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Gadducci A, Cosio S, Zanca G, Genazzani AR. Evolving Role of Serum Biomarkers in the Management of Ovarian Cancer. WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 2:141-58. [DOI: 10.2217/17455057.2.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of an ideal serum tumor marker would be of great clinical benefit for both the diagnosis and management of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Serum cancer antigen 125 assay significantly increases the diagnostic reliability of ultrasound in discriminating a malignant from a benign ovarian mass, especially in postmenopausal women, and it is the only well validated tumor marker for monitoring disease course. Several other tumor-associated antigens have been assessed, including glycoprotein antigens other than cancer antigen 125, soluble cytokeratin fragments, kallikreins, cytokines and cytokine receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor, D-dimer, and lisophosphatidic acid. This article assesses the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of these novel biomarkers, both alone and in combination with cancer antigen 125. The future for serum tumor marker research is represented by the emerging technology of proteomics, which may allow scientific advances comparable to those achieved with the introduction of monoclonal antibody technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410
| | - Stefania Cosio
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410
| | - Giulia Zanca
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410
| | - Andrea Riccardo Genazzani
- Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410
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Suh KS, Park SW, Castro A, Patel H, Blake P, Liang M, Goy A. Ovarian cancer biomarkers for molecular biosensors and translational medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:1069-83. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang C, Weng Y, Wang H, Shi Y, Ma D. Relationship between the expression of thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:494-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Miszczak-Zaborska E, Kubiak R, Bieńkiewicz A, Bartkowiak J. The cytosol activity of thymidine phosphorylase in endometrial cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27:64. [PMID: 18986516 PMCID: PMC2588563 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is identical with platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) which promotes angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytosol activity of TP in tumor samples from patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS The activity of TP was measured by the spectrophotometric method in the cytosol of endometrial tumor samples from 43 patients. Moreover, the expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) protein and microvessel density (MD) were examined in the same endometrial tumor samples by immunohistochemical staining. Normal endometrium from 16 women, treated surgically due to nononcological reasons served as a control.A relationship between the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression, MD and clinicopathologic features was investigated. RESULTS A significantly higher the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was stated in malignant tumor samples when compared to the control (samples of normal endometrium). A positive statistically significant correlation between the cytosol enzyme activity and PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was found, but weaker from the remaining ones between PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD was observed.Besides no correlation between the cytosol TP activity, PD-ECGF/TP protein expression as well as MD and grading or histopatological type of endometrial cancer was stated. CONCLUSION The cytosol TP activity in endometrial cancer is significantly higher than in normal endometrium, with no relation as to the stage and grade of tumors, but correlates with the PD-ECGF/TP protein expression and MD may therefore be associated with favorable prognosis in patients treated with chemo- or radiotherapy after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Miszczak-Zaborska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Kubiak
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Paderewskiego Street 4, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieńkiewicz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Paderewskiego Street 4, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Bartkowiak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Chen LC, Hsueh C, Tsang NM, Liang Y, Chang KP, Hao SP, Yu JS, Chang YS. Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k and thymidine phosphorylase are independent prognostic and therapeutic markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3807-13. [PMID: 18559600 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) regulates thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA stability. The aim of the present study was to analyze hnRNP K and TP expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate the prognostic and therapeutic potential of these two markers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed hnRNP K and TP expression immunohistochemically in 121 clinically proven NPC cases. Statistical analyses were applied to correlate cytoplasmic hnRNP K with elevated TP expression and determine the prognostic significance of these parameters. The therapeutic implication of elevated TP expression was determined by measuring sensitivity of NPC cells to the TP-targeting drug, 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (5'-DFUR). RESULTS There was a high correlation between cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP (P < 0.001). Both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP were associated with poor overall survival (OS; P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) of NPC patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are independent prognostic predictors for OS (P = 0.020 and 0.010, respectively). NPC cells expressing high TP were more sensitive to treatment with the TP-targeting drug, 5'-DFUR. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are associated with shorter OS and distant metastasis-free survival in NPC patients. In vitro experiments suggest that NPC tumors with high TP expression may be sensitive to 5'-DFUR treatment. Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP may be potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for NPC, but additional validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Chyang Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fina F, Muracciole X, Rocchi P, Nanni-Métellus I, Delfino C, Daniel L, Dussert C, Ouafik L'H, Martin PM. Molecular profile of androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft LuCaP 23.1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96:355-65. [PMID: 16043352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After castration or therapeutic hormone deprivation, most cancer of the prostate (CaP) cells develop androgen-independent (AI) growth. In this work, we studied the effect of androgen depletion (castration) on the growth of experimental model LuCaP 23.1 xenograft. A total of 101 nude mice were implanted and analysed for their growth profile before experimental period 1 (11 weeks) and after castration experimental period 2 (15 weeks). For specific periods, tumors were harvested and assessed for molecular marker expression specific for CaP. Taking into account tumor dynamic growth, prior to castration we found 37 fast growing (FG) tumors (948.9+/-76.9 mm3) and 63 slow growing (SG) tumors (229.6+/-18.4 mm3). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that in comparison to SGs, FGs contained elevated expression of epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (HER1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and thymidilate synthase (TS) mRNAs expression and low levels of 5alpha-reductase 2 (5alpha-R2) mRNA. After castration all FG tumors progressed rapidly (by 5 weeks) to AI growth (FG-P). In SG castrated tumors, 66% of tumors showed retarded progression (by 12 weeks) to AI (SG-P), whereas 34% responded to castration (SG-R). Molecular analysis demonstrated distinct molecular profiles integrating different pathways associated with AI progression. The progressive tumors FG-P, and some tumors of SG-P subgroup, presented significantly high levels of HER1, epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), TS, uPA, TP, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 6 (FAS) and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase (PAM) mRNA all of which correlated with androgen receptor (AR) mRNA. The second subgroup of SG-P tumors showed a high expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. A third subgroup of SG-P tumors showed significant expression of hypoxia-related genes such as adrenomedullin (AM) after castration. LuCaP 23.1 xenograft represent a useful dynamic model to study pre-clinically new therapeutic molecules and evaluate non-randomized therapeutics protocols combining different target inhibition specific to each AI pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fina
- Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille II, Laboratoire de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Assistance Publique--Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Faculté de Médecine Secteur nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex, France
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Lotze MT, Wang E, Marincola FM, Hanna N, Bugelski PJ, Burns CA, Coukos G, Damle N, Godfrey TE, Howell WM, Panelli MC, Perricone MA, Petricoin EF, Sauter G, Scheibenbogen C, Shivers SC, Taylor DL, Weinstein JN, Whiteside TL. Workshop on Cancer Biometrics: Identifying Biomarkers and Surrogates of Cancer in Patients. J Immunother 2005; 28:79-119. [PMID: 15725954 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000154251.20125.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current excitement about molecular targeted therapies has driven much of the recent dialog in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Particularly in the biologic therapy of cancer, identifiable antigenic T-cell targets restricted by MHC molecules and the related novel stress molecules such as MICA/B and Letal allow a degree of precision previously unknown in cancer therapy. We have previously held workshops on immunologic monitoring and angiogenesis monitoring. This workshop was designed to discuss the state of the art in identification of biomarkers and surrogates of tumor in patients with cancer, with particular emphasis on assays within the blood and tumor. We distinguish this from immunologic monitoring in the sense that it is primarily a measure of the tumor burden as opposed to the immune response to it. Recommendations for intensive investigation and targeted funding to enable such strategies were developed in seven areas: genomic analysis; detection of molecular markers in peripheral blood and lymph node by tumor capture and RT-PCR; serum, plasma, and tumor proteomics; immune polymorphisms; high content screening using flow and imaging cytometry; immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays; and assessment of immune infiltrate and necrosis in tumors. Concrete recommendations for current application and enabling further development in cancer biometrics are summarized. This will allow a more informed, rapid, and accurate assessment of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lotze
- Translational Research, University of Pittsburgh Molecular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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