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Fang P, She Y, Yu M, Yan J, Yu X, Zhao J, Jin Y, Min W, Shang W, Zhang Z. Novel hypothalamic pathways for metabolic effects of spexin. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107399. [PMID: 39245191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
One of the main underlying etiologies of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is insulin resistance, which is most frequently caused by obesity. Notably, the deregulation of adipokine secretion from visceral adiposity has been identified as a crucial characteristic of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Spexin is an adipokine that is released by many different tissues, including white adipocytes and the glandular stomach, and is negatively connected with the state of energy storage. This peptide acts through GALR2/3 receptors to control a wide range of metabolic processes, including inflammation, browning, lipolysis, energy expenditure, and eating behavior. Specifically, spexin can enter the hypothalamus and regulate the hypothalamic melanocortin system, which in turn balances energy expenditure and food intake. This review examines recent advances and the underlying mechanisms of spexin in obesity and T2DM. In particular, we address a range of topics from basic research to clinical findings, such as an analysis of the possible function of spexin in the hypothalamic melanocortin response, which involves reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure while also enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Gaining more insight into the mechanisms that underlie the spexin system's control over energy metabolism and homeostasis may facilitate the development of innovative treatment approaches that focus on combating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Pukou People's Hospital, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xizhong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Min
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Gambaro SE, Zubiría MG, Giordano AP, Castro PF, Garraza C, Harnichar AE, Alzamendi A, Spinedi E, Giovambattista A. Role of Spexin in White Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis under Basal and Cold-Stimulated Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1767. [PMID: 38339044 PMCID: PMC10855774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine that plays an emerging role in metabolic diseases due to its involvement in carbohydrate homeostasis, weight loss, appetite control, and gastrointestinal movement, among others. In obese patients, SPX plasma levels are reduced. Little is known about the relationship between SPX and white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of SPX in this process. C57BL/6J male mice were treated or not with SPX for ten days. On day 3, mice were randomly divided into two groups: one kept at room temperature and the other kept at cold temperature (4 °C). Caloric intake and body weight were recorded daily. At the end of the protocol, plasma, abdominal (epididymal), subcutaneous (inguinal), and brown AT (EAT, IAT, and BAT, respectively) depots were collected for measurements. We found that SPX treatment reduced Uncoupling protein 1 levels in WAT under both basal and cold conditions. SPX also reduced cox8b and pgc1α mRNA levels and mitochondrial DNA, principally in IAT. SPX did not modulate the number of beige precursors. SPX decreased spx levels in IAT depots and galr2 in WAT depots. No differences were observed in the BAT depots. In conclusion, we showed, for the first time, that SPX treatment in vivo reduced the thermogenic process in subcutaneous and abdominal AT, being more evident under cold stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E. Gambaro
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Alejandra P. Giordano
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Patricia F. Castro
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Carolina Garraza
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Alejandro E. Harnichar
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Alzamendi
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Eduardo Spinedi
- CENEXA (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata Medical School-UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina;
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina; (S.E.G.); (M.G.Z.); (A.P.G.); (P.F.C.); (C.G.); (A.E.H.); (A.A.)
- Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Yilmaz U, Tanbek K. Spexin may induce mitochondrial biogenesis in white and brown adipocytes via the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114401. [PMID: 37939828 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of spexin on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis (TRH, TSH, T4 and T3 hormones) and energy expenditure (PGC-1α and UCP1 genes) in white adipose (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) in rats. Furthermore, the study aimed to determine the effects of spexin on food-water consumption and body weight of rats. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study was conducted with 40 male rats that were divided into 4 groups: Control, Sham, Spexin 30 and Spexin 100 (n = 10). Spexin (1 μl/hour) was administered to rats other than those in the control group for 7 days with osmotic minipumps intracerebroventricularly, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (vehicle) was administered to the Sham group, and 30 nMol and 100 nMol spexin was infused to the Spexin 30 and Spexin 100 groups, respectively. Food-water consumption and body weight of the rats were monitored during the experiments. After the seven-day infusion, the rats were decapitated and serum TSH, fT4 and fT3 levels were determined with ELISA on rat blood samples. Also, TRH gene expression levels from the hypothalamus tissues and PGC-1α and UCP1 expression levels from WAT and BAT were determined by real-time PCR. FINDINGS It was determined that icv spexin infusion reduced daily food consumption and body weight without leading to a significant change in water consumption (p < 0.05). Icv spexin infusion significantly decreased serum TSH, and increased fT4 and fT3 levels when compared to control and sham groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, icv spexin infusion increased the TRH expressions in the hypothalamus tissues and PGC-1α UCP1 in the WAT and BAT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Icv Spexin infusion may have effects on food consumption and body weight as well as, thyroid hormones and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
| | - Kevser Tanbek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Wojciechowska M, Kolodziejski PA, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Leciejewska N, Krauss H, Checinska-Maciejewska Z, Sassek M, Rekas-Dudziak A, Bernatek M, Skrzypski M, Wilczak M. Cord Blood Spexin Level in Mothers with Obesity-Forecast of Future Obesity? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1517. [PMID: 37761477 PMCID: PMC10530094 DOI: 10.3390/children10091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight (BW) by the effect on carbohydrate-lipid metabolism. However, the role of SPX in fetal life, in children, and in adolescent metabolism is limited. Therefore, we decided to check whether obesity affects the concentration of SPX in the mother's peripheral blood (MB) and umbilical cord blood (UCB). Using MB and UCB sera on the day of delivery obtained from 48 women (24 non-obese and 24 obese) and commercially available Elisa kits and colorimetric assays, we determined changes in SPX and the relationship between SPX concentration and other metabolic and anthropometric markers (body weight and BMI) on the day of delivery and in children at the age of 36 months. We found lower concentrations of SPX in MB (p < 0.05) and UCB (p < 0.01) derived from obese women (BMI > 30) and a moderate linear correlation (r = 0.4429; p < 0.01) between SPX concentrations in MB and UCB. We also noted that the concentration of SPX is not correlated with the child's body weight on the day of birth (r = -0.0128). However, there is a relationship between SPX at birth and body weight at 3 years of age (r = -0.3219; p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that spexin is one of the factors modulating the child's metabolism already in the fetal period and can be considered a potential marker of future predisposition to obesity. However, confirmation of this thesis requires additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wojciechowska
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Pawel A. Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Hanna Krauss
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (H.K.); (Z.C.-M.)
| | - Zuzanna Checinska-Maciejewska
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland; (H.K.); (Z.C.-M.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Rekas-Dudziak
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs and Administration, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (E.P.-O.); (N.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Wilczak
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
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