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Why Osteoglossomorpha is one of the most peculiar groups of fish - a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Osteoglossomorpha is a significant taxon for studies of evolution and various aspects of fish biology as an evolutionarily old group of fish. The taxon exhibits anatomical, morphological and physiological diversity and various adaptations such as air breathing or electroreception as well as modifications visible in sight and olfactory organs. A peculiarity of this group is the presence of four types of spermatozoa, namely complex introsperm and uni-, bi-, and aflagellate aquasperm. Given the unique morphology and large dimensions of some species, osteoglossomorphs are popular in aquaristics as ornamental fish, and in fisheries because they are an important source of food in many countries. The aim of this paper is to focus on some aspects of the biology and unique features as well as the importance for humans of this unusual group of fish.
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2
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Immuno-Enzymatic and Proteomic Approaches for Sexing the African Bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus Cuvier, 1829). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotis niloticus is an African species of Osteoglossiformes that presents biological peculiarities and zootechnical performances favorable for fish farming. However, the absence of a sexual dimorphism hinders the optimization of its reproduction in captivity and limits the understanding of its reproductive behavior. This study is aimed at developing a minimally invasive and reliable sexing method to detect vitellogenin (Vtg) in female plasma. A commercial sexing kit (Acobium, Montpellier, France) for Arapaima gigas—a phylogenetically sister species of H. niloticus—successfully identified only 20% of mature H. niloticus females. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were carried out using three Vtg antibodies. The A. gigas Vtg1 antibody cross-reacted significantly with plasma dilutions of female H. niloticus ranging from 1:1000 to 1:10,000, but with relatively low intensity. The Vtg antibody from Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, another species of Osteoglossiformes, showed non-specific binding with the Vtg of H. niloticus female plasma. Finally, an antibody for H. niloticus Vtg developed in this study allowed us to differentiate the two sexes with plasma coating dilutions ranging from 1:1000 to 1:10,000. The results of the assay were validated by a proteomic approach showing that Vtg-targeted mass spectrometry analysis of H. niloticus blood protein extracts could be used to accurately determine the presence of Vtg in the plasma of mature females. The final validation of the ELISA technique using the H. niloticus Vtg antibody was confirmed by visual sexing of a significant number of blood-sampled fish gonads; 100% of the fish were correctly sexed by the ELISA method.
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3
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Peterson RD, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Santaquiteria A, Dillman CB, Pirro S, Betancur-R R, Arcila D, Hughes LC, Ortí G. Phylogenomics of bonytongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha) shed light on the craniofacial evolution and biogeography of the weakly electric clade Mormyridae. Syst Biol 2022; 71:1032-1044. [PMID: 35041001 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bonytongues (Osteoglossomorpha) constitute an ancient clade of teleost fishes distributed in freshwater habitats throughout the world. The group includes well-known species such as arowanas, featherbacks, pirarucus, and the weakly electric fishes in the family Mormyridae. Their disjunct distribution, extreme morphologies, and electrolocating capabilities (Gymnarchidae and Mormyridae) have attracted much scientific interest, but a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for comparative analysis is missing, especially for the species-rich family Mormyridae. Of particular interest are disparate craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids which might constitute an exceptional model system to study convergent evolution. We present a phylogenomic analysis based on 546 exons of 179 species (out of 260), 28 out of 29 genera, and all six families of extant bonytongues. Based on a recent reassessment of the fossil record of osteoglossomorphs, we inferred dates of divergence among trans-continental clades and the major groups. The estimated ages of divergence among extant taxa (e.g., Osteoglossomorpha, Osteoglossiformes, Mormyroidea) are older than previous reports, but most of the divergence dates obtained for clades on separate continents are too young to be explained by simple vicariance hypotheses. Biogeographic analysis of mormyrids indicates that their high species diversity in the Congo Basin is a consequence of range reductions of previously widespread ancestors and that the highest diversity of craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids originated in this basin. Special emphasis on a taxon-rich representation for mormyrids revealed pervasive misalignment between our phylogenomic results and mormyrid taxonomy due to repeated instances of convergence for extreme craniofacial morphologies. Estimation of ancestral phenotypes revealed contingent evolution of snout elongation and unique projections from the lower jaw to form the distinctive Schnauzenorgan. Synthesis of comparative analyses suggests that the remarkable craniofacial morphologies of mormyrids evolved convergently due to niche partitioning, likely enabled by interactions between their exclusive morphological and electrosensory adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose D Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - John P Sullivan
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Carl D Hopkins
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - Casey B Dillman
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA.,Department of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Lily C Hughes
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
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4
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Simanovsky S, Medvedev D, Tefera F, Golubtsov A. Derived karyotypes in two elephantfish genera ( Hyperopisus and Pollimyrus): lowest chromosome number in the family Mormyridae (Osteoglossiformes). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:345-354. [PMID: 34721818 PMCID: PMC8520028 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i4.67681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The African weakly electric elephantfish family Mormyridae comprises 22 genera and almost 230 species. Up-to-date cytogenetic information was available for 17 species representing 14 genera. Here we report chromosome number and morphology in Hyperopisusbebe (Lacepède, 1803) and Pollimyrusisidori (Valenciennes, 1847) collected from the White Nile system in southwestern Ethiopia. Both taxa displayed the diploid chromosome number 2n = 40, but they differed in fundamental numbers: FN = 66 in H.bebe and FN = 72 in P.isidori; previously the same diploid chromosome number 2n = 40 was reported in an undescribed species of Pollimyrus Taverne, 1971 (FN = 42) from the same region. Our results demonstrate that not only pericentric inversions, but fusions also played a substantial role in the evolution of the mormyrid karyotype structure. If the hypothesis that the karyotype structure with 2n = 50-52 and prevalence of the uni-armed chromosomes close to the ancestral condition for the family Mormyridae is correct, the most derived karyotype structures are found in the Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 species with 2n = 50 and the highest number of bi-armed elements in their compliments compared to all other mormyrids and in Pollimyrusisidori with the highest number of bi-armed elements among the mormyrids with 2n = 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Simanovsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071 RussiaSevertsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Dmitry Medvedev
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071 RussiaSevertsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Fekadu Tefera
- National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Sebeta, P.O. Box 64, EthiopiaEthiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchSebetaEthiopia
| | - Alexander Golubtsov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071 RussiaSevertsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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5
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Dymek AM, Piprek RP, Boroń A, Kirschbaum F, Pecio A. Ovary structure and oogenesis in internally and externally fertilizing Osteoglossiformes (Teleostei:Osteoglossomorpha). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Rafal P. Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Alicja Boroń
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - Frank Kirschbaum
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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6
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Hao S, Han K, Meng L, Huang X, Cao W, Shi C, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Sun H, Seim I, Xu X, Liu X, Fan G. African Arowana Genome Provides Insights on Ancient Teleost Evolution. iScience 2020; 23:101662. [PMID: 33134892 PMCID: PMC7586111 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoglossiformes is a basal clade of teleost, evolving since the Jurassic period. The genomes of Osteoglossiformes species would shed light on the evolution and adaptation of teleost. Here, we established a chromosome-level genome of African arowana. Together with the genomes of pirarucu and Asian arowana, we found that they diverged at ∼106.1 million years ago (MYA) and ∼59.2 MYA, respectively, which are coincident with continental separation. Interestingly, we identified a dynamic genome evolution characterized by a fast evolutionary rate and a high pseudogenization rate in African arowana and pirarucu. Additionally, more transposable elements were found in Asian arowana which confer more gene duplications. Moreover, we found the contraction of olfactory receptor and the expansion of UGT in African arowana might be related to its transformation from carnivore to be omnivore. Taken together, we provided valuable genomic resource of Osteoglossidae and revealed the correlation of biogeography and teleost evolution. An evolutionary model of Osteoglossidae along the continental drift is provided A faster evolving rate of African arowana than Asian arowana is revealed The gene duplications of Asian arowana are related to more class I TE insertions A mechanism of African arowana’s feeding habits transition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Hao
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Kai Han
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Lingfeng Meng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | | | - Wei Cao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Haixi Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingqao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
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Koua ND, Núñez-Rodriguez J, Orjuela J, Zatylny-Gaudin C, Dubos MP, Bernay B, Pontin J, Corre E, Henry J. Identification and structural characterization of the factors involved in vitellogenesis and its regulation in the African Osteoglossiforme of aquacultural interest Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113532. [PMID: 32535172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus) is an excellent candidate for fish farming because it has outstanding biological characteristics and zootechnical performances. However, the absence of sexual dimorphism does not favor its reproduction in captivity or the understanding of its reproductive behavior. Moreover, no molecular data related to its reproduction is yet available. This study therefore focuses on the structural identification of the different molecular actors of vitellogenesis expressed in the pituitary gland, the liver and the ovary of H. niloticus. A transcriptomic approach based on de novo RNA sequencing of the pituitary gland, ovary and liver of females in vitellogenesis led to the creation of three transcriptomes. In silico analysis of these transcriptomes identified the sequences of pituitary hormones such as prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and their ovarian receptors (PRLR, FSHR, LHR). In the liver and ovary, estrogen receptors (ER) beta and gamma, liver vitellogenins (VtgB and VtgC) and their ovarian receptors (VLDLR) were identified. Finally, the partial transcript of an ovarian Vtg weakly expressed compared to hepatic Vtg was identified based on structural criteria. Moreover, a proteomic approach carried out from mucus revealed the presence of one Vtg exclusively in females in vitellogenesis. In this teleost fish that does not exhibit sexual dimorphism, mucus Vtg could be used as a sexing biomarker based on a non-invasive technique compatible with the implementation of experimental protocols in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'Zi Daniel Koua
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; INP-HB, Département FOREN, BP 1313 Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubos
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, SF ICORE, Proteogen Platform, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Julien Pontin
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, SF ICORE, Proteogen Platform, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, F-29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Joël Henry
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 Caen, France; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
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8
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Simanovsky S, Medvedev D, Tefera F, Golubtsov A. First cytogenetic information for five Nilotic elephantfishes and a problem of ancestral karyotype of the family Mormyridae (Osteoglossiformes). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2020; 14:387-397. [PMID: 32904050 PMCID: PMC7449985 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.14i3.52727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The elephantfish family Mormyridae is the most diverse lineage of the primitive teleostean clade Osteoglossomorpha distributed in inland waters of all continents except Antarctica and Europe. The family Mormyridae is endemic to Africa and includes 22 genera and almost 230 species. The evolutionary radiation of mormyrids most probably should be attributed to their capability of both generating and receiving weak electric signals. Up-to-date cytogenetic studies have revealed substantial karyotype differentiation among the nine investigated elephantfish species and genera (a single species studied per each genus). In the present study, karyotypes of five species representing five mormyrid genera (four unexplored ones) collected from the White Nile system in southwestern Ethiopia are described for the first time. The results show substantial variety of the diploid chromosome and fundamental numbers: 2n = 48 and FN = 54 in Brevimyrus niger (Günther, 1866), 2n = 50 and FN = 72 in Cyphomyrus petherici (Boulenger, 1898), 2n = 50 and FN = 78 in Hippopotamyrus pictus (Marcusen, 1864), 2n = 50 and FN = 76 in Marcusenius cyprinoides (Linnaeus, 1758), 2n = 52 and FN = 52 in Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus, 1758). Karyotype structure in the latter species seems to be close to the ancestral condition for the family. This hypothesis is discussed in the light of available data on karyotype diversity and phylogeny of mormyrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Simanovsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071, RussiaRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Dmitry Medvedev
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071, RussiaRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Fekadu Tefera
- National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Sebeta, P.O. Box 64, EthiopiaEthiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchSebetaEthiopia
| | - Alexander Golubtsov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., Moscow, 119071, RussiaRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
The Afrotropics house a diverse freshwater ichthyofauna with > 3000 species, almost all of which are endemic. Recent progress in dated phylogenetics and palaeontology of several groups of Afrotropical freshwater fishes (AFFs) has allowed the testing of palaeoecology- and palaeogeography-based hypotheses explaining their early presence in Africa. Seven hypotheses were tested for 37 most-inclusive monophyletic groups of AFFs. Results indicated that ten lineages originated from direct, but asynchronous, marine-to-freshwater shifts. These lineages contribute < 2% to the current AFF species richness. Eleven lineages colonized the Afrotropics from the Orient after the Afro-Arabian plate collided with Eurasia in the early Oligocene. These lineages contribute ~20% to the total diversity. There are seven sister relationships between Afrotropical and Neotropical taxa. For only three of them (4% of the species diversity), the continental drift vicariance hypothesis was not rejected. Distributions of the other four younger trans-Atlantic lineages are better explained by post-drifting long-distance dispersal. In those cases, I discuss the possibility of dispersal through the Northern Hemisphere as an alternative to direct trans-Atlantic dispersal. The origins of ten AFF lineages, including the most species-rich Pseudocrenilabrinae (> 1100 species), are not yet established with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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10
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Calegari BB, Vari RP, Reis RE. Phylogenetic systematics of the driftwood catfishes (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): a combined morphological and molecular analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A comprehensive phylogeny of species relationships of the Auchenipteridae is reconstructed here with a large-scale taxon sampling based on combined morphological and molecular datasets. The hypothesized phylogeny includes most species of Auchenipteridae (97 of 124 valid species) and multiple members of siluriform families as an outgroup (32 species) to embrace the diversity of forms among related catfishes. As the first large-scale phylogeny of the Auchenipteridae, comparison between taxa included information from both morphology (264 characters) and mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers (3490 nucleotides) from five genes: coI, 16S, rag2, myh6 and SH3PX3. Trees were generated under two different optimality criteria (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference). A new classification for the family is presented herein to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. The strict consensus tree corroborates the monophyly of superfamily Doradoidea, family Auchenipteridae and its two subfamilies, Centromochlinae and Auchenipterinae. The new classification scheme proposes nine tribes in Auchenipteridae, based on the monophyly of major groups in both subfamilies. Centromochlus, Glanidium and Tatia are each recovered as paraphyletic. To maintain a monophyletic classification, some species treated as Tatia and Centromochlus are assigned to genera not previously recognized as valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara B Calegari
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, Brazil
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard P Vari
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roberto E Reis
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, Brazil
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11
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Liu DW, Wang FY, Lin JJ, Thompson A, Lu Y, Vo D, Yan HY, Zakon H. The Cone Opsin Repertoire of Osteoglossomorph Fishes: Gene Loss in Mormyrid Electric Fish and a Long Wavelength-Sensitive Cone Opsin That Survived 3R. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:447-457. [PMID: 30590689 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have four classes of cone opsin genes derived from two rounds of genome duplication. These are short wavelength sensitive 1(SWS1), short wavelength sensitive 2(SWS2), medium wavelength sensitive (RH2), and long wavelength sensitive (LWS). Teleosts had another genome duplication at their origin and it is believed that only one of each cone opsin survived the ancestral teleost duplication event. We tested this by examining the retinal cones of a basal teleost group, the osteoglossomorphs. Surprisingly, this lineage has lost the typical vertebrate green-sensitive RH2 opsin gene and, instead, has a duplicate of the LWS opsin that is green sensitive. This parallels the situation in mammalian evolution in which the RH2 opsin gene was lost in basal mammals and a green-sensitive opsin re-evolved in Old World, and independently in some New World, primates from an LWS opsin gene. Another group of fish, the characins, possess green-sensitive LWS cones. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the evolution of green-sensitive LWS opsins in these two teleost groups derives from a common ancestral LWS opsin that acquired green sensitivity. Additionally, the nocturnally active African weakly electric fish (Mormyroideae), which are osteoglossomorphs, show a loss of the SWS1 opsin gene. In comparison with the independently evolved nocturnally active South American weakly electric fish (Gymnotiformes) with a functionally monochromatic LWS opsin cone retina, the presence of SWS2, LWS, and LWS2 cone opsins in mormyrids suggests the possibility of color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Wang
- Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Jy Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ammon Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Derek Vo
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Hong Young Yan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Chencheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Harold Zakon
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
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12
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Extreme Enlargement of the Cerebellum in a Clade of Teleost Fishes that Evolved a Novel Active Sensory System. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3857-3863.e3. [PMID: 30449664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brains, and the distinct regions that make up brains, vary widely in size across vertebrates [1, 2]. Two prominent hypotheses have been proposed to explain brain region scaling evolution. The mosaic hypothesis proposes that changes in the relative sizes of particular brain regions are the result of selection acting independently on those regions [2, 3]. The concerted hypothesis proposes that the brain evolves as a coordinated structure due to developmental constraints [4]. These hypotheses have been widely debated [3-7], and recent studies suggest a combination of the two best describes vertebrate brain region scaling [8-10]. However, no study has addressed how the mosaic and concerted models relate to the evolution of novel behavioral phenotypes. We addressed this question using African mormyroid fishes. The mormyroids have evolved a novel active electrosensory system and are well known for having extreme encephalization [11] and a large cerebellum [2, 12], which is cited as a possible example of mosaic evolution [2]. We found that compared to outgroups without active electrosensing, mormyroids experienced mosaic increases in the sizes of the cerebellum and hindbrain, and mosaic decreases in the sizes of the telencephalon, optic tectum, and olfactory bulb. However, the evolution of extreme encephalization within mormyroids was associated with concerted changes in the sizes of all brain regions. This suggests that mosaic evolutionary change in the regional composition of the brain is most likely to occur alongside the evolution of novel behavioral functions, but not with the evolution of extreme encephalization.
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Watanabe L, Gomes F, Vianez J, Nunes M, Cardoso J, Lima C, Schneider H, Sampaio I. De novo transcriptome based on next-generation sequencing reveals candidate genes with sex-specific expression in Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822), an ancient Amazonian freshwater fish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206379. [PMID: 30372461 PMCID: PMC6205615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Arapaima (Arapaima gigas) is one of the world's largest freshwater bony fish, and is found in the rivers of the Amazon basin. This species is a potential aquaculture resource, although reproductive management in captivity is limited in particular due to the lack of external sexual dimorphism. In this study, using the 454 Roche platform (pyrosequencing) techniques, we evaluated a major portion of the transcriptome of this important Amazonian species. Results Four libraries obtained from the liver and skin tissue of juvenile specimens (representing males and females separately) were sequenced, yielding 5,453,919 high-quality reads. The de novo transcriptome assembly resulted in 175,792 contigs, with 51,057 significant blast hits. A total of 38,586 transcripts were mapped by Gene Ontology using Blast2GO. We identified 20,219 genes in the total transcriptome (9,551 in the liver and 16,818 in the skin). The gene expression analyses indicated 105 genes in the liver and 204 in the skin with differentiated expression profiles, with 95 being over-expressed in the females and 214 in the males. The log2 Fold Change and heatmap based on Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads (RPKM) revealed that the gene expression in the skin is highly differentiated between male and female arapaima, while the levels of expression in the liver are similar between the sexes. Conclusion Transcriptome analysis based on pyrosequencing proved to be a reliable tool for the identification of genes with differentiated expression profiles between male and female arapaima. These results provide useful insights into the molecular pathways of sexual dimorphism in this important Amazonian species, and for comparative analyses with other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Watanabe
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fátima Gomes
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Vianez
- Centro de Inovações Tecnológicas (CIT), Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcio Nunes
- Centro de Inovações Tecnológicas (CIT), Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jedson Cardoso
- Centro de Inovações Tecnológicas (CIT), Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Clayton Lima
- Centro de Inovações Tecnológicas (CIT), Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Horacio Schneider
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Sampaio
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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Hilton EJ, Lavoué S. A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei). NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha, have been the focus of a great deal of morphological, systematic, and evolutionary study, due in part to their basal position among extant teleostean fishes. This group includes the mooneyes (Hiodontidae), knifefishes (Notopteridae), the abu (Gymnarchidae), elephantfishes (Mormyridae), arawanas and pirarucu (Osteoglossidae), and the African butterfly fish (Pantodontidae). This morphologically heterogeneous group also has a long and diverse fossil record, including taxa from all continents and both freshwater and marine deposits. The phylogenetic relationships among most extant osteoglossomorph families are widely agreed upon. However, there is still much to discover about the systematic biology of these fishes, particularly with regard to the phylogenetic affinities of several fossil taxa, within Mormyridae, and the position of Pantodon. In this paper we review the state of knowledge for osteoglossomorph fishes. We first provide an overview of the diversity of Osteoglossomorpha, and then discuss studies of the phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha from both morphological and molecular perspectives, as well as biogeographic analyses of the group. Finally, we offer our perspectives on future needs for research on the systematic biology of Osteoglossomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
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15
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Vialle RA, de Souza JES, Lopes KDP, Teixeira DG, Alves Sobrinho PDA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AM, Furtado C, Sakamoto T, Oliveira Silva FA, Herculano Corrêa de Oliveira E, Hamoy IG, Assumpção PP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Santos Lima JPM, Seuánez HN, de Souza SJ, Santos S. Whole Genome Sequencing of the Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) Supports Independent Emergence of Major Teleost Clades. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2366-2379. [PMID: 29982381 PMCID: PMC6143160 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) is one of the world's largest freshwater fishes and member of the superorder Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues), one of the oldest lineages of ray-finned fishes. This species is an obligate air-breather found in the basin of the Amazon River with an attractive potential for aquaculture. Its phylogenetic position among bony fishes makes the Pirarucu a relevant subject for evolutionary studies of early teleost diversification. Here, we present, for the first time, a draft genome version of the A. gigas genome, providing useful information for further functional and evolutionary studies. The A. gigas genome was assembled with 103-Gb raw reads sequenced in an Illumina platform. The final draft genome assembly was ∼661 Mb, with a contig N50 equal to 51.23 kb and scaffold N50 of 668 kb. Repeat sequences accounted for 21.69% of the whole genome, and a total of 24,655 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome assembly, with an average of nine exons per gene. Phylogenomic analysis based on 24 fish species supported the postulation that Osteoglossomorpha and Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, and bonefishes) are sister groups, both forming a sister lineage with respect to Clupeocephala (remaining teleosts). Divergence time estimations suggested that Osteoglossomorpha and Elopomorpha lineages emerged independently in a period of ∼30 Myr in the Jurassic. The draft genome of A. gigas provides a valuable genetic resource for further investigations of evolutionary studies and may also offer a valuable data for economic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Assunção Vialle
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Katia de Paiva Lopes
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes Teixeira
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment – BioME, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - André M Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Departmento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Igor Guerreiro Hamoy
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment – BioME, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Héctor N Seuánez
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro José de Souza
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment – BioME, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Hatanaka T, de Oliveira EA, Ráb P, Yano CF, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Jegede OOI, Liehr T, Olaleye VF, de Bello Cioffi M. First chromosomal analysis in Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae: Osteoglossiformes): insights into the karyotype evolution of this ancient fish order. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso – SEDUC-MT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Cassia F Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Victor F Olaleye
- Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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17
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Barby FF, Ráb P, Lavoué S, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Kilian A, Maruyama SR, Aguiar de Oliveira E, Artoni RF, Santos MH, Ilesanmi Jegede O, Hatanaka T, Tanomtong A, Liehr T, Cioffi MDB. From Chromosomes to Genome: Insights into the Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of Old World Knifefishes (Notopteridae; Osteoglossiformes). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E306. [PMID: 29921830 PMCID: PMC6027293 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its wide geographical distribution, osteoglossiform fishes represent one of the most ancient freshwater teleost lineages; making it an important group for systematic and evolutionary studies. These fishes had a Gondwanan origin and their past distribution may have contributed to the diversity present in this group. However, cytogenetic and genomic data are still scarce, making it difficult to track evolutionary trajectories within this order. In addition, their wide distribution, with groups endemic to different continents, hinders an integrative study that allows a globalized view of its evolutionary process. Here, we performed a detailed chromosomal analysis in Notopteridae fishes, using conventional and advanced molecular cytogenetic methods. Moreover, the genetic distances of examined species were assessed by genotyping using diversity arrays technology sequencing (DArTseq). These data provided a clear picture of the genetic diversity between African and Asian Notopteridae species, and were highly consistent with the chromosomal, geographical, and historical data, enlightening their evolutionary diversification. Here, we discuss the impact of continental drift and split of Pangea on their recent diversity, as well as the contribution to biogeographical models that explain their distribution, highlighting the role of the Indian subcontinent in the evolutionary process within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Faix Barby
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic.
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil.
| | - Mateus Henrique Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900 Brazil.
| | - Oladele Ilesanmi Jegede
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25 Mubi. Adamawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, KhonKaen University, Muang, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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18
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Gao B, Zhang J. The complete mitochondrial genome of Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossiformes: Osteoglossidae) and phylogenetic studies of Osteoglossiformes. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-016-0669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Karyotype description of the African weakly electric fish Campylomormyrus compressirostris in the context of chromosome evolution in Osteoglossiformes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:273-280. [PMID: 28108417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Karyotyping is a basic method to investigate chromosomal evolution and genomic rearrangements. Sixteen genera within the basal teleost order Osteoglossiformes are currently described cytogenetically. Our study adds information to this chromosomal dataset by determining the karyotype of Campylomormyrus compressirostris, a genus of African weakly electric fish that has not been previously examined. Our results indicate a diploid chromosome number of 2n=48 (4sm+26m+18a) with a fundamental number of FN=72. This chromosome number is identical to the number documented for the sister taxon of the genus Campylomormyrus, i.e., Gnathonemus petersii (2n=48). These results support the close relationship of Campylomormyrus and Gnathonemus. However, the karyotype formula of C. compressirostris is different from Gnathonemus petersii, thereby confirming the high variability of karyotype formulae within the Mormyridae. We infer that the differences in chromosome number and formula of Campylomormyrus relative to other mormyrids may be caused by Robertsonian fusion and pericentric inversion. In addition to the karyotype description and classification of Campylomormyrus, a ChromEvol analysis was used to determine the ancestral haploid chromosome number of osteoglossiform taxa. Our results indicate a relatively conservative haploid chromosome number of n=24 for the most recent common ancestor of Osteoglossiformes and for most of the internal nodes of osteoglossiform phylogeny. Hence, we presume that the high chromosome variability evolved recently on multiple independent occasions. Furthermore, we suggest that the most likely ancestral chromosome number of Mormyridae is either n=24 or n=25. To the best of our knowledge this is the first attempt to determine and classify the karyotype of the weakly electric fish genus Campylomormyrus and to analyze chromosomal evolution within the Osteoglossiformes based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses.
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20
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Ráb P, Yano CF, Lavoué S, Jegede OI, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Majtánová Z, de Oliveira EA, Cioffi MB. Karyotype and Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the African Butterfly Fish Pantodon buchholzi, the Sole Species of the Family Pantodontidae. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:312-320. [PMID: 27710958 DOI: 10.1159/000450534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monophyletic order Osteoglossiformes represents one of the most ancestral groups of teleosts and has at least 1 representative in all continents of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of Antarctica. However, despite its phylogenetic and biogeographical importance, cytogenetic data in Osteoglossiformes are scarce. Here, karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of the lower Niger River population of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi, the sole species of the family Pantodontidae (Osteoglossiformes), were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches. All specimens examined had 2n = 46 chromosomes, with a karyotype composed of 5 pairs of metacentric, 5 pairs of submetacentric, and 13 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes in both sexes. No morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes were identified. C-bands were located in the centromeric/pericentromeric region of all chromosomes and were associated with the single AgNOR site. FISH with ribosomal DNA probes revealed that both 5S and 18S rDNA were present in only 1 pair of chromosomes each, but did not colocalize. CMA3+ bands were observed near the telomeres in several chromosome pairs and also at the 18S rDNA sites. The mapping of di- and trinucleotide repeat motifs, Rex6 transposable element, and U2 snRNA showed a scattered distribution over most of the chromosomes, but for some microsatellites and the U2 snRNA also a preferential accumulation at telomeric regions. This study presents the first detailed cytogenetic analysis in the African butterfly fish by both conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. This is the first of a series of further cytogenetic and cytogenomic studies on osteoglossiforms, aiming to comprehensively examine the chromosomal evolution in this phylogenetically important fish order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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21
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Lamanna F, Kirschbaum F, Ernst AR, Feulner PG, Mamonekene V, Paul C, Tiedemann R. Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships in a genus of African weakly-electric fishes (Osteoglossiformes, Mormyridae, Campylomormyrus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 101:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Lavoué S. Was Gondwanan breakup the cause of the intercontinental distribution of Osteoglossiformes? A time-calibrated phylogenetic test combining molecular, morphological, and paleontological evidence. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 99:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Katz HR, Hale ME. A Large-Scale Pattern of Ontogenetic Shape Change in Ray-Finned Fishes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150841. [PMID: 26943126 PMCID: PMC4778928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes exhibit a remarkable diversity of body shape as adults; however, it is unknown whether this diversity is reflected in larval stage morphology. Here we investigate the relationship between larval and adult body shape as expressed by body elongation. We surveyed a broad range of ray-finned fish species and compared body shape at larval and adult stages. Analysis shows that the vast majority of fish are more elongate at the larval stage than at the adult stage, and that adults display greater interspecies variation than larvae. We found that the superorder Elompomorpha is unique because many species within the group do not follow the observed elongation trends. These results indicate that much of the diversity observed in adults is achieved in post-larval stages. We suggest that larval morphology is subject to common constraints across the phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary R. Katz
- Graduate Program in Integrative Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Melina E. Hale
- Graduate Program in Integrative Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States of America
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States of America
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New evidence of a lateral transfer of monogenean parasite between distant fish hosts in Lake Ossa, South Cameroon: the case of Quadriacanthus euzeti n. sp. J Helminthol 2015; 90:455-9. [PMID: 26278543 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Species of the monogenean genus Quadriacanthus mainly infect fish belonging to the Siluriformes, especially the genera Clarias, Heterobranchus or Bagrus, and their host specificity is strict (oioxenous) or narrow (stenoxenous). An examination of the gills of 19 Papyrocranus afer from Lake Ossa, South Cameroon, revealed for the first time the presence of a species of Quadriacanthus from a fish host belonging to the Notopteridae. The morphology and the size of sclerotized parts of haptor and the male and female copulatory complexes suggest that this monogenean is a new species named Quadriacanthus euzeti n. sp. The fish genus Papyrocranus differs taxonomically from the usual fish hosts of Quadriacanthus and hence the presence of a species belonging to this genus on the gills of this host suggests the occurrence of a lateral transfer of Quadriacanthus from species belonging to Clarias or Bagrus which live sympatrically with P. afer in Lake Ossa.
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25
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Martin KJ, Holland PWH. Enigmatic orthology relationships between Hox clusters of the African butterfly fish and other teleosts following ancient whole-genome duplication. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2592-611. [PMID: 24974377 PMCID: PMC4166920 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous ancient whole-genome duplications (WGD) have occurred during eukaryote evolution. In vertebrates, duplicated developmental genes and their functional divergence have had important consequences for morphological evolution. Although two vertebrate WGD events (1R/2R) occurred over 525 Ma, we have focused on the more recent 3R or TGD (teleost genome duplication) event which occurred approximately 350 Ma in a common ancestor of over 26,000 species of teleost fishes. Through a combination of whole genome and bacterial artificial chromosome clone sequencing we characterized all Hox gene clusters of Pantodon buchholzi, a member of the early branching teleost subdivision Osteoglossomorpha. We find 45 Hox genes organized in only five clusters indicating that Pantodon has suffered more Hox cluster loss than other known species. Despite strong evidence for homology of the five Pantodon clusters to the four canonical pre-TGD vertebrate clusters (one HoxA, two HoxB, one HoxC, and one HoxD), we were unable to confidently resolve 1:1 orthology relationships between four of the Pantodon clusters and the eight post-TGD clusters of other teleosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that many Pantodon genes segregate outside the conventional "a" and "b" post-TGD orthology groups, that extensive topological incongruence exists between genes physically linked on a single cluster, and that signal divergence causes ambivalence in assigning 1:1 orthology in concatenated Hox cluster analyses. Out of several possible explanations for this phenomenon we favor a model which keeps with the prevailing view of a single TGD prior to teleost radiation, but which also considers the timing of diploidization after duplication, relative to speciation events. We suggest that although the duplicated hoxa clusters diploidized prior to divergence of osteoglossomorphs, the duplicated hoxb, hoxc, and hoxd clusters concluded diploidization independently in osteoglossomorphs and other teleosts. We use the term "tetralogy" to describe the homology relationship which exists between duplicated sequences which originate through a shared WGD, but which diploidize into distinct paralogs from a common allelic pool independently in two lineages following speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Characterization of the mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of the black arowana (Osteoglossum ferreirai). Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Baker CVH, Modrell MS, Gillis JA. The evolution and development of vertebrate lateral line electroreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:2515-22. [PMID: 23761476 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electroreception is an ancient vertebrate sense with a fascinating evolutionary history involving multiple losses as well as independent evolution at least twice within teleosts. We review the phylogenetic distribution of electroreception and the morphology and innervation of electroreceptors in different vertebrate groups. We summarise recent work from our laboratory that has confirmed the homology of ampullary electroreceptors in non-teleost jawed vertebrates by showing, in conjunction with previously published work, that these are derived embryonically from lateral line placodes. Finally, we review hypotheses to explain the distribution of electroreception within teleosts, including the hypothesis that teleost ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors evolved via the modification of mechanosensory hair cells in lateral line neuromasts. We conclude that further experimental work on teleost electroreceptor development is needed to test such hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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28
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Mu XD, Yang YX, Liu Y, Song HM, Luo JR, Hu YC. Complete mitochondrial genome of northern spotted barramundi, Scleropages jardinii. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 2013; 26:698-9. [PMID: 24325672 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.843080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete mitogenome of northern spotted barramundi Scleropages jardinii, an ancestral bonytongue with economic and conservation value. The mitogenome is 16,670 bp in length with an A + T content of 52.9%, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a control region. The gene order and arrangement is similar to that of other Osteoglossidae species, as is base composition and codon usage. These data will provide useful molecular information for phylogenetic relationships within the family Osteoglossidae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Dong Mu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ye-Xin Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yi Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hong-Mei Song
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian-Ren Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yin-Chang Hu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
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29
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Kramer B, van der Bank H, Wink M. Marked differentiation in a new species of dwarf stonebasher,Pollimyrus cuandoensissp. nov. (Mormyridae: Teleostei), from a contact zone with two sibling species of the Okavango and Zambezi rivers. J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.807950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Mu XD, Gu DE, Yang YX, Luo D, Meng X, Wang XJ, Hu YC, Luo JR. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the family Osteoglossidae by the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA and implications for its conservation. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Stevens JA, Sukhum KV, Carlson BA. Independent evolution of visual and electrosensory specializations in different lineages of mormyrid electric fishes. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 82:185-98. [PMID: 24192131 DOI: 10.1159/000355369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African mormyrid fishes are by far the most diverse group of osteoglossomorph (bony tongue) fishes. Mormyrids communicate using pulses of electricity, and they process electric communication signals in the midbrain exterolateral nucleus (EL). In its ancestral form, the EL is relatively small and homogenous. In two different lineages, however, the EL expanded in size and increased in cytological complexity. This evolutionary change established the perceptual ability to distinguish variation in electric pulse waveform, which plays an important role in species recognition and mate choice. However, the sensory basis of social behavior in species with a small, homogenous EL remains unknown. Using published species descriptions, we found that species in one of these lineages have relatively large eyes. Using sectioned brains, we measured the volume of a major visual region, the optic tectum (OT), and found that this same lineage also has an enlarged OT. We also found that eye size and OT size are highly correlated across species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that a reduced visual system evolved with the origins of an active electrosense, and that this one particular lineage secondarily evolved an enlarged visual system. Behavioral tests revealed that this enlargement of the visual system established increased visual acuity. Thus, our findings demonstrate that different lineages of mormyrids have evolved visual or electrosensory specializations, but that no lineages have specialized in both. This sensory divergence likely reflects fundamentally different ecologies and suggests that vision may play an especially important role in the social behavior of mormyrids that cannot detect variation in electric signal waveform. Our findings provide an example of evolutionary change in multiple sensory systems among closely related species that lays a foundation for relating ecological adaptation to evolutionary change in multisensory perception and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Stevens
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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32
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Faria MT, Carvalho RF, Sevilhano TCA, Oliveira NAJ, Silva CFP, Oliveira JE, Soares CRJ, Garcez R, Santo PRE, Bartolini P. Isolation of the pituitary gonadotrophic α-subunit hormone of the giant amazonian fish: pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:683-693. [PMID: 23073850 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs of the α-subunit of the pituitary gonadotrophic hormones (GTHα) of fish of the order Osteoglossiformes or the superorder Osteoglossomorpha have never been sequenced. For a better understanding the phylogenetic diversity and evolution of PGHα in fish and for future biotechnological synthesis of the gonadotrophic hormones (ag-FSH and ag-LH), of Arapaima gigas, one of the largest freshwater fishes of the world, its GTHα cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction starting from total pituitary RNA. The ag-GTHα-subunit was found to be encoded by 348 bp, corresponding to a protein of 115 amino acids, with a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature peptide of 91 amino acids. Ten cysteine residues, responsible for forming 5 disulfide linkages, 2 putative N-linked glycosylation sites and 3 proline residues, were found to be conserved on the basis of the known sequences of vertebrate gonadotrophic hormones. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the amino acid sequences of 38 GTHα-subunits, revealed the highest identity of A. gigas with members of the Acipenseriformes, Anguilliformes, Siluriformes and Cypriniformes (87.1-89.5 %) and the lowest with Gadiformes and Cyprinodontiformes (55.0 %). The obtained phylogenetic tree agrees with previous analysis of teleostei, since A. gigas, of the order of Osteoglossiformes, appears as the sister group of Clupeocephala, while Elopomorpha forms the most basal group of all other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Faria
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s\nº, Marco, Belém, PA 66095-100, Brazil.
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Chen WJ, Lavoué S, Mayden RL. Evolutionary origin and early biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Teleostei). Evolution 2013; 67:2218-39. [PMID: 23888847 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biogeography of the mega-diverse, freshwater, and globally distributed Otophysi has received considerable attention. This attraction largely stems from assumptions as to their ancient origin, the clade being almost exclusively freshwater, and their suitability as to explanations of trans-oceanic distributions. Despite multiple hypotheses explaining present-day distributions, problems remain, precluding more parsimonious explanations. Underlying previous hypotheses are alternative phylogenies for Otophysi, uncertainties as to temporal diversification and assumptions integral to various explanations. We reexamine the origin and early diversification of this clade based on a comprehensive time-calibrated, molecular-based phylogenetic analysis and event-based approaches for ancestral range inference of lineages. Our results do not corroborate current phylogenetic classifications of otophysans. We demonstrate Siluriformes are never sister to Gymnotiformes and Characiformes are most likely nonmonophyletic. Divergence time estimates specify a split between Cypriniformes and Characiphysi with the fragmentation of Pangea. The early diversification of characiphysans either predated, or was contemporary with, the separation of Africa and South America, and involved a combination of within- and between-continental divergence events for these lineages. The intercontinental diversification of siluroids and characoids postdated major intercontinental tectonic fragmentations (<90 Mya). Post-tectonic drift dispersal events are hypothesized to account for their current distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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34
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Carlson BA, Arnegard ME. Neural innovations and the diversification of African weakly electric fishes. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 4:720-5. [PMID: 22446537 DOI: 10.4161/cib.17483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In African mormyrid fishes, evolutionary change in a sensory region of the brain established an ability to detect subtle variation in electric communication signals. In one lineage, this newfound perceptual ability triggered a dramatic increase in the rates of signal evolution and species diversification. This particular neural innovation is just one in a series of nested evolutionary novelties that characterize the sensory and motor systems of mormyrids, the most speciose group of extant osteoglossomorph fishes. Here we discuss the behavioral significance of these neural innovations, relate them to differences in extant species diversity, and outline possible scenarios by which some of these traits may have fueled diversification. We propose that sensory and motor capabilities limit the extent to which signals evolve and, by extension, the role of communication behavior in the process of speciation. By expanding these capabilities, neural innovations increase the potential for signal evolution and species diversification.
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35
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Wright JJ, David SR, Near TJ. Gene trees, species trees, and morphology converge on a similar phylogeny of living gars (Actinopterygii: Holostei: Lepisosteidae), an ancient clade of ray-finned fishes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:848-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Lavoué S, Miya M, Arnegard ME, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Nishida M. Comparable ages for the independent origins of electrogenesis in African and South American weakly electric fishes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36287. [PMID: 22606250 PMCID: PMC3351409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable examples of convergent evolution among vertebrates is illustrated by the independent origins of an active electric sense in South American and African weakly electric fishes, the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea, respectively. These groups independently evolved similar complex systems for object localization and communication via the generation and reception of weak electric fields. While good estimates of divergence times are critical to understanding the temporal context for the evolution and diversification of these two groups, their respective ages have been difficult to estimate due to the absence of an informative fossil record, use of strict molecular clock models in previous studies, and/or incomplete taxonomic sampling. Here, we examine the timing of the origins of the Gymnotiformes and the Mormyroidea using complete mitogenome sequences and a parametric bayesian method for divergence time reconstruction. Under two different fossil-based calibration methods, we estimated similar ages for the independent origins of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes. Our absolute estimates for the origins of these groups either slightly postdate, or just predate, the final separation of Africa and South America by continental drift. The most recent common ancestor of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes was found to be a non-electrogenic basal teleost living more than 85 millions years earlier. For both electric fish lineages, we also estimated similar intervals (16-19 or 22-26 million years, depending on calibration method) between the appearance of electroreception and the origin of myogenic electric organs, providing rough upper estimates for the time periods during which these complex electric organs evolved de novo from skeletal muscle precursors. The fact that the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea are of similar age enhances the comparative value of the weakly electric fish system for investigating pathways to evolutionary novelty, as well as the influences of key innovations in communication on the process of species radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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37
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Rosli MKA, Zamzuriada AS, Syed-Shabthar SMF, Mahani MC, Abas-Mazni O, Md-Zain BM. Optimization of PCR conditions to amplify Cyt b, COI and 12S rRNA gene fragments of Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) mtDNA. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:2554-68. [PMID: 22033937 DOI: 10.4238/2011.october.19.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PCR has been extensively used for amplification of DNA sequences. We conducted a study to obtain the best amplification conditions for cytochrome b (Cyt b), cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 12S rRNA (12S) gene fragments of Malayan gaur mtDNA. DNA from seven Malayan gaur samples were extracted for PCR amplification. Various trials and combinations were tested to determine the best conditions of PCR mixture and profile to obtain the best PCR products for sequencing purposes. Four selected target factors for enhancing PCR, annealing temperature, concentration of primer pairs, amount of Taq polymerase, and PCR cycle duration, were optimized by keeping the amount of DNA template (50 ng/μL) and concentration of PCR buffer (1X), MgCl(2) (2.5 mM) and dNTP mixture (200 μM each) constant. All genes were successfully amplified, giving the correct fragment lengths, as assigned for both forward and reverse primers. The optimal conditions were determined to be: 0.1 μM primers for Cyt b and COI, 0.3 μM primers for 12S, 1 U Taq polymerase for all genes, 30 s of both denaturation and annealing cycles for Cyt b, 1 min of both stages for 12S and COI and annealing temperature of 58.4 ° C for Cyt b, 56.1 ° C for 12S and 51.3 ° C for COI. PCR products obtained under these conditions produced excellent DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K A Rosli
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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38
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Cramer CA, Bonatto SL, Reis RE. Molecular phylogeny of the Neoplecostominae and Hypoptopomatinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) using multiple genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:43-52. [PMID: 21241812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis is provided for representatives of more than one hundred species of the catfish family Loricariidae, including nearly all genera of the subfamilies Neoplecostominae and Hypoptopomatinae. This analysis is based on fragments of the subunit 1 of the cytochrome c oxidase gene (COI), the recombination activating genes 1 (RAG1) and 2 (RAG2), and the F-Reticulon 4 gene. We obtained an alignment of 4678 contiguous nucleotides for 136 species of 50 loricariid genera from five loricariid subfamilies, and ten outgroup species from five loricarioid families. Our results from Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian analyses show the following set of interrelationships ((((Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae) Hypostominae), Loricariinae) Delturinae). However, neither Hypoptopomatinae nor Neoplecostominae were recovered as monophyletic groups. A previously hypothesized monophyly of Hypoptopomatini and Otothyrini was refuted. Furthermore, the genera Pareiorhaphis, Pareiorhina, Hisonotus and Parotocinclus were recovered as polyphyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Andreas Cramer
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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39
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Old gene duplication facilitates origin and diversification of an innovative communication system--twice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22172-7. [PMID: 21127261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011803107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of parallel innovation remains poorly understood due to the rarity of independent origins of the same complex trait among model organisms. We focus on two groups of teleost fishes that independently gained myogenic electric organs underlying electrical communication. Earlier work suggested that a voltage-gated sodium channel gene (Scn4aa), which arose by whole-genome duplication, was neofunctionalized for expression in electric organ and subsequently experienced strong positive selection. However, it was not possible to determine if these changes were temporally linked to the independent origins of myogenic electric organs in both lineages. Here, we test predictions of such a relationship. We show that Scn4aa co-option and rapid sequence evolution were tightly coupled to the two origins of electric organ, providing strong evidence that Scn4aa contributed to parallel innovations underlying the evolutionary diversification of each electric fish group. Independent evolution of electric organs and Scn4aa co-option occurred more than 100 million years following the origin of Scn4aa by duplication. During subsequent diversification of the electrical communication channels, amino acid substitutions in both groups occurred in the same regions of the sodium channel that likely contribute to electric signal variation. Thus, the phenotypic similarities between independent electric fish groups are also associated with striking parallelism at genetic and molecular levels. Our results show that gene duplication can contribute to remarkably similar innovations in repeatable ways even after long waiting periods between gene duplication and the origins of novelty.
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40
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Arnegard ME, McIntyre PB, Harmon LJ, Zelditch ML, Crampton WGR, Davis JK, Sullivan JP, Lavoué S, Hopkins CD. Sexual signal evolution outpaces ecological divergence during electric fish species radiation. Am Nat 2010; 176:335-56. [PMID: 20653442 DOI: 10.1086/655221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection arising from resource competition and environmental heterogeneity can drive adaptive radiation. Ecological opportunity facilitates this process, resulting in rapid divergence of ecological traits in many celebrated radiations. In other cases, sexual selection is thought to fuel divergence in mating signals ahead of ecological divergence. Comparing divergence rates between naturally and sexually selected traits can offer insights into processes underlying species radiations, but to date such comparisons have been largely qualitative. Here, we quantitatively compare divergence rates for four traits in African mormyrid fishes, which use an electrical communication system with few extrinsic constraints on divergence. We demonstrate rapid signal evolution in the Paramormyrops species flock compared to divergence in morphology, size, and trophic ecology. This disparity in the tempo of trait evolution suggests that sexual selection is an important early driver of species radiation in these mormyrids. We also found slight divergence in ecological traits among closely related species, consistent with a supporting role for natural selection in Paramormyrops diversification. Our results highlight the potential for sexual selection to drive explosive signal divergence when innovations in communication open new opportunities in signal space, suggesting that opportunity can catalyze species radiations through sexual selection, as well as natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Arnegard
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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41
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Lavoué S, Miya M, Arnegard ME, McIntyre PB, Mamonekene V, Nishida M. Remarkable morphological stasis in an extant vertebrate despite tens of millions of years of divergence. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1003-8. [PMID: 20880884 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between genotypic and phenotypic divergence over evolutionary time varies widely, and cases of rapid phenotypic differentiation despite genetic similarity have attracted much attention. Here, we report an extreme case of the reverse pattern--morphological stasis in a tropical fish despite massive genetic divergence. We studied the enigmatic African freshwater butterfly fish (Pantodon buchholzi), whose distinctive morphology earns it recognition as a monotypic family. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Pantodon from the Congo basin and nine other osteoglossomorph taxa for comparison with previous mitogenomic profiles of Pantodon from the Niger basin and other related taxa. Pantodon populations form a monophyletic group, yet their mitochondrial coding sequences differ by 15.2 per cent between the Niger and Congo basins. The mitogenomic divergence time between these populations is estimated to be greater than 50 Myr, and deep genetic divergence was confirmed by nuclear sequence data. Among six sister-group comparisons of osteoglossomorphs, Pantodon exhibits the slowest rate of morphological divergence despite a level of genetic differentiation comparable to both species-rich (e.g. Mormyridae) and species-poor (e.g. Osteoglossidae) families. Morphological stasis in these two allopatric lineages of Pantodon offers a living vertebrate model for investigating phenotypic stability over millions of generations in the face of profound fluctuations in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, , Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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42
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Kramer B, Swartz ER. A new species of Slender Stonebasher within theHippopotamyrus ansorgiicomplex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes). J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222931003764089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Gintof C, Konow N, Ross CF, Sanford CPJ. Rhythmic chewing with oral jaws in teleost fishes: a comparison with amniotes. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1868-75. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Intra-oral prey processing (chewing) using the mandibular jaws occurs more extensively among teleost fishes than previously documented. The lack of muscle spindles, γ-motoneurons and periodontal afferents in fishes makes them useful for testing hypotheses regarding the relationship between these sensorimotor components and rhythmic chewing in vertebrates. Electromyography (EMG) data from the adductor mandibulae (AM) were used to quantify variation in chew cycle duration in the bowfin Amia, three osteoglossomorphs (bony-tongues), four salmonids and one esocid (pike). All species chewed prey using their oral jaw in repetitive trains of between 3 and 30 consecutive chews, a pattern that resembles cyclic chewing in amniote vertebrates. Variance in rhythmicity was compared within and between lineages using coefficients of variation and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance. These comparisons revealed that some teleosts exhibit degrees of rhythmicity that are comparable to mammalian mastication and higher than in lepidosaurs. Moreover, chew cycle durations in fishes, as in mammals, scale positively with mandible length. Chewing among basal teleosts may be rhythmic because it is stereotyped and inflexible, the result of patterned interactions between sensory feedback and a central pattern generator, because the lack of a fleshy tongue renders jaw–tongue coordination unnecessary and/or because stereotyped opening and closing movements are important for controlling fluid flow in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gintof
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Camp AL, Konow N, Sanford CPJ. Functional morphology and biomechanics of the tongue-bite apparatus in salmonid and osteoglossomorph fishes. J Anat 2010; 214:717-28. [PMID: 19438765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue-bite apparatus and its associated musculoskeletal elements of the pectoral girdle and neurocranium form the structural basis of raking, a unique prey-processing behaviour in salmonid and osteoglossomorph fishes. Using a quantitative approach, the functional osteology and myology of this system were compared between representatives of each lineage, i.e. the salmonid Salvelinus fontinalis (N = 10) and the osteoglossomorph Chitala ornata (N = 8). Divergence was found in the morphology of the novel cleithrobranchial ligament, which potentially relates to kinematic differences between the raking lineage representatives. Salvelinus had greater anatomical cross-sectional areas of the epaxial, hypaxial and protractor hyoideus muscles, whereas Chitala had greater sternohyoideus and adductor mandibulae mass. Two osteology-based biomechanical models (a third-order lever for neurocranial elevation and a modified four-bar linkage for hyoid retraction) showed divergent force/velocity priorities in the study taxa. Salvelinus maximizes both force (via powerful cranial muscles) and velocity (through mechanical amplification) during raking. In contrast, Chitala has relatively low muscle force but more efficient force transmission through both mechanisms compared with Salvelinus. It remains unclear if and how behavioural modulation and specializations in the post-cranial anatomy may affect the force/velocity trade-offs in Chitala. Further studies of tongue-bite apparatus morphology and biomechanics in a broader species range may help to clarify the role that osteology and myology play in the evolution of behavioural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Camp
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
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Regan MD, Brauner CJ. The evolution of Root effect hemoglobins in the absence of intracellular pH protection of the red blood cell: insights from primitive fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:695-706. [PMID: 20213180 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Root effect, a reduction in blood oxygen (O(2)) carrying capacity at low pH, is used by many fish species to maximize O(2) delivery to the eye and swimbladder. It is believed to have evolved in the basal actinopterygian lineage of fishes, species that lack the intracellular pH (pH(i)) protection mechanism of more derived species' red blood cells (i.e., adrenergically activated Na(+)/H(+) exchangers; betaNHE). These basal actinopterygians may consequently experience a reduction in blood O(2) carrying capacity, and thus O(2) uptake at the gills, during hypoxia- and exercise-induced generalized blood acidoses. We analyzed the hemoglobins (Hbs) of seven species within this group [American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), bowfin (Amia calva), mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), and pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)] for their Root effect characteristics so as to test the hypothesis of the Root effect onset pH value being lower than those pH values expected during a generalized acidosis in vivo. Analysis of the haemolysates revealed that, although each of the seven species displayed Root effects (ranging from 7.3 to 40.5% desaturation of Hb with O(2), i.e., Hb O(2) desaturation), the Root effect onset pH values of all species are considerably lower (ranging from pH 5.94 to 7.04) than the maximum blood acidoses that would be expected following hypoxia or exercise (pH(i) 7.15-7.3). Thus, although these primitive fishes possess Hbs with large Root effects and lack any significant red blood cell betaNHE activity, it is unlikely that the possession of a Root effect would impair O(2) uptake at the gills following a generalized acidosis of the blood. As well, it was shown that both maximal Root effect and Root effect onset pH values increased significantly in bowfin over those of the more basal species, toward values of similar magnitude to those of most of the more derived teleosts studied to date. This is paralleled by the initial appearance of the choroid rete in bowfin, as well as a significant decrease in Hb buffer value and an increase in Bohr/Haldane effects, together suggesting bowfin as the most basal species capable of utilizing its Root effect to maximize O(2) delivery to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Regan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
Weakly electric fishes emit electric organ discharges (EODs) from their tail electric organs and sense feedback signals from their EODs by electroreceptors in the skin. The electric sense is utilized for various behaviors, including electrolocation, electrocommunication, and the Jamming avoidance response (JAR). For each behavior, various types of sensory Information are embedded in the transient electrical signals produced by the fish. These temporal signals are sampled, encoded, and further processed by peripheral and central neurons specialized for time coding. There are time codes for the sex or species Identities of other fish or the resistance and capacitance of objects. In the central nervous system, specialized neural elements exist for decoding time codes for different behavioral functions. Comparative studies allow phylogenetic comparison of time-coding neural systems among weakly electric fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kawasaki
- Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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XU GUANGHUI, CHANG MEEMANN. Redescription of †Paralycoptera wuiChang & Chou, 1977 (Teleostei: Osteoglossoidei) from the Early Cretaceous of eastern China. Zool J Linn Soc 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The historical biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes using mitogenomic approaches: A Mesozoic origin of the Asian notopterids (Actinopterygii: Osteoglossomorpha). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:486-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Douard V, Brunet F, Boussau B, Ahrens-Fath I, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Haendler B, Laudet V, Guiguen Y. The fate of the duplicated androgen receptor in fishes: a late neofunctionalization event? BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:336. [PMID: 19094205 PMCID: PMC2637867 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the observation of an increased number of paralogous genes in teleost fishes compared with other vertebrates and on the conserved synteny between duplicated copies, it has been shown that a whole genome duplication (WGD) occurred during the evolution of Actinopterygian fish. Comparative phylogenetic dating of this duplication event suggests that it occurred early on, specifically in teleosts. It has been proposed that this event might have facilitated the evolutionary radiation and the phenotypic diversification of the teleost fish, notably by allowing the sub- or neo-functionalization of many duplicated genes. RESULTS In this paper, we studied in a wide range of Actinopterygians the duplication and fate of the androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4), a nuclear receptor known to play a key role in sex-determination in vertebrates. The pattern of AR gene duplication is consistent with an early WGD event: it has been duplicated into two genes AR-A and AR-B after the split of the Acipenseriformes from the lineage leading to teleost fish but before the divergence of Osteoglossiformes. Genomic and syntenic analyses in addition to lack of PCR amplification show that one of the duplicated copies, AR-B, was lost in several basal Clupeocephala such as Cypriniformes (including the model species zebrafish), Siluriformes, Characiformes and Salmoniformes. Interestingly, we also found that, in basal teleost fish (Osteoglossiformes and Anguilliformes), the two copies remain very similar, whereas, specifically in Percomorphs, one of the copies, AR-B, has accumulated substitutions in both the ligand binding domain (LBD) and the DNA binding domain (DBD). CONCLUSION The comparison of the mutations present in these divergent AR-B with those known in human to be implicated in complete, partial or mild androgen insensitivity syndrome suggests that the existence of two distinct AR duplicates may be correlated to specific functional differences that may be connected to the well-known plasticity of sex determination in fish. This suggests that three specific events have shaped the present diversity of ARs in Actinopterygians: (i) early WGD, (ii) parallel loss of one duplicate in several lineages and (iii) putative neofunctionalization of the same duplicate in percomorphs, which occurred a long time after the WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Douard
- INRA-SCRIBE IFR 140, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Brunet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR 5242 du CNRS, INRA, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Bastien Boussau
- Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR CNRS 5558 Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | - Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR 5242 du CNRS, INRA, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | - Vincent Laudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR 5242 du CNRS, INRA, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Yann Guiguen
- INRA-SCRIBE IFR 140, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Konow N, Sanford CPJ. Biomechanics of a convergently derived prey-processing mechanism in fishes: evidence from comparative tongue bite apparatus morphology and raking kinematics. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:3378-91. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.023564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYA tongue-bite apparatus (TBA) governs raking behaviors in two major and unrelated teleost lineages, the osteoglossomorph and salmoniform fishes. We present data on comparative morphology and kinematics from two representative species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Australian arowana (Scleropages jardinii), which suggest that both the TBA and raking are convergently derived in these lineages. Similar TBA morphologies were present, except for differences in TBA dentition and shape of the novel cleithrobranchial ligament (CBL), which is arc-shaped in O. mykissand straight in S. jardinii. Eight kinematic variables were used to quantify motion magnitude and maximum-timing in the kinematic input mechanisms of the TBA. Five variables differed inter-specifically (pectoral girdle retraction magnitude and timing, cranial and hyoid elevation and gape-distance timing), yet an incomplete taxon separation across multivariate kinematic space demonstrated an overall similarity in raking behavior. An outgroup analysis using bowfin (Amia calva) and pickerel (Esox americanus) to compare kinematics of raking with chewing and prey-capture provided robust quantitative evidence of raking being a convergently derived behavior. Support was also found for the notion that raking more likely evolved from the strike, a functionally distinct behavior, than from chewing,an alternative prey-processing behavior. Based on raking kinematic and muscle-activity data, we propose biomechanical models of the three input mechanisms that govern kinematics of the basihyal output mechanism during the raking power stroke: (1) cranial elevation protracts the upper TBA jaw from the lower (basihyal) TBA jaw; (2) basihyal retraction is caused directly by contraction of the sternohyoideus (SH); (3) hypaxial shortening, relayed via the pectoral girdle and SH–CBL complex, is an indirect basihyal retraction mechanism modeled as a four-bar linkage. These models will aid future analyses mapping structural and functional traits to the evolution of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biology, 114 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549,USA
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