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Garrido MP, Fredes AN, Lobos-González L, Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Vera DB, Romero C. Current Treatments and New Possible Complementary Therapies for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 10:77. [PMID: 35052757 PMCID: PMC8772950 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynaecological malignancies. The late diagnosis is frequent due to the absence of specific symptomatology and the molecular complexity of the disease, which includes a high angiogenesis potential. The first-line treatment is based on optimal debulking surgery following chemotherapy with platinum/gemcitabine and taxane compounds. During the last years, anti-angiogenic therapy and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases (PARP)-inhibitors were introduced in therapeutic schemes. Several studies have shown that these drugs increase the progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer, but the identification of patients who have the greatest benefits is still under investigation. In the present review, we discuss about the molecular characteristics of the disease, the recent evidence of approved treatments and the new possible complementary approaches, focusing on drug repurposing, non-coding RNAs, and nanomedicine as a new method for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P. Garrido
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Allison N. Fredes
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile;
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Daniela B. Vera
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
| | - Carmen Romero
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (A.N.F.); (D.B.V.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Though accounts for 2.5% of all cancers in female, the death rate of ovarian cancer is high, which is the fifth leading cause of cancer death (5% of all cancer death) in female. The 5-year survival rate of ovarian cancer is less than 50%. The oncogenic molecular signaling of ovarian cancer are complicated and remain unclear, and there is a lack of effective targeted therapies for ovarian cancer treatment. METHODS In this study, we propose to investigate activated signaling pathways of individual ovarian cancer patients and sub-groups; and identify potential targets and drugs that are able to disrupt the activated signaling pathways. Specifically, we first identify the up-regulated genes of individual cancer patients using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and then identify the potential activated transcription factors. After dividing ovarian cancer patients into several sub-groups sharing common transcription factors using K-modes method, we uncover the up-stream signaling pathways of activated transcription factors in each sub-group. Finally, we mapped all FDA approved drugs targeting on the upstream signaling. RESULTS The 427 ovarian cancer samples were divided into 3 sub-groups (with 100, 172, 155 samples respectively) based on the activated TFs (with 14, 25, 26 activated TFs respectively). Multiple up-stream signaling pathways, e.g., MYC, WNT, PDGFRA (RTK), PI3K, AKT TP53, and MTOR, are uncovered to activate the discovered TFs. In addition, 66 FDA approved drugs were identified targeting on the uncovered core signaling pathways. Forty-four drugs had been reported in ovarian cancer related reports. The signaling diversity and heterogeneity can be potential therapeutic targets for drug combination discovery. CONCLUSIONS The proposed integrative network analysis could uncover potential core signaling pathways, targets and drugs for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- Institute for Informatics (I2), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Fuhai Li
- Institute for Informatics (I2), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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1,2-Benzenedithiol and Toluene-3,4-dithiol Arsenic(III) Complexes-Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization and Toxicological Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213865. [PMID: 31717768 PMCID: PMC6864545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new group of arsenic(III) complexes with bidentate S,S-donor ligands, 1,2-benzenedithiol (Ph(SH)2) and toluene-3,4-dithiol (MePh(SH)2), were synthesized. The use of arsenic(III) iodide and bromide promoted the formation of neutral complexes (1-4) with the general formula AsX(LS2) (X = I or Br, L = MePh or Ph). The crystal structures of these compounds were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD). Unlike other arsenic(III) complexes, AsBr(PhS2) complex (2) was found to crystallize with a rare 13 molecules in the asymmetric unit. The compounds were also characterized by conventional physico-chemical techniques (Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), elemental analysis (EA) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)). The results from structural and spectroscopic studies were supported by DFT calculations using the B3LYP/LANL2DZ and (or) 6-31+G(d,p) approaches. The cytotoxicity of these complexes was estimated for human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (NB4). They exhibited remarkable cytotoxicities after 48 h of treatment with IC50 equal to about 10 µM and 40 µM for complexes with 1,2-benzenedithiolato and toluene-3,4-dithiolato ligand, respectively. Their toxicity was lower than that of commonly used chemotherapeutic As2O3 (IC50 = 1.4 µM).
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Hsu LI, Wang YH, Hsieh FI, Yang TY, Wen-Juei Jeng R, Liu CT, Chen CL, Hsu KH, Chiou HY, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Effects of Arsenic in Drinking Water on Risk of Hepatitis or Cirrhosis in Persons With and Without Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:1347-1355.e4. [PMID: 27060428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Arsenic in drinking water is associated with hepatomegaly and death from liver cancer. However, confounding factors related to liver diseases have not been carefully studied. We examined associations between exposure of arsenic in drinking water and risk of hepatitis and cirrhosis, and the interaction with chronic viral hepatitis, in people living in the Lanyang Basin of northeastern Taiwan, where well water has an arsenic content that ranges from undetectable to 3590 μg/L. METHODS We tested blood samples from 4387 people who lived in arseniasis-endemic areas in northeastern Taiwan from 1991 through 1994 for hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). We measured arsenic concentrations in well water and collected information on residents' histories of major chronic diseases. Reports of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis were ascertained using the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Reports of liver cancer were ascertained using the Taiwan National Cancer Registry. RESULTS Prevalence odds ratios in the overall study population for chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis for well water arsenic concentrations of ≤10 μg/L were 1.00 (reference), 0.93 for 10.1-49.9 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-1.52), 1.24 for 50.0-99.9 μg/L (95% CI, 0.68-2.23), 0.98 for 100.0-299.9 (95% CI, 0.52-1.85), and 1.86 for ≥300.0 μg/L (95% CI, 1.08-3.20). Increasing levels of arsenic in drinking water were associated with increasing prevalence of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis in residents who were seronegative for HBsAg and seronegative for anti-HCV, but not for seropositive for either HBsAg or anti-HCV. In individuals who were seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HCV, we observed an inverse association between hepatitis or cirrhosis and consumption of water with levels of arsenic ≥100.0 μg/L. Among participants who were seropositive for HBsAg or anti-HCV, consumption of water with levels of arsenic ≥100.0 μg/L was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09-0.95; P < .05). A higher proportion of individuals exposed to cumulative arsenic level >14,000 μg/L ×year were carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus (DNA <10,000 copies/mL) and were positive for HBsAg (60%) than individuals exposed to water below this arsenic level (35%). CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of arsenic concentration in drinking water ≥300.0 μg/L significantly increase risk of hepatitis or cirrhosis in people without chronic viral hepatitis. However, in people with chronic viral hepatitis, levels of arsenic ≥100.0 μg/L in drinking water significantly reduce the risk of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-I Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Care Management, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-I Hsieh
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Yang
- Molecular and Genomic Epidemiology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rachel Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Hepatology Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Ling Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, and Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Maan Wu
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Arsenic Trioxide Induces T Cell Apoptosis and Prolongs Islet Allograft Survival in Mice. Transplantation 2015; 99:1796-806. [PMID: 25919768 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell-mediated immune rejection is a key barrier to islet transplantation. Preliminary studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) can inhibit T cell responses and prolong heart allograft survival. Here, we sought to investigate the possibility of using As2O3 to prolong islet allograft survival in an acute rejection model of Balb/c to C57B/6 mice. METHODS Recipient mice were treated with As2O3 and/or rapamycin after islet allograft transplantation. At day 10 after transplantation, the graft, spleen, lymph nodes, and blood of the recipient mice were recovered for analysis. In vitro, to further examine the mechanism underlying As2O3 protection of islet allografts against T cell-mediated rejection, mixed lymphocyte reaction and apoptosis analyses of T cells were performed. The phosphorylation levels of IκBα and p38 were also evaluated to confirm the proliferation and apoptosis of As2O3-treated T cells. RESULTS We found that As2O3 prolonged islet allograft survival by reducing inflammatory reactions, influencing cytokine synthesis and secretion and T-cell subset proportions, and inhibiting T-cell responses. Furthermore, As2O3 and rapamycin showed a synergistic effect in suppressing islet allotransplant rejection. CONCLUSIONS Arsenic trioxide may prevent allograft rejection by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and inducing T-cell apoptosis.
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Zhao YY, Yu L, Liu BL, He XJ, Zhang BY. Downregulation of P-gp, Ras and p-ERK1/2 contributes to the arsenic trioxide-induced reduction in drug resistance towards doxorubicin in gastric cancer cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7335-43. [PMID: 26459009 PMCID: PMC4626124 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) to doxorubicin (DOX) limits its effectiveness against tumor cells. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been reported to reduce MDR in various types of cancer, but the mechanisms involving Ras and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) remain to be fully elucidated. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate As2O3 in reversing MDR to DOX, and to identify the association in antitumor activities between the effectiveness of DOX and Ras/phosphorylated (p-) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling in SGC7901/ADM and SGC7901/S human gastric cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity and sensitivity towards As2O3 were assessed using non-toxic and mildly-toxic concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 µM, respectively). The reversing effect of As2O3 on MDR was investigated prior to and following treatment with a cytokine activation of the recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor ERK pathway. The SGC7901/ADM and SGC7901/S cells had the same sensitivity to As2O3. The SGC7901/ADM cells were resistant to DOX and As2O3 treatment reduced the level of resistance to DOX (P<0.01). The expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the SGC7901/ADM cells was higher than in the SGC7901/S cells (P<0.001). As2O3 treatment decreased the levels of P-gp in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). The expression of Ras was higher in the SGC7901/ADM cells than in the SGC7901/S cells, while the expression of p-ERK1/2 remained the same. As2O3 decreased the levels of Ras and p-ERK1/2 (P<0.01). Following pretreatment with rhG-CSF, the levels of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were further decreased (P<0.01). Drug-resistant gastric cancer cells had higher expression levels of P-gp and Ras, but not of p-ERK1/2. Non- and mildly-toxic doses of As2O3 reduced MDR to DOX through Ras/p-ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Ling Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Jia He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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YU YAO, YANG YU, WANG JING. Anti-apoptotic and apoptotic pathway analysis of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:973-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Masuyama H, Nobumoto E, Zhang G, Hiramatsu Y. The inhibition of constitutive androstane receptor-mediated pathway enhances the effects of anticancer agents in ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:356-66. [PMID: 24928535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is commonly treated with anticancer agents; however, many tumors become resistant. Resistance is regulated, in part, by P-glycoprotein, which is encoded by the gene multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and functions as a transmembrane efflux pump for the elimination of anticancer agents. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates drug metabolism through control of MDR1 and other genes. PURPOSE We examined whether the inhibition of CAR-mediated pathway could influence the cytotoxicity of three anticancer drugs, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and arsenic trioxide, in ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS We observed that the cell proliferation of several ovarian cell lines expressing CAR significantly increased when CITCO was combined with anticancer agents compared with any anticancer agent alone. The up-regulation of MDR1 and UGT1A1 by anticancer agents was further enhanced in the presence of CITCO. We confirmed that combining CITCO with anticancer agents induced significantly lower levels of apoptosis than those achieved with any single anticancer drug. CAR down-regulation by RNA interference caused a significant increase in cell growth inhibition and enhancement of apoptosis in the presence of anticancer agents. Combination of CITCO with any anticancer agents significantly enhanced CAR-mediated transcription compared with any anticancer agents alone and CAR down-regulation completely inhibited the transcription in the presence of CITCO and/or anticancer agents. CONCLUSION Inhibition of CAR pathway could be a novel therapeutic approach for the augmentation of sensitivity to anticancer agents, or to overcome resistance, in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Science, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Science, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Nobumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Science, Japan
| | - Guangmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentist and Pharmaceutical Science, Japan
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Jung HJ, Chen Z, McCarty N. Synergistic anticancer effects of arsenic trioxide with bortezomib in mantle cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:1057-64. [PMID: 22965904 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) and accounts for ~6% of all lymphomas. MCL is highly refractory to most chemotherapy including newer antibody-based therapeutic approaches, and high-grade MCL has one of the worst survival rates among NHLs. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance of MCL is important. In this article, we tested the effects of arsenic trioxide (As(2) O(3) , ATO) in bortezomib-resistant MCL. ATO is reported to induce complete remission in the patients with relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia. Their effects in MCL, however, have not been explored. In this report, we show that ATO effectively inhibited the growth of MCL cells in vitro. ATO treatment also reduced cyclin D1 expression which is a genetic hallmark of MCL and NF-kB expression which was reported to have a prosurvival role in some MCL cells. The induction of apoptosis in MCL was partially due to reduced levels of cyclin D1 and increased levels of apoptosis-related molecules. The antiproliferative effects of bortezomib on MCL greatly increased when the cells were also treated with ATO, indicating ATO can sensitize MCL to bortezomib. Similar results were noted in bortezomib-resistant cell lines. In conclusion, ATO may be an alternative drug for use in combined adjuvant therapies for MCL, and further clinical testing should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jung
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM) University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang X, Su Y, Zhang M, Sun Z. Opposite effects of arsenic trioxide on the Nrf2 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2011; 318:93-8. [PMID: 22155346 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid derived 2 like 2 (Nrf2) is a critical transcriptional factor in mediating cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress or electrophiles. Arsenic has been reported to induce malignant transformation of human cells through Nrf2-dependent signaling pathway. However, arsenic is also a promising cancer therapeutic drug for solid tumors, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It is still unclear how Nrf2 may mediate cellular response of OSCC cells when treated with arsenic. In order to fully understand the impact of arsenic on Nrf2 signaling in human OSCC, we examined expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated genes in arsenic trioxide (ATO)-treated OSCC cells in vitro and in ATO-treated OSCC xenografts. ATO had anti-cancer effects on both cultured OSCC cells and OSCC xenografts by inhibiting cell growth, suppressing angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. ATO activated a silent Nrf2 pathway in cultured OSCC cells as shown by induction of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated genes, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in a dose-dependent manner. On the contrary, Nrf2 pathway became active in OSCC xenograft tumors, and ATO treatment down-regulated expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated genes. Our study clearly demonstrated opposite effects of ATO on Nrf2 pathway in OSCC cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No. 4 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
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Diepart C, Karroum O, Magat J, Feron O, Verrax J, Calderon PB, Grégoire V, Leveque P, Stockis J, Dauguet N, Jordan BF, Gallez B. Arsenic trioxide treatment decreases the oxygen consumption rate of tumor cells and radiosensitizes solid tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 72:482-90. [PMID: 22139377 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is an effective therapeutic against acute promyelocytic leukemia and certain solid tumors. Because As(2)O(3) inhibits mitochondrial respiration in leukemia cells, we hypothesized that As(2)O(3) might enhance the radiosensitivity of solid tumors by increasing tumor oxygenation [partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2))] via a decrease in oxygen consumption. Two murine models of radioresistant hypoxic cancer were used to study the effects of As(2)O(3). We measured pO(2) and the oxygen consumption rate in vivo by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and (19)fluorine-MRI relaxometry. Tumor perfusion was assessed by Patent blue staining. In both models, As(2)O(3) inhibited mitochondrial respiration, leading to a rapid increase in pO(2). The decrease in oxygen consumption could be explained by an observed decrease in glutathione in As(2)O(3)-treated cells, as this could increase intracellular reactive oxygen species that can disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential. When tumors were irradiated during periods of As(2)O(3)-induced augmented oxygenation, radiosensitivity increased by 2.2-fold compared with control mice. Notably, this effect was abolished when temporarily clamped tumors were irradiated. Together, our findings show that As(2)O(3) acutely increases oxygen consumption and radiosensitizes tumors, providing a new rationale for clinical investigations of As(2)O(3) in irradiation protocols to treat solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diepart
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Group, Louvain Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Yuan Z, Wang F, Zhao Z, Zhao X, Qiu J, Nie C, Wei Y. BIM-mediated AKT phosphorylation is a key modulator of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20586. [PMID: 21655183 PMCID: PMC3105099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemo-resistance to cisplatin-centered cancer therapy is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of human ovarian cancer. Previous reports indicated that arsenic trioxide (ATO) induces cell apoptosis in both drug-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cells. Principal Findings In this study, we determined the molecular mechanism of ATO-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Our data demonstrated that ATO induced cell apoptosis by decreasing levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and activating caspase-3 and caspase-9. Importantly, BIM played a critical role in ATO-induced apoptosis. The inhibition of BIM expression prevented AKT dephosphorylation and inhibited caspase-3 activation during cell apoptosis. However, surprisingly, gene silencing of AKT or FOXO3A had little effect on BIM expression and phosphorylation. Moreover, the activation of caspase-3 by ATO treatment improved AKT dephosphorylation, not only by cleaving the regulatory A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), but also by increasing its activation. Furthermore, our data indicated that the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway is involved in the regulation of BIM expression. Conclusions We demonstrated the roles of BIM in ATO-induced apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms of BIM expression regulated by ATO during ovarian cancer cell apoptosis. Our findings suggest that BIM plays an important role in regulating p-AKT by activating caspase-3 and that BIM mediates the level of AKT phosphorylation to determine the threshold for overcoming cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Smith D, Patel S, Raffoul F, Haller E, Mills GB, Nanjundan M. Arsenic trioxide induces a beclin-1-independent autophagic pathway via modulation of SnoN/SkiL expression in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1867-81. [PMID: 20508647 PMCID: PMC2932795 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), used to treat promyelocytic leukemia, triggers cell death through unknown mechanisms. To further our understanding of As(2)O(3)-induced death, we analyzed its effects on transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling mediators in ovarian cells. Dysregulated TGFβ signaling is a characteristic of ovarian cancers. As(2)O(3) reduced the protein expression of EVI1, TAK1, SMAD2/3, and TGFβRII while increasing SnoN/SkiL. EVI1 protein was modulated by treatment with the proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and PS-341/Velcade, suggesting that degradation occurs through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The sensitivity of ovarian cells to As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis correlated with expression of multidrug resistance protein 1. Interestingly, expression of SnoN was similar to LC3-II (autophagy marker), which increased with induction of cytoplasmic vacuolation preceding apoptosis. These vesicles were identified as autophagosomes based on transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining with EGFP-LC3. The addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ROS scavenger) to As(2)O(3)-treated cells reversed changes in SnoN protein and the autophagic/apoptotic response. In contrast to beclin-1 knockdown, siRNA targeting ATG5, ATG7, and hVps34 markedly reduced autophagy in As(2)O(3)-treated ovarian carcinoma cells. Further, treatment with SnoN siRNA markedly decreased LC3-II levels and increased PARP degradation (an apoptosis marker). Collectively, these findings suggest that As(2)O(3) induces a beclin-1-independent autophagic pathway in ovarian carcinoma cells and implicates SnoN in promoting As(2)O(3)-mediated autophagic cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Smith
- University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSF218, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shetal Patel
- University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSF218, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fadi Raffoul
- University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSF218, Tampa, Florida
| | - Edward Haller
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Systems Biology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 950, Houston, Texas
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSF218, Tampa, Florida
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Zheng Y, Zhou M, Ye A, Li Q, Bai Y, Zhang Q. The conformation change of Bcl-2 is involved in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 8:31. [PMID: 20403207 PMCID: PMC2873337 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide has been established as a first-line agent for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia. Experimental data suggest that arsenic trioxide also can have a potential use as chemotherapeutic agent for other malignancies. The precise mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide have though not been elucidated. As the role of Bcl-2 in arsenic trioxide-mediated cell apoptosis and conformation change of Bcl-2 in response to arsenic trioxide treatment has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to determine whether conformation change of Bcl-2 is involved in the action of arsenic trioxide. Methods Human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells were exposed to different concentrations of arsenic trioxide. Proliferation was measured by using the Kit-8 cell counting assay. Analysis of nuclear morphology was observed by DAPI staining. The apoptosis rates of cells treated with arsenic trioxide were analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC staining. The conformation change of Bcl-2 and Bax activation were detected by immunostaining and Western blot analysis. Total expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were examined by Western blot analysis. Results Arsenic trioxide inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells and induced apoptosis. There were two Bcl-2 phenotypes coexisting in SGC7901 cells and the Bcl-2 cytoprotective phenotype could change into a cytodestructive phenotype following conformational change of Bcl-2, triggered by arsenic trioxide exposure. Bax activation might also be involved in arsenic trioxide-induced Bcl-2 conformational change. Arsenic trioxide did not change levels of total Bcl-2 expression, but up-regulated total Bax expression for the treatment time ranging from 3 to 24 hours. Conclusion Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis through induction of Bcl-2 conformational change, Bax activation and up-regulation of total Bax expression rather than affecting total Bcl-2 expression in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. The conformational change of Bcl-2 may be a novel described mechanism of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Zhang N, Wu ZM, McGowan E, Shi J, Hong ZB, Ding CW, Xia P, Di W. Arsenic trioxide and cisplatin synergism increase cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells: therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2459-64. [PMID: 19769630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major concern in the successful treatment of ovarian cancer. In the present study we report a combinational drug regime using arsenic trioxide (ATO) and cisplatin (CDDP) to increase therapeutic potentiality in ovarian cancer cells. ATO-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis in human suspension ovarian cancer COC1 cells were evaluated by MTT assay and annexin V assay using flow cytometry, respectively. cDNA arrays were performed to screen ATO-mediated gene expression. Treatment of COC1 cells with ATO alone resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis with a dose-and time-dependent fashion; further cDNA arrays showed that 34 genes (23 up-regulated genes and 11 down-regulated genes) may strongly associate with the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects induced by ATO. Furthermore, Chou-Talalay analysis was used to evaluate the combinational effect of ATO and CDDP as well as dose-reduction index (DRI) in a panel of ovarian cancer cells including CDDP-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. The combination index (CI) analysis indicated that the interaction effect of ATO/CDDP exhibited a wide range of synergism in all the adherent ovarian cancer cells (A2780, IGROV-1, SKOV-3, and R182) as well as 0.93 to 0.69 for IC(50) to IC(90) in suspension COC1 cells where CI < 1, =1, and >1, define synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. More intriguingly, the combination of ATO and CDDP yielded favorable DRIs ranging from 1.23-fold to 13.51-fold dose reduction. These results suggest that ATO and its combination with CDDP present therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer, and deserve further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The influence of Trisenox on actin organization in HL-60 cells. Open Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-009-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to show the influence of Trisenox (arsenic trioxide, ATO) on cytoplasmic and nuclear F-actin organization in HL-60 human leukemia cell line. Changes in localization were determined with the use of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Alterations, in both cytoplasmic and nuclear actin, were observed in cells exposed to ATO. F-actin network underwent accumulation and formed aggregates, that were very often placed under the cell membrane in whole cells and at the periphery of isolated nuclei. Addition of ATO also induced apoptosis and a decrease in G2 phase cells. These results suggest the influence of actin on the formation of apoptotic bodies and also participation of this protein in apoptotic alterations within nuclei, i.e. chromatin reorganization.
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Helm CW, States JC. Enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin in ovarian cancer treatment - could arsenic have a role. J Ovarian Res 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19144189 PMCID: PMC2636805 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer affects more than 200,000 women each year around the world. Most women are not diagnosed until the disease has already metastasized from the ovaries with a resultant poor prognosis. Ovarian cancer is associated with an overall 5 year survival of little more than 50%. The mainstay of front-line therapy is cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. Traditionally, this has been by the intravenous route only but there is more interest in the delivery of intraperitoneal chemotherapy utilizing the pharmaco-therapeutic advantage of the peritoneal barrier. Despite three large, randomized clinical trials comparing intravenous with intraperitoneal chemotherapy showing improved outcomes for those receiving at least part of their chemotherapy by the intraperitoneal route. Cisplatin has been the most active drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer for the last 4 decades and the prognosis for women with ovarian cancer can be defined by the tumor response to cisplatin. Those whose tumors are innately platinum-resistant at the time of initial treatment have a very poor prognosis. Although the majority of patients with ovarian cancer respond to front-line platinum combination chemotherapy the majority will develop disease that becomes resistant to cisplatin and will ultimately succumb to the disease. Improving the efficacy of cisplatin could have a major impact in the fight against this disease. Arsenite is an exciting agent that not only has inherent single-agent tumoricidal activity against ovarian cancer cell lines but also multiple biochemical interactions that may enhance the cytotoxicity of cisplatin including inhibition of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) repair. In vitro studies suggest that arsenite may enhance the activity of cisplatin in other cell types. Arsenic trioxide is already used clinically to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia demonstrating its safety profile. Further research in ovarian cancer is warranted to define its possible role in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C William Helm
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville KY 40292, USA.
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Bae-Jump VL, Chunxiao Zhou, Boggess JF, Gehrig PA. Arsenic Trioxide (As2O3) Inhibits Expression of Estrogen Receptor—alpha Through Regulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:1011-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719108324134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John F. Boggess
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paola A. Gehrig
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wang X, Wang G, Dong D, Fu S, Yang B. Inhibition on LS-174T cell growth and activity of telomerase in vitro and in vivo by arsenic trioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:481-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Rana SVS. Metals and apoptosis: recent developments. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008; 22:262-84. [PMID: 19013355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and crucial process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, i.e. inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A variety of toxins can induce apoptosis. Carcinogenic transition metals, viz. cadmium, chromium and nickel promote apoptosis along with DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca(2+), upregulation of caspase-3, down regulation of bcl-2, and deficiency of p-53 lead to arsenic-induced apoptosis. In the case of cadmium, metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 contribute in apoptosis caused by chromium. Immuno suppressive mechanisms contribute in lead-induced apoptosis whereas in the case of mercury, p38 mediated caspase activation regulate apoptosis. Nickel kills the cells by apoptotic pathways. Copper induces apoptosis by p53 dependent and independent pathways. Beryllium stimulates the formation of ROS that play a role in Be-induced macrophage apoptosis. Selenium induces apoptosis by producing superoxide that activates p53. Thus, disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of metal-induced apoptosis will be helpful in the development of preventive molecular strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vir Singh Rana
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India.
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Dilda PJ, Hogg PJ. Arsenical-based cancer drugs. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:542-64. [PMID: 17624680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a semi-metal or metalloid with two biologically important oxidation states, As(III) and As(V). As(III), in particular, reacts with closely spaced protein thiols, forming stable cyclic dithioarsinite complexes in which both sulfur atoms are bound to arsenic. It is this reaction that is mostly responsible for arsenics cytotoxicity. Arsenic compounds have been used as medicinal agents for many centuries for the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis, syphilis, and rheumatosis. From the 1700's until the introduction of and use of modern chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the mid 1900's, arsenic was a mainstay in the treatment of leukemia. Concerns about the toxicity of arsenical compounds led eventually to their abandonment for the treatment of cancer. The discovery in the 1980's that arsenic trioxide induces complete remission in a high percentage of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia has awakened interest in this metalloid for the treatment of human disease. In particular, a new class or organoarsenicals are being trialed for the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we discuss the arsenical-based compounds used in the past and present for the treatment of various forms of cancer. Mechanisms of action and selectivity and acute and chronic toxicities are discussed along with the prospects of this class of molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Dilda
- UNSW Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales and Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Meza M, Gandolfi AJ, Klimecki WT. Developmental and genetic modulation of arsenic biotransformation: a gene by environment interaction? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 222:381-7. [PMID: 17306849 PMCID: PMC2040165 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of arsenic toxicology has confounded the identification of specific pathways of disease causation. One focal point of arsenic research is aimed at fully characterizing arsenic biotransformation in humans, a process that appears to be quite variable, producing a mixture of several arsenic species with greatly differing toxic potencies. In an effort to characterize genetic determinants of variability in arsenic biotransformation, a genetic association study of 135 subjects in western Sonora, Mexico was performed by testing 23 polymorphic sites in three arsenic biotransformation candidate genes. One gene, arsenic 3 methyltransferase (AS3MT), was strongly associated with the ratio of urinary dimethylarsinic acid to monomethylarsonic acid (D/M) in children (7-11 years) but not in adults (18-79 years). Subsequent analyses revealed that the high D/M values associated with variant AS3MT alleles were primarily due to lower levels of monomethylarsonic acid as percent of total urinary arsenic (%MMA5). In light of several reports of arsenic-induced disease being associated with relatively high %MMA5 levels, these findings raise the possibility that variant AS3MT individuals may suffer less risk from arsenic exposure than non-variant individuals. These analyses also provide evidence that, in this population, regardless of AS3MT variant status, children tend to have lower %MMA5 values than adults, suggesting that the global developmental regulation of arsenic biotransformation may interact with genetic variants in metabolic genes to result in novel genetic effects such as those in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Meza
- Department of Natural Resources, Sonora Institute of Technology (ITSON), Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico
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