Hospital, Pacific, MO
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Witzel AL, Kirk CA, Kania SA, Bartges JW, Boston RC, Moyers T, Byrd H, Lauten S. Relationship of adiponectin and its multimers to metabolic indices in cats during weight change. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 53:70-7. [PMID: 26143302 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an important anti-inflammatory hormone secreted from adipose tissue. The high-molecular-weight form of adiponectin (HMW) closely correlates with insulin sensitivity in human beings. This study uses a novel method of size-exclusion gel chromatography combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure HMW feline adiponectin and determine its relationship to leptin, cholesterol, and insulin sensitivity as cats gain and lose weight. In addition, total adiponectin and its messenger RNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured. No correlations were found between total serum adiponectin and subcutaneous adipose messenger RNA expression, fat mass, or measures of insulin sensitivity. This study demonstrates that cats have high percentages of HMW adiponectin. Although weak correlations between HMW adiponectin and fat mass were detected, additional cats are needed to determine if the correlations are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Witzel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - C A Kirk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Moyers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - H Byrd
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S Lauten
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Coradini M, Rand JS, Morton JM, Rawlings JM. Metabolic determinants of body weight after cats were fed a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet or a high-carbohydrate low-protein diet ad libitum for 8 wk. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 49:70-9. [PMID: 25084314 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obese conditions are common in cats and are associated with the development of a number of diseases. Knowledge of metabolic determinants and predictors of weight gain may enable better preventative strategies for obesity in cats. Lean, healthy cats were fed either a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet (n 16) or a high-carbohydrate low-protein (n 16) diet ad libitum for 8 wk. Potential determinants and predictors of final body weight assessed were body fat and lean masses, energy required for maintenance, energy requirements above maintenance for each kilogram of weight gain, insulin sensitivity index, fasting, mean 24-h and peak plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations, and fasting and mean 24-h serum adiponectin concentrations. In cats fed the low-carbohydrate high-protein diet, after adjusting for initial body weight, those with higher energy requirements for weight gain and higher fasting glucose concentration had higher final body weights (P ≤ 0.01). Predicted final body weights using initial body weight, fasting glucose and mean 24-h insulin concentrations (partial R(2) 37.3%) were imprecise. An equation using just initial body weight and fasting glucose concentration would be of more practical value, but was marginally less precise. In cats fed the high-carbohydrate low-protein diet, those with lower fasting leptin concentration initially had higher final body weights (P = 0.01). Predicted final body weights using initial body weight, energy requirements for maintenance, total body fat percentage and fasting leptin concentration (partial R(2) 39.2%) were reasonably precise. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to improve the precision of predicted final body weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coradini
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - J S Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - J M Morton
- Jemora Pty Ltd, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - J M Rawlings
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Hoelmkjaer KM, Bjornvad CR. Management of obesity in cats. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:97-107. [PMID: 32670850 PMCID: PMC7337193 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s40869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a common nutritional disorder in cats, especially when they are neutered and middle-aged. Obesity predisposes cats to several metabolic and clinical disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, lameness, and skin disease. Prevention and treatment of obesity is therefore of great importance in veterinary practice. Correct assessment of body composition is important for recognizing early states of obesity and for monitoring success of weight-loss programs. Various methods for assessing body composition have been proposed, of which a 9-point body-condition score has been validated in cats, and is possibly the most simple to use in the clinic; however, for extremely obese individuals, it is less useful. When calculating the appropriate daily caloric intake for a weight-loss plan, the aim is to maintain a safe weight-loss rate, increasing the chance of preserving lean body mass and decreasing the risk of developing hepatic lipidosis, while also producing a sufficient weight-loss rate to keep owners motivated. A weight-loss rate of 0.5%–2% per week is recommended, which for a cat that needs to lose 3 kg body weight results in an anticipated time for reaching the target weight of 24–60 weeks. There are several purpose-made weight-loss diets available. The optimal composition of a weight-loss diet for cats is unknown, but most of the available products have lower caloric density, an increased nutrient:energy ratio, and higher protein and fiber content. Regular follow-up visits allow the caloric intake to be adjusted based on progress, and possibly increase the chance of success. This review discusses the risk factors for and consequences of obesity, and gives directions for formulating a weight-loss plan, including daily caloric intake, choice of diet, and common problems based on the current literature. This review further provides a nutritional comparison of the current composition of selected commercial veterinary-specific weight-loss diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Hoelmkjaer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte R Bjornvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Bjornvad CR, Rand JS, Tan HY, Jensen KS, Rose FJ, Armstrong PJ, Whitehead JP. Obesity and sex influence insulin resistance and total and multimer adiponectin levels in adult neutered domestic shorthair client-owned cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 47:55-64. [PMID: 24373250 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we estimated insulin sensitivity and determined plasma concentrations of total-, low-molecular-weight (LMW), and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and leptin in 72 domestic shorthair, neutered, client-owned cats. Glucose tolerance was assessed with an intravenous glucose tolerance test and body fat percentage (BF%) was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Total adiponectin was measured with 2 different ELISAs. Low-molecular-weight and HMW adiponectin plasma concentrations were determined by Western blot analysis after sucrose-gradient velocity centrifugation, and the adiponectin multimer ratio [SA = HMW/(HMW + LMW)] was calculated. Differences in glucose tolerance, leptin, total adiponectin, and multimer ratio among lean (BF% <35; n = 26), overweight (35 <BF% <45; n = 28), and obese (BF% >45; n = 18) cats as well as between male (n = 34) and female (n = 38) neutered cats were evaluated by linear regression and 2-way ANOVA. Sex and age were included as covariates for analysis of BF%, whereas BF%, fat mass, and lean body mass were covariates for analysis of sex differences. Increased BF% was negatively correlated with multimer ratio (SA, r = -45; P < 0.002), whereas no differences were found in total adiponectin concentrations among BF% groups (P > 0.01). Male cats had indices of decreased insulin tolerance and significantly lower total adiponectin concentrations than did female cats (mean ± SEM, 3.7 ± 0.4 vs 5.4 ± 0.5 μg/mL; P < 0.02). Altered SAs could contribute to an obesity-associated decreasing glucose tolerance in cats, and low total adiponectin concentrations may relate to increased risk of diabetes mellitus in neutered male cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Bjornvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - J S Rand
- Centre for Companion Animal Health and Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Y Tan
- Centre for Companion Animal Health and Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K S Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - F J Rose
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P J Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J P Whitehead
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Coradini M, Rand JS, Morton JM, Arai T, Ishioka K, Rawlings JM. Fat mass, and not diet, has a large effect on postprandial leptin but not on adiponectin concentrations in cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 45:79-88. [PMID: 23827214 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin play important roles in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in different species. Information is limited on the effects of diet, weight gain, and fat mass on their concentrations in cats. This study compared fasting and postprandial blood leptin and total adiponectin concentrations before and after 8 wk of ad libitum feeding to promote weight gain in adult cats (n = 32) fed either a low-carbohydrate, high-protein (23% and 47% ME) or a high-carbohydrate, low-protein (51% and 21% ME) diet. There were significant effects of total, abdominal, and nonabdominal fat mass, but not diet or body weight, on mean 24-h and peak leptin (P < 0.01); observed increases in mean and peak leptin were greatest for abdominal fat mass (50% and 56% increase for every extra 100 g, respectively). After weight gain, postprandial leptin concentration increased markedly relative to when cats were lean, and the duration of the increase was longer after a mean weight gain of 37% with the low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet group compared with 17% with the high-carbohydrate, low-protein group (P ≤ 0.01). Adiponectin was lower than fasting at some time points during the postprandial period in both groups (P ≤ 0.05). For both fasting and mean 24-h adiponectin, there was no significant diet effect (P ≥ 0.19) or changes in weight gain relative to when cats were lean (P ≥ 0.29). In conclusion, fat mass, and not diet, has a large effect on postprandial leptin but not adiponectin concentrations in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coradini
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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The cat as a model for human obesity: insights into depot-specific inflammation associated with feline obesity. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1326-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
According to human research, the location of fat accumulation seems to play an important role in the induction of obesity-related inflammatory complications. To evaluate whether an inflammatory response to obesity depends on adipose tissue location, adipokine gene expression, presence of immune cells and adipocyte cell size of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were compared between lean and obese cats. Additionally, the present study proposes the cat as a model for human obesity and highlights the importance of animal models for human research. A total of ten chronically obese and ten lean control cats were included in the present study. Body weight, body condition score and body composition were determined. T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, macrophage concentrations and adipocyte cell size were measured in adipose tissue at different locations. Serum leptin concentration and the mRNA expression of leptin and adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, chemoligand-5, IL-8, TNF-α, interferon-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in blood and adipose tissues (abdominal and inguinal SAT, and omental, bladder and renal VAT). Feline obesity was characterised by increased adipocyte cell size and altered adipokine gene expression, in favour of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Consequently, concentration of T-lymphocytes was increased in the adipose tissue of obese cats. Alteration of adipose tissue was location dependent in both lean and obese cats. Moreover, the observed changes were more prominent in SAT compared with VAT.
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12
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Neely BA, Carlin KP, Arthur JM, McFee WE, Janech MG. Ratiometric Measurements of Adiponectin by Mass Spectrometry in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with Iron Overload Reveal an Association with Insulin Resistance and Glucagon. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:132. [PMID: 24065958 PMCID: PMC3778387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels are reduced in humans with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Similar to humans with insulin resistance, managed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) diagnosed with hemochromatosis (iron overload) have higher levels of 2 h post-prandial plasma insulin than healthy controls. A parallel reaction monitoring assay for dolphin serum adiponectin was developed based on tryptic peptides identified by mass spectrometry. Using identified post-translational modifications, a differential measurement was constructed. Total and unmodified adiponectin levels were measured in sera from dolphins with (n = 4) and without (n = 5) iron overload. This measurement yielded total adiponectin levels as well as site specific percent unmodified adiponectin that may inversely correlate with HMW adiponectin. Differences in insulin levels between iron overload cases and controls were observed 2 h post-prandial, but not during the fasting state. Thus, post-prandial as well as fasting serum adiponectin levels were measured to determine whether adiponectin and insulin would follow similar patterns. There was no difference in total adiponectin or percent unmodified adiponectin from case or control fasting animals. There was no difference in post-prandial total adiponectin levels between case and control dolphins (mean ± SD) at 763 ± 298 and 727 ± 291 pmol/ml, respectively (p = 0.91); however, percent unmodified adiponectin was significantly higher in post-prandial cases compared to controls (30.0 ± 6.3 versus 17.0 ± 6.6%, respectively; p = 0.016). Interestingly, both total and percent unmodified adiponectin were correlated with glucagon levels in controls (r = 0.999, p < 0.001), but not in cases, which is possibly a reflection of insulin resistance. Although total adiponectin levels were not significantly different, the elevated percent unmodified adiponectin follows a trend similar to HMW adiponectin reported for humans with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin P. Carlin
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Wayne E. McFee
- NOAA’s Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- *Correspondence: Michael G. Janech, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, 829 Clinical Sciences Building, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA e-mail:
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Lee P, Mori A, Coradini M, Mori N, Sagara F, Yamamoto I, Rand JS, Arai T. Potential predictive biomarkers of obesity in Burmese cats. Vet J 2012; 195:221-7. [PMID: 22840209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Australian Burmese cats are predisposed to diabetes mellitus and, compared to other breeds, have delayed triglyceride clearance that may result in subtle changes within cells and tissues that trigger specific alterations in gene expression within peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs). Expression of genes involved in energy metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), lipogenesis (ATP citrate lyase [ACL], fatty acid synthase [FAS] and sterol regulatory binding protein-1c [SREBP-1c]), and insulin signalling (insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase), as well as cholesterol lipoprotein subfraction profiling were carried out on PBLs from lean Burmese cats and compared with similar profiles of age and gender matched lean and obese Australian domestic shorthaired cats (DSHs) in an attempt to identify possible biomarkers for assessing obesity. For the majority of the genes examined, the lean Burmese cats demonstrated similar PBL gene expression patterns as age and gender matched obese Australian DSH cats. Lean Burmese had increased expression of ACL and FAS, but not SREBP-1c, a main upstream regulator of lipid synthesis, suggesting possible aberrations in lipogenesis. Moreover, lean Burmese displayed a 3- to 4-fold increase in the very low density cholesterol fraction percentage, which was double that for obese DSH cats, indicating an increased degree of lipid dysregulation especially in relation to triglycerides. The findings suggest that Burmese cats may have a particular propensity for dysregulation in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lee
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Understanding adiponectin in dogs and cats: A work in progress. Vet J 2012; 193:4-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fuente-Martín E, García-Cáceres C, Granado M, Sánchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M, Frago LM, Argente J, Chowen JA. Early postnatal overnutrition increases adipose tissue accrual in response to a sucrose-enriched diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1586-98. [PMID: 22510708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00618.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both overnutrition and an incorrect nutrient balance have contributed to the rise in obesity. Moreover, it is now clear that poor nutrition during early life augments the possibility of excess weight gain in later years. Our aim was to determine how neonatal overnutrition affects later responses to a sucrose-enriched diet and whether this varies depending upon when the diet is introduced in postnatal life. Male Wistar rats raised in litters of four or 12 pups were given a 33% sucrose solution instead of water from weaning (day 21) or postnatal day (PND) 65. All rats received normal chow ad libitum until they were euthanized on PND 80. Body weight (BW) and food and liquid intake were monitored throughout the study. Fat mass, adipocyte morphology, serum biochemical and hormonal parameters, and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA levels were measured at study termination. Neonatal overnutrition increased food intake, BW, and leptin levels, induced adipocyte hypertrophy, and decreased total ghrelin levels. The sucrose-enriched diet increased total energy intake, adipose accrual, and leptin, adiponectin, and acylated ghrelin levels but decreased BW. Most of these responses were accentuated in neonatally overnourished rats, which also had increased insulin and triglyceride levels. However, long-term sucrose intake induced adipocyte hypertrophy in rats from normal-sized litters but not in neonatally overfed rats. The results reported here indicate that neonatal overnutrition increases the detrimental response to a diet rich in sucrose later in life. Moreover, the timing and duration of the exposure to a sucrose-enriched diet alter the adverse metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuente-Martín
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Effects of two commercially available feline diets on glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin sensitivity and energetic efficiency of weight gain – CORRIGENDUM. Br J Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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