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Calhoun SGK, Brower KK, Suja VC, Kim G, Wang N, McCully AL, Kusumaatmaja H, Fuller GG, Fordyce PM. Systematic characterization of effect of flow rates and buffer compositions on double emulsion droplet volumes and stability. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2315-2330. [PMID: 35593127 PMCID: PMC9195911 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Double emulsion droplets (DEs) are water/oil/water droplets that can be sorted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), allowing for new opportunities in high-throughput cellular analysis, enzymatic screening, and synthetic biology. These applications require stable, uniform droplets with predictable microreactor volumes. However, predicting DE droplet size, shell thickness, and stability as a function of flow rate has remained challenging for monodisperse single core droplets and those containing biologically-relevant buffers, which influence bulk and interfacial properties. As a result, developing novel DE-based bioassays has typically required extensive initial optimization of flow rates to find conditions that produce stable droplets of the desired size and shell thickness. To address this challenge, we conducted systematic size parameterization quantifying how differences in flow rates and buffer properties (viscosity and interfacial tension at water/oil interfaces) alter droplet size and stability, across 6 inner aqueous buffers used across applications such as cellular lysis, microbial growth, and drug delivery, quantifying the size and shell thickness of >22 000 droplets overall. We restricted our study to stable single core droplets generated in a 2-step dripping-dripping formation regime in a straightforward PDMS device. Using data from 138 unique conditions (flow rates and buffer composition), we also demonstrated that a recent physically-derived size law of Wang et al. can accurately predict double emulsion shell thickness for >95% of observations. Finally, we validated the utility of this size law by using it to accurately predict droplet sizes for a novel bioassay that requires encapsulating growth media for bacteria in droplets. This work has the potential to enable new screening-based biological applications by simplifying novel DE bioassay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G K Calhoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kara K Brower
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vineeth Chandran Suja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, MA - 01234, USA
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ningning Wang
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Alexandra L McCully
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gerald G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Myagmar BE, Flynn JM, Cowley PM, Swigart PM, Montgomery MD, Thai K, Nair D, Gupta R, Deng DX, Hosoda C, Melov S, Baker AJ, Simpson PC. Adrenergic Receptors in Individual Ventricular Myocytes: The Beta-1 and Alpha-1B Are in All Cells, the Alpha-1A Is in a Subpopulation, and the Beta-2 and Beta-3 Are Mostly Absent. Circ Res 2017; 120:1103-1115. [PMID: 28219977 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is unknown whether every ventricular myocyte expresses all 5 of the cardiac adrenergic receptors (ARs), β1, β2, β3, α1A, and α1B. The β1 and β2 are thought to be the dominant myocyte ARs. OBJECTIVE Quantify the 5 cardiac ARs in individual ventricular myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied ventricular myocytes from wild-type mice, mice with α1A and α1B knockin reporters, and β1 and β2 knockout mice. Using individual isolated cells, we measured knockin reporters, mRNAs, signaling (phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phospholamban), and contraction. We found that the β1 and α1B were present in all myocytes. The α1A was present in 60%, with high levels in 20%. The β2 and β3 were detected in only ≈5% of myocytes, mostly in different cells. In intact heart, 30% of total β-ARs were β2 and 20% were β3, both mainly in nonmyocytes. CONCLUSION The dominant ventricular myocyte ARs present in all cells are the β1 and α1B. The β2 and β3 are mostly absent in myocytes but are abundant in nonmyocytes. The α1A is in just over half of cells, but only 20% have high levels. Four distinct myocyte AR phenotypes are defined: 30% of cells with β1 and α1B only; 60% that also have the α1A; and 5% each that also have the β2 or β3. The results raise cautions in experimental design, such as receptor overexpression in myocytes that do not express the AR normally. The data suggest new paradigms in cardiac adrenergic signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Erdene Myagmar
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - James M Flynn
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Patrick M Cowley
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Philip M Swigart
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Megan D Montgomery
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Kevin Thai
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Divya Nair
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Rumita Gupta
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - David X Deng
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Chihiro Hosoda
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Simon Melov
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Anthony J Baker
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.)
| | - Paul C Simpson
- From the Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.C., P.M.S., M.D.M., K.T., D.N., R.G., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., P.M.C., M.D.M., D.X.D., C.H., A.J.B., P.C.S.); and Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (J.M.F., S.M.).
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