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Yaqoob SB, Adnan R, Rameez Khan RM, Rashid M. Gold, Silver, and Palladium Nanoparticles: A Chemical Tool for Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:376. [PMID: 32582621 PMCID: PMC7283583 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the role of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedical analysis and the treatment of critical deceases been highlighted. In the world of nanotechnology, noble elements such as the gold/silver/palladium (Au/Ag/Pd) NPs are the most promising emerging trend to design bioengineering materials that could to be employed as modern diagnostic tools and devices to combat serious diseases. NPs are considered a powerful and advanced chemical tool to diagnose and to cure critical ailments such as HIV, cancer, and other types of infectious illnesses. The treatment of cancer is the most significant application of nanotechnology which is based on premature tumor detection and analysis of cancer cells through Nano-devices. The fascinating characteristic properties of NPs-such as high surface area, high surface Plasmon resonance, multi-functionalization, highly stable nature, and easy processing-make them more prolific for nanotechnology. In this review article, the multifunctional roles of Au/Ag/Pd NPs in the field of medical science, the physicochemical toxicity dependent properties, and the interaction mechanism is highlighted. Due to the cytotoxicity of Ag/Au/Pd NPs, the conclusion and future remarks emphasize the need for further research to minimize the toxicity of NPs in the bio-medicinal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Bahar Yaqoob
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology Mirpur, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Rohana Adnan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohammad Rashid
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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2
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Kalimuthu K, Cha BS, Kim S, Park KS. Eco-friendly synthesis and biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles: A review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Novikova T. Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1844-1862. [PMID: 29046833 PMCID: PMC5629403 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current research in the field of optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection and covers a wide range of the existing and emerging technologies. Using colposcopy, a visual inspection of the uterine cervix with a colposcope (a binocular microscope with 3- to 15-fold magnification), has proven to be an efficient approach for the detection of invasive cancer. Nevertheless, the development of a reliable and cost-effective technique for the identification of precancerous lesions, confined to the epithelium (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) still remains a challenging problem. It is known that even at early stages the neoplastic transformations of cervical tissue induce complex changes and modify both structural and biochemical properties of tissues. The different methods, including spectroscopic (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, induced fluorescence and autofluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy) and imaging techniques (confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry, photoacoustic imaging), probe different tissue properties that may serve as optical biomarkers for diagnosis. Both the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques for the diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions are discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, University Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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4
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Zhao MX, Zeng EZ. Application of functional quantum dot nanoparticles as fluorescence probes in cell labeling and tumor diagnostic imaging. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:171. [PMID: 25897311 PMCID: PMC4397224 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a class of nanomaterials with good optical properties. Compared with organic dyes, QDs have unique photophysical properties: size-tunable light emission, improved signal brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Possessing versatile surface chemistry and superior optical features, QDs are useful in a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications. When linked with targeting biomolecules, QDs can be used to target cell biomarkers because of high luminescence and stability. So QDs have the potential to become a novel class of fluorescent probes. This review outlines the basic properties of QDs, cell fluorescence labeling, and tumor diagnosis imaging and discusses the future directions of QD-focused bionanotechnology research in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Er-Zao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
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Conde J, Tian F, Baptista PV, de la Fuente JM. Multifunctional Gold Nanocarriers for Cancer Theranostics: From Bench to Bedside and Back Again? NANO-ONCOLOGICALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08084-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Soonthornthum T, Arias-Pulido H, Joste N, Lomo L, Muller C, Rutledge T, Verschraegen C. Epidermal growth factor receptor as a biomarker for cervical cancer. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2166-78. [PMID: 21325449 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the different modes of expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). All methods used to assess EGFR expression are critically analyzed and insights into the use of inhibitors of EGFR for treatment of cervical cancer are discussed. Currently, expression of EGFR as a biomarker for prognosis or for treatment of cervical cancer is not defined for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soonthornthum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Levashova Z, Backer MV, Horng G, Felsher D, Backer JM, Blankenberg FG. SPECT and PET Imaging of EGF Receptors with Site-Specifically Labeled EGF and Dimeric EGF. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:742-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800443w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Levashova
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Marina V. Backer
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - George Horng
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Dean Felsher
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Joseph M. Backer
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Francis G. Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Sibtech, Inc., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and Department of Medicine/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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8
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Bazant-Hegemark F, Edey K, Swingler GR, Read MD, Stone N. Review: Optical Micrometer Resolution Scanning for Non-invasive Grading of Precancer in the Human Uterine Cervix. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 7:483-96. [DOI: 10.1177/153303460800700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of cervical precancer is archetypal for other cancer prevention programmes but has to consider diagnostic and logistic challenges. Numerous optical tools are emerging for non-destructive near real-time early diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the cervix. Non-destructive, real-time imaging modalities have reached pre-commercial status, but high resolution mapping tools are not yet introduced in clinical settings. The NCBI PubMed web page was searched using the keywords ‘CIN diagnosis’ and the combinations of ‘cervix {confocal, optical coherence tomography, ftir, infrared, Raman, vibrational, spectroscopy}’. Suitable titles were identified and their relevant references followed. Challenges in precancer management are discussed. The following tools capable of non-destructive high resolution mapping in a clinical environment were selected: confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, IR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Findings on the clinical performance of these techniques are put into context in order to assist the reader in judging the likely performance of these methods as diagnostic tools. Rationale for carrying out research under the prospect of the HPV vaccine is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bazant-Hegemark
- Cranfield Health Cranfield University at Silsoe Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK
- Biophotonics Research Group Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Great Western Road Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Katharine Edey
- Women's Health Directorate Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Great Western Road Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Gordon R. Swingler
- Women's Health Directorate Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Great Western Road Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Mike D. Read
- Women's Health Directorate Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Great Western Road Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Cranfield Health Cranfield University at Silsoe Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK
- Biophotonics Research Group Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Great Western Road Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
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Eck W, Craig G, Sigdel A, Ritter G, Old LJ, Tang L, Brennan MF, Allen PJ, Mason MD. PEGylated gold nanoparticles conjugated to monoclonal F19 antibodies as targeted labeling agents for human pancreatic carcinoma tissue. ACS NANO 2008; 2:2263-2272. [PMID: 19206392 DOI: 10.1021/nn800429d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe optical detection of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles bound to surgically resected human pancreatic cancer tissue. Gold nanoparticles stabilized by heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared using approximately 15 nm spherical gold cores and covalently coupled to F19 monoclonal antibodies. The heterobifunctional PEG ligands contain a dithiol group for stable anchoring onto the gold surface and a terminal carboxy group for coupling of antibodies to the outside of the PEG shell. The nanoparticle-antibody bioconjugates form highly stable dispersions and exhibit long-term resistance to agglomeration. This has been demonstrated by dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticle bioconjugates were used to label tumor stroma in approximately 5 mum thick sections of resected human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. After rinsing away nonbound nanoparticles and fixation, the tissue samples were imaged by darkfield microscopy near the nanoparticle resonance scattering maximum (approximately 560 nm). The images display pronounced tissue features and suggest that this novel labeling method could provide for facile identification of cancer tissue. Tumor samples treated with gold nanoparticles conjugated to nonspecific control antibodies and noncancerous pancreatic tissue treated with mAb-F19-conjugated gold nanoparticles both exhibited correctly negative results and showed no tissue staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Zagaynova EV, Shirmanova MV, Kirillin MY, Khlebtsov BN, Orlova AG, Balalaeva IV, Sirotkina MA, Bugrova ML, Agrba PD, Kamensky VA. Contrasting properties of gold nanoparticles for optical coherence tomography: phantom,in vivostudies and Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:4995-5009. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/18/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen LD, Liu J, Yu XF, He M, Pei XF, Tang ZY, Wang QQ, Pang DW, Li Y. The biocompatibility of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Biomaterials 2008; 29:4170-6. [PMID: 18691751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have several photo-physical advantages over organic dyes making them good markers in biomedical application. We used CdSe/ZnS QDs with maximum emission wavelength of 590nm (QD590) linked to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) monoclonal antibody (Ab) to detect AFP in cytoplasm of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line HCCLM6. For the in vivo studies, we used QD-AFP-Ab probes for targeted imaging of human HCC xenograft growing in nude mice by injecting them into the tail vein. In addition, the cytotoxicity in vitro, the acute toxicity in vivo, the hemodynamics and tissue distribution of these probes were also investigated. The results in vitro and in vivo indicate that our QD-based probes have good stability, specificity and biocompatibility for ultrasensitive fluorescence imaging of molecular targets in our liver cancer model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Dong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
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12
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Chen C, Chen L, Zhang Z, Li Y. Advances in the application of quantum dots in tumor markers investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-007-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Podsiadlo P, Sinani VA, Bahng JH, Kam NWS, Lee J, Kotov NA. Gold nanoparticles enhance the anti-leukemia action of a 6-mercaptopurine chemotherapeutic agent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:568-74. [PMID: 18052300 DOI: 10.1021/la702782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
6-mercaptopurine and its riboside derivatives are some of the most widely utilized anti-leukemic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Their short biological half-life and severe side effects limit their use. A new delivery method for these drugs based on 4-5 nm gold nanoparticles can potentially resolve these issues. We have found substantial enhancement of the antiproliferative effect against K-562 leukemia cells of Au nanoparticles bearing 6-mercaptopurine-9-beta-d-ribofuranoside compared to the same drug in typically administered free form. The improvement was attributed to enhanced intracellular transport followed by the subsequent release in lysosomes. Enhanced activity and nanoparticle carriers will make possible the reduction of the overall concentration of the drug, renal clearance, and, thus, side effects. The nanoparticles with mercaptopurine also showed excellent stability over 1 year without loss of inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Podsiadlo
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Cai W, Niu G, Chen X. Multimodality imaging of the HER-kinase axis in cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:186-208. [PMID: 17846765 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases controls critical pathways involved in epithelial cell differentiation, growth, division, and motility. Alterations and disruptions in the function of the HER-kinase axis can lead to malignancy. Many therapeutic agents targeting the HER-kinase axis are approved for clinical use or are in preclinical/clinical development. The ability to quantitatively image the HER-kinase axis in a noninvasive manner can aid in lesion detection, patient stratification, new drug development/validation, dose optimization, and treatment monitoring. This review summarizes the current status in multimodality imaging of the HER-kinase axis using PET, SPECT, optical, and MR imaging. The targeting ligands used include small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, peptides, proteins, antibodies, and engineered antibody fragments. EGFR and HER2 imaging have been well documented in the past, and imaging of HER3, HER4, HER heterodimers, and HER-kinase mutants deserves significant research effort in the future. Successful development of new HER-kinase-targeted imaging agents with optimal in vivo stability, targeting efficacy, and desirable pharmacokinetics for clinical translation will enable maximum benefit in cancer patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA.
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Fortina P, Kricka LJ, Graves DJ, Park J, Hyslop T, Tam F, Halas N, Surrey S, Waldman SA. Applications of nanoparticles to diagnostics and therapeutics in colorectal cancer. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:145-52. [PMID: 17316852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has considerable promise for the detection, staging and treatment of cancer. Here, we outline one such promising application: the use of nanostructures with surface-bound ligands for the targeted delivery and ablation of colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the US. Normal colonic epithelial cells as well as primary CRC and metastatic tumors all express a unique surface-bound guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), which binds the diarrheagenic bacterial heat-stable peptide enterotoxin ST. This makes GCC a potential target for metastatic tumor ablation using ST-bound nanoparticles in combination with thermal ablation with near-infrared or radiofrequency energy absorption. Furthermore, the incorporation of iron or iron oxide into such structures would provide advantages for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the scenarios outlined in this article are hypothetical, they might stimulate ideas about how other cancers could be attacked using nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Martin SF, Wood AD, McRobbie MM, Mazilu M, McDonald MP, Samuel IDW, Herrington CS. Fluorescence spectroscopy of anin vitro model of human cervical precancer identifies neoplastic phenotype. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1964-70. [PMID: 17266040 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of cervical neoplasia by spectroscopic methods is potentially a reliable, fast and cost-effective alternative to the conventional smear test. However, it is currently limited by significant inter-patient variation in the spectroscopic properties of the cervix. Characterisation of suitable in vitro models of the spectroscopic changes that take place during neoplastic progression may prove to be a significant step towards the successful development of reliable in vivo systems. In this study, we used organotypic epithelial raft culture as an in vitro model of cervical tissue to analyse changes in the fluorescence properties of surface squamous epithelium that are associated with the development of neoplastic disease. Collagen plugs lined by primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) were used to model the normal cervical epithelium, and plugs lined by cells of the SiHa line were used as a model of neoplastic cervical tissue. Fluorescence emission spectra of these rafts were recorded at excitation wavelengths in the 250-330 nm range, complementing previous work published at longer wavelengths. Normalised, truncated emission spectra were analysed using multivariate principal component analysis. We successfully distinguished between in vitro models of normal and neoplastic cervical tissue and demonstrated a differential effect of acetic acid, which enhances the discrimination of normal from neoplastic tissue. Identification of these differences between in vitro organotypic epithelial rafts may ultimately aid the discrimination of cervical lesions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Martin
- Biophotonics Collaboration (SUPA), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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Kneller JM, Ehlen T, Matisic JP, Miller D, Van Niekerk D, Lam WL, Marra M, Richards-Kortum R, Follen M, MacAulay C, Jones SJ. Using LongSAGE to Detect Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer Potentially Amenable to Optical Contrast Agent Labelling. Biomark Insights 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen longSAGE libraries from four different clinical stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia have enabled us to identify novel cell-surface biomarkers indicative of CIN stage. By comparing gene expression profiles of cervical tissue at early and advanced stages of CIN, several genes are identified to be novel genetic markers. We present fifty-six cell-surface gene products differentially expressed during progression of CIN. These cell surface proteins are being examined to establish their capacity for optical contrast agent binding. Contrast agent visualization will allow real-time assessment of the physiological state of the disease process bringing vast benefit to cancer care. The data discussed in this publication have been submitted to NCBIs Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ ) and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE6252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Kneller
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Ehlen
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jasenka P. Matisic
- Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dianne Miller
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dirk Van Niekerk
- Cervical Cancer Screening Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marco Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Follen
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Biomedical Engineering Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven J.M. Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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