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Carrasco PA, Koch C, Grazziotin FG, Venegas PJ, Chaparro JC, Scrocchi GJ, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Leynaud GC, Mattoni CI. Total-evidence phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of New World pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Cladistics 2023; 39:71-100. [PMID: 36701490 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotalines (pitvipers) in the Americas are distributed from southern Canada to southern Argentina, and are represented by 13 genera and 163 species that constitute a monophyletic group. Their phylogenetic relationships have been assessed mostly based on DNA sequences, while morphological data have scarcely been used for phylogenetic inquiry. We present a total-evidence phylogeny of New World pitvipers, the most taxon/character comprehensive phylogeny to date. Our analysis includes all genera, morphological data from external morphology, cranial osteology and hemipenial morphology, and DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We performed analyses with parsimony as an optimality criterion, using different schemes for character weighting. We evaluated the contribution of the different sources of characters to the phylogeny through analyses of reduced datasets and calculation of weighted homoplasy and retention indexes. We performed a morphological character analysis to identify synapomorphies for the main clades. In terms of biogeography, our results support a single colonization event of the Americas by pitvipers, and a cladogenetic event into a Neotropical clade and a North American/Neotropical clade. The results also shed light on the previously unstable position of some taxa, although they could not sufficiently resolve the position of Bothrops lojanus, which may lead to the paraphyly of either Bothrops or Bothrocophias. The morphological character analyses demonstrated that an important phylogenetic signal is contained in characters related to head scalation, the jaws and the dorsum of the skull, and allowed us to detect morphological convergences in external morphology associated with arboreality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Carrasco
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Rondeau 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA-CONICET), Rondeau, 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudia Koch
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change/Zoologisches Forschungsinstitute und Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felipe G Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo J Venegas
- Instituto Peruano de Herpetología, Salazar Bondy 136, Santiago de Surco 15038, Lima, Peru.,Rainforest Partnership, 4005 Guadalupe St, Austin, TX, 78751, USA
| | - Juan C Chaparro
- Museo de Biodiversidad del Perú, Urbanización Mariscal Gamarra A-61, Zona 2, Cusco, Peru.,Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Paraninfo Universitario (Plaza de Armas s/n), Cusco, Peru
| | - Gustavo J Scrocchi
- UEL-CONICET and Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, EC170301, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gerardo C Leynaud
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Rondeau 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA-CONICET), Rondeau, 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Camilo I Mattoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Zoología Aplicada, Rondeau 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA-CONICET), Rondeau, 798, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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2
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Jones L, Youngman NJ, Neri-Castro E, Guadarrama-Martínez A, Lewin MR, Carter R, Frank N, Fry BG. Differential Antivenom and Small-Molecule Inhibition of Novel Coagulotoxic Variations in Atropoides, Cerrophidion, Metlapilcoatlus, and Porthidium American Viperid Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080511. [PMID: 35893753 PMCID: PMC9332056 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within Neotropical pit-vipers, the Mexican/Central-American clade consisting of Atropoides, Cerrophidion, Metlapilcoatlus, and Porthidium is a wide-ranging, morphologically and ecologically diverse group of snakes. Despite their prevalence, little is known of the functional aspects of their venoms. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap regarding coagulotoxic effects and to examine the potential of different therapeutic approaches. As a general trait, the venoms were shown to be anticoagulant but were underpinned by diverse biochemical actions. Pseudo-procoagulant activity (i.e., thrombin-like), characterized by the direct cleavage of fibrinogen to form weak fibrin clots, was evident for Atropoides picadoi, Cerrophidiontzotzilorum, Metlapilcoatlus mexicanus, M. nummifer, M. occiduus, M. olmec, and Porthidium porrasi. In contrast, other venoms cleaved fibrinogen in a destructive (non-clotting) manner, with C. godmani and C. wilsoni being the most potent. In addition to actions on fibrinogen, clotting enzymes were also inhibited. FXa was only weakly inhibited by most species, but Cerrophidion godmani and C. wilsoni were extremely strong in their inhibitory action. Other clotting enzymes were more widely inhibited by diverse species spanning the full taxonomical range, but in each case, there were species that had these traits notably amplified relatively to the others. C. godmani and C. wilsoni were the most potent amongst those that inhibited the formation of the prothrombinase complex and were also amongst the most potent inhibitors of Factor XIa. While most species displayed only low levels of thrombin inhibition, Porthidium dunni potently inhibited this clotting factor. The regional polyvalent antivenom produced by Instituto Picado Clodomiro was tested and was shown to be effective against the diverse anticoagulant pathophysiological effects. In contrast to the anticoagulant activities of the other species, Porthidium volcanicum was uniquely procoagulant through the activation of Factor VII and Factor XII. This viperid species is the first snake outside of the Oxyuranus/Pseudonaja elapid snake clade to be shown to activate FVII and the first snake venom of any kind to activate FXII. Interestingly, while small-molecule metalloprotease inhibitors prinomastat and marimastat demonstrated the ability to prevent the procoagulant toxicity of P. volcanicum, neither ICP antivenom nor inhibitor DMPS showed this effect. The extreme variation among the snakes here studied underscores how venom is a dynamic trait and how this can shape clinical outcomes and influence evolving treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jones
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (B.G.F.)
| | - Nicholas J. Youngman
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Alid Guadarrama-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (A.G.-M.)
| | | | - Rebecca Carter
- Ophirex Inc., Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA; (M.R.L.); (R.C.)
| | | | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (B.G.F.)
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3
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Ruiz-Campos M, Sanz L, Bonilla F, Sasa M, Lomonte B, Zaruma-Torres F, Terán M, Fernández J, Calvete JJ, Caldeira CAS, Da Silva SL. Venomics of the poorly studied hognosed pitvipers Porthidium arcosae and Porthidium volcanicum. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104379. [PMID: 34534714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the first proteomics analyses of the venoms of two poorly studied snakes, the Manabi hognosed pitviper Porthidium arcosae endemic to the western coastal province of Manabí (Ecuador), and the Costa Rican hognosed pitviper P. volcanicum with distribution restricted to South Pacific Costa Rica and western Panamá. These venom proteomes share a conserved compositional pattern reported in four other congeneric species within the clade of South American Porthidium species, P. nasutum, P. lansbergii, P. ophryomegas, and P. porrasi. The paraspecific immunorecognition profile of antivenoms produced in Costa Rica (ICP polyvalent), Perú (Instituto Nacional de Salud) and Brazil (soro antibotrópico pentavalente, SAB, from Instituto Butantan) against the venom of P. arcosae was investigated through a third-generation antivenomics approach. The maximal venom-binding capacities of the investigated antivenoms were 97.1 mg, 21.8 mg, and 25.7 mg of P. arcosae venom proteins per gram of SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU antibody molecules, respectively, which translate into 28.4 mg, 13.1 mg, and 15.2 mg of total venom proteins bound per vial of SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU AV. The antivenomics results suggest that 21.8%, 7.8% and 6.1% of the SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU antibody molecules recognized P. arcosae venom toxins. The SAB antivenom neutralized P. arcosae venom's lethality in mice with an ED50 of 31.3 mgV/g SAB AV. This preclinical neutralization paraspecificity points to Brazilian SAB as a promising candidate for the treatment of envenomings by Ecuadorian P. arcosae. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Assessing the preclinical efficacy profile of antivenoms against homologous and heterologous medically relevant snake venoms represents an important goal towards defining the biogeographic range of their clinical utility. This is particularly relevant in regions, such as Mesoamerica, where a small number of pharmaceutical companies produce antivenoms against the venoms of a small number of species of maximum medical relevance among the local rich herpetofauna, leaving a wide range of snakes of secondary medical relevance, but also causing life-threatening human envenomings without nominal clinical coverage. This work is part of a larger project aiming at mapping the immunological characteristics of antivenoms generated in Latin American countries towards venoms of such poorly studied snakes of the local and neighboring countries' herpetofauna. Here we report the proteomics characterization of the Manabi hognosed pitviper Porthidium arcosae endemic to the western coastal province of Manabí (Ecuador), and the Costa Rican hognosed pitviper P. volcanicum with distribution restricted to southwestern Costa Rica, the antivenomics assessment of three bothropoid commercial antivenoms produced in Costa Rica, Perú, and Brazil against the venom components of P. arcosae, and the in vivo capacity of the Brazilian soro antibotrópico pentavalente (SAB) from Instituto Butantan to neutralize the murine lethality of P. arcosae venom. The preclinical paraspecific ED50 of 31.3 mg of P. arcosae venom per gram of antivenom points to Brazilian SAB as a promising candidate for the treatment of envenomings by the Manabi hognosed pitviper P. arcosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruiz-Campos
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabián Bonilla
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; Centro Investigaciones, Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Fausto Zaruma-Torres
- College of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Maria Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cleópatra A S Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas a Saúde CEBio/FIOCRUZ/UNIR, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, CEP 76820-245 Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, rede BIONORTE, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
| | - Saulo L Da Silva
- College of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
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Molecular Phylogenetics and Morphometrics Reveal a New Endemic Jumping Pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Metlapilcoatlus) from the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico. J HERPETOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1670/20-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (svVEGFs): Unravelling their molecular structure, functions, and research potential. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:133-143. [PMID: 34090786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis, a physiological process characterized by the formation of new vessels from a preexisting endothelium. VEGF has also been implicated in pathologic states, such as neoplasias, intraocular neovascular disorders, among other conditions. VEGFs are distributed in seven different families: VEGF-A, B, C, D, and PIGF (placental growth factor), which are identified in mammals; VEGF-E, which are encountered in viruses; and VEGF-F or svVEGF (snake venom VEGF) described in snake venoms. This is the pioneer review of svVEGF family, exploring its distribution among the snake venoms, molecular structure, main functions, and potential applications.
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6
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Jadin RC, Mihaljevic JR, Orlofske SA. Do New World pitvipers "scale-down" at high elevations? Macroecological patterns of scale characters and body size. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9362-9375. [PMID: 31463027 PMCID: PMC6706185 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergmann's rule describes the macroecological pattern of increasing body size in response to higher latitudes and elevations. This pattern is extensively documented in endothermic vertebrates, within and among species; however, studies involving ectotherms are less common and suggest no consistent pattern for amphibians and reptiles. Moreover, adaptive traits, such as epidermal features like scales, have not been widely examined in conjunction with Bergmann's rule, even though these traits affect physiological processes, such as thermoregulation, which are hypothesized as underlying mechanisms for the pattern. Here, we investigate how scale characters correlate with elevation among 122 New World pitviper species, representing 15 genera. We found a contra-Bergmann's pattern, where body size is smaller at higher elevations. This pattern was mainly driven by the presence of small-bodied clades at high elevations and large-bodied clades at low elevations, emphasizing the importance of taxonomic scope in studying macroecological patterns. Within a subset of speciose clades, we found that only Crotalus demonstrated a significant negative relationship between body size and elevation, perhaps because of its wide elevational range. In addition, we found a positive correlation between scale counts and body size but no independent effect of elevation on scale numbers. Our study increases our knowledge of Bergmann's rule in reptiles by specifically examining characters of squamation and suggests a need to reexamine macroecological patterns for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Jadin
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin Eau ClaireEau ClaireWIUSA
| | - Joseph R. Mihaljevic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Sarah A. Orlofske
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin Stevens PointStevens PointWIUSA
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De arco-Rodríguez B, Montealegre-Sánchez L, Solano-Redondo L, Castro-Herrera F, Ortega JG, Castillo A, Vargas-Zapata C, Jiménez-Charris E. Phylogeny and toxicological assessments of two Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii morphotypes from the caribbean region of Colombia. Toxicon 2019; 166:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Méndez R, Bonilla F, Sasa M, Dwyer Q, Fernández J, Lomonte B. Proteomic profiling, functional characterization, and immunoneutralization of the venom of Porthidium porrasi, a pitviper endemic to Costa Rica. Acta Trop 2019; 193:113-123. [PMID: 30831113 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Porthidium includes nine pitviper species inhabiting Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Porthidium porrasi is a species endemic to the Southwest of Costa Rica, for which no information on its venom was available. In this study, the proteomic composition and functional activities of P. porrasi venom are described. The most abundant venom proteins were identified as metalloproteinases (36.5%). In descending order of abundance, proteins belonging to the disintegrin, phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, C-type lectin/lectin-like, vascular endothelial growth factor, Cysteine-rich secretory protein, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase B, and phosphodiesterase families were also identified. P. porrasi venom showed a weak lethal potency in mice (10 μg/g body weight by intraperitoneal route), induced marked hemorrhage and edema, and weak myotoxic effect. These in vivo activities, as well as those assayed in vitro (proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities) correlated with compositional data. A comparison of P. porrasi venom with those of three other Porthidium species studied to date reveals a generally conserved compositional and functional pattern in this pitviper genus. Importantly, the lethal effect of P. porrasi venom in mice was adequately cross-neutralized by a heterospecific polyvalent antivenom, supporting its use in the treatment of eventual envenomings by this species.
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9
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Vindas J, Carrera Y, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Sanz L, Fernández J. A novel pentameric phospholipase A2 myotoxin (PophPLA2) from the venom of the pit viper Porthidium ophryomegas. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Parkinson CL, Daza JM, Wüster W, Sasa M. Phylogeography of the Central American lancehead Bothrops asper (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187969. [PMID: 29176806 PMCID: PMC5703453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The uplift and final connection of the Central American land bridge is considered the major event that allowed biotic exchange between vertebrate lineages of northern and southern origin in the New World. However, given the complex tectonics that shaped Middle America, there is still substantial controversy over details of this geographical reconnection, and its role in determining biogeographic patterns in the region. Here, we examine the phylogeography of Bothrops asper, a widely distributed pitviper in Middle America and northwestern South America, in an attempt to evaluate how the final Isthmian uplift and other biogeographical boundaries in the region influenced genealogical lineage divergence in this species. We examined sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (MT-CYB and MT-ND4) from 111 specimens of B. asper, representing 70 localities throughout the species’ distribution. We reconstructed phylogeographic patterns using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and estimated divergence time using the Bayesian relaxed clock method. Within the nominal species, an early split led to two divergent lineages of B. asper: one includes five phylogroups distributed in Caribbean Middle America and southwestern Ecuador, and the other comprises five other groups scattered in the Pacific slope of Isthmian Central America and northwestern South America. Our results provide evidence of a complex transition that involves at least two dispersal events into Middle America during the final closure of the Isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher L. Parkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Daza
- Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United states of Kingdom
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Organization for Tropical Studies, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
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Saviola AJ, Gandara AJ, Bryson RW, Mackessy SP. Venom phenotypes of the Rock Rattlesnake ( Crotalus lepidus ) and the Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake ( Crotalus willardi ) from México and the United States. Toxicon 2017; 138:119-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 105:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Pla D, Sanz L, Sasa M, Acevedo ME, Dwyer Q, Durban J, Pérez A, Rodriguez Y, Lomonte B, Calvete JJ. Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis). J Proteomics 2016; 152:1-12. [PMID: 27777178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bothriechis is a genus of eleven currently recognized slender and arboreal venomous snakes, commonly called palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite dietary studies suggesting that palm-pitvipers are generalists with an ontogenetic shift toward endothermic prey, venom proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of the Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. To achieve a more complete picture of the venomic landscape across Bothriechis, the venom proteomes of biodiversity of the northern Middle American highland palm-pitvipers, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor from Guatemala, B. marchi from Honduras, and neonate Costa Rican B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, were investigated. B. thalassinus and B. aurifer venoms are comprised by similar toxin arsenals dominated by SVMPs (33-39% of the venom proteome), CTLs (11-16%), BPP-like molecules (10-13%), and CRISPs (5-10%), and are characterized by the absence of PLA2 proteins. Conversely, the predominant (35%) components of B. bicolor are D49-PLA2 molecules. The venom proteome of B. marchi is similar to B. aurifer and B. thalassinus in that it is rich in SVMPs and BPPs, but also contains appreciable amounts (14.3%) of PLA2s. The major toxin family found in the venoms of both neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, is serine proteinase (SVSP), comprising about 20% of their toxin arsenals. The venom of neonate B. schlegelii is the only palm-pitviper venom where relative high amounts of Kunitz-type (6.3%) and γPLA2 (5.2%) inhibitors have been identified. Despite notable differences between their proteomes, neonate venoms are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species. However, the ontogenetic changes taking place in the venom of B. lateralis strongly differ from those that occur in the venom of B. schlegelii. Thus, the ontogenetic change in B. lateralis produces a SVMP-rich venom, whereas in B. schlegelii the age-dependent compositional shift generates a PLA2-rich venom. Overall, genus-wide venomics illustrate the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms. The integration of the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework may lay the foundation for assessing, in future studies, the evolutionary path that led to the present-day variability of the venoms of palm-pitvipers. SIGNIFICANCE Bothriechis represents a monophyletic basal genus of eleven arboreal palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite palm-pitvipers' putative status as diet generalists, previous proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. Our current proteomic study of Guatemalan species, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor, Honduran B. marchi, and neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii from Costa Rica was undertaken to deepen our understanding of the evolutionary pattern of venom proteome diversity across Bothriechis. Ancestral characters are often, but not always, preserved in an organism's development. Venoms of neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species, suggesting that the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms may represent an inherent feature of Bothriechis common ancestor. Our genus-wide data identified four nodes of venom phenotype differentiation across the phylogeny of Bothriechis. Integrated into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework, the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis may lay the groundwork to establish whether divergence was driven by selection for efficient resource exploitation in arboreal 'islands', thereby contributing to the ecological speciation of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel E Acevedo
- Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, Centro de Datos para la Conservacion, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Quetzal Dwyer
- Parque Reptilandia, Platanillo between Dominical & San Isidro, 8000 Dominical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Jordi Durban
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yania Rodriguez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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Timmermans MJTN, Barton C, Haran J, Ahrens D, Culverwell CL, Ollikainen A, Dodsworth S, Foster PG, Bocak L, Vogler AP. Family-Level Sampling of Mitochondrial Genomes in Coleoptera: Compositional Heterogeneity and Phylogenetics. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 8:161-75. [PMID: 26645679 PMCID: PMC4758238 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes are readily sequenced with recent technology and thus evolutionary lineages can be densely sampled. This permits better phylogenetic estimates and assessment of potential biases resulting from heterogeneity in nucleotide composition and rate of change. We gathered 245 mitochondrial sequences for the Coleoptera representing all 4 suborders, 15 superfamilies of Polyphaga, and altogether 97 families, including 159 newly sequenced full or partial mitogenomes. Compositional heterogeneity greatly affected 3rd codon positions, and to a lesser extent the 1st and 2nd positions, even after RY coding. Heterogeneity also affected the encoded protein sequence, in particular in the nad2, nad4, nad5, and nad6 genes. Credible tree topologies were obtained with the nhPhyML ("nonhomogeneous") algorithm implementing a model for branch-specific equilibrium frequencies. Likelihood searches using RAxML were improved by data partitioning by gene and codon position. Finally, the PhyloBayes software, which allows different substitution processes for amino acid replacement at various sites, produced a tree that best matched known higher level taxa and defined basal relationships in Coleoptera. After rooting with Neuropterida outgroups, suborder relationships were resolved as (Polyphaga (Myxophaga (Archostemata + Adephaga))). The infraorder relationships in Polyphaga were (Scirtiformia (Elateriformia ((Staphyliniformia + Scarabaeiformia) (Bostrichiformia (Cucujiformia))))). Polyphagan superfamilies were recovered as monophyla except Staphylinoidea (paraphyletic for Scarabaeiformia) and Cucujoidea, which can no longer be considered a valid taxon. The study shows that, although compositional heterogeneity is not universal, it cannot be eliminated for some mitochondrial genes, but dense taxon sampling and the use of appropriate Bayesian analyses can still produce robust phylogenetic trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London - Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Barton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Haran
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Present address: INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Lorna Culverwell
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Present address: Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alison Ollikainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Present address: Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Present address: Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science UP, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London - Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom
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Gillett CPDT, Crampton-Platt A, Timmermans MJTN, Jordal BH, Emerson BC, Vogler AP. Bulk de novo mitogenome assembly from pooled total DNA elucidates the phylogeny of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2223-37. [PMID: 24803639 PMCID: PMC4104315 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete mitochondrial genomes have been shown to be reliable markers for phylogeny reconstruction among diverse animal groups. However, the relative difficulty and high cost associated with obtaining de novo full mitogenomes have frequently led to conspicuously low taxon sampling in ensuing studies. Here, we report the successful use of an economical and accessible method for assembling complete or near-complete mitogenomes through shot-gun next-generation sequencing of a single library made from pooled total DNA extracts of numerous target species. To avoid the use of separate indexed libraries for each specimen, and an associated increase in cost, we incorporate standard polymerase chain reaction-based "bait" sequences to identify the assembled mitogenomes. The method was applied to study the higher level phylogenetic relationships in the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), producing 92 newly assembled mitogenomes obtained in a single Illumina MiSeq run. The analysis supported a separate origin of wood-boring behavior by the subfamilies Scolytinae, Platypodinae, and Cossoninae. This finding contradicts morphological hypotheses proposing a close relationship between the first two of these but is congruent with previous molecular studies, reinforcing the utility of mitogenomes in phylogeny reconstruction. Our methodology provides a technically simple procedure for generating densely sampled trees from whole mitogenomes and is widely applicable to groups of animals for which bait sequences are the only required prior genome knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P D T Gillett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United KingdomSchool of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Crampton-Platt
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United KingdomDepartment of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United KingdomDepartment of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarte H Jordal
- The Natural History Museum, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Brent C Emerson
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United KingdomIsland Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United KingdomDepartment of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Townsend JH, Medina-Flores M, Wilson LD, Jadin R, Austin JD. A relict lineage and new species of green palm-pitviper (Squamata, Viperidae, Bothriechis) from the Chortís Highlands of Mesoamerica. Zookeys 2013; 298:77-106. [PMID: 23794885 PMCID: PMC3689108 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.298.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of palm-pitviper of the genus Bothriechis is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat in northern Honduras. The new species differs from congeners by having 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody, a bright green dorsal coloration in adults, the prelacunal scale fused to the second supralabial, and in representing a northern lineage that is sister to Bothriechis lateralis, which is distributed in Costa Rica and western Panama and is isolated from the new taxon by the Nicaraguan Depression. This represents the 15th endemic species occurring in Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat, one of the richest herpetofaunal sites in Honduras, itself being the country with the highest degree of herpetofaunal endemism in Central America. We name this new species in honor of a Honduran conservationist slain in fighting against illegal logging, highlighting the sacrifices of rural activists in battling these issues and the critical importance of conservation in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah H. Townsend
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705–1081, USA
- Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Departamento de Francisco Morazán, Honduras
| | - Melissa Medina-Flores
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705–1081, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Francisco Morazán, Honduras
| | - Larry David Wilson
- Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Departamento de Francisco Morazán, Honduras
| | - Robert C. Jadin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; and Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - James D. Austin
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Tao W, Mayden RL, He S. Remarkable phylogenetic resolution of the most complex clade of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): A proof of concept of homology assessment and partitioning sequence data integrated with mixed model Bayesian analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 66:603-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Gutiérrez JM, Tsai WC, Pla D, Solano G, Lomonte B, Sanz L, Angulo Y, Calvete JJ. Preclinical assessment of a polyspecific antivenom against the venoms of Cerrophidion sasai, Porthidium nasutum and Porthidium ophryomegas: Insights from combined antivenomics and neutralization assays. Toxicon 2013; 64:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mitogenome sequences stabilize the phylogenetics of weevils (Curculionoidea) and establish the monophyly of larval ectophagy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 67:156-66. [PMID: 23319085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The weevils and their relatives (superfamily Curculionoidea) constitute a huge radiation of beetles, but basal relationships in this group remain controversial, in particular within the largest family, Curculionidae. We used next-generation sequencing to generate mitochondrial genome data comprising 12 protein coding genes for 27 taxa. Together with two published ingroup sequences, (sub)family relationships were assessed with Bayesian and ML searches under various models and partitioning schemes. Forward and reverse strands of the mitochondrial genome differed in nucleotide skew. Consequently synonymous codon usage differed substantially on either strand for each amino acid, whereby codons ending in AT and GC were favored on the forward and reverse strands, respectively. Data partitioning by forward/reverse strand and codon position greatly improved likelihood scores and nodal support, whereas the tree topology was largely stable. The analysis generally supports the basal position of several 'orthocerus' lineages with straight antennae and male genitalia of an ancestral type; a paraphyletic mixed group of Heteromorphi exhibiting mixed ancestral and derived antennal and genitalic characters; and the derived 'gonathocerous' lineages with kinked antennae corresponding to the strongly supported Curculionidae. The latter did not include the wood boring Platypodinae that was recovered as sister to Dryophthoridae, while the Scolytinae and Cossoninae formed two independent lineages of wood borers within Curculionidae. A basal split in Curculionidae placed the Entiminae and Hyperinae as sister to all other subfamilies with high support, which provides a new ecological concept for structuring the Curculionidae according to the ectophagous larval life style in the former versus endophagous larvae in all others. This basal split is also supported by gene order rearrangements in a tRNA cluster. Recent studies supporting the monophyly of wood boring weevils may be attributable to long-branch attraction, as molecular rates in their mitochondrial genomes were found to be higher than in other lineages, but this did not confound tree searches under combined analysis of mitochondrial protein coding genes.
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20
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Wang X, Gan X, Li J, Mayden RL, He S. Cyprinid phylogeny based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data: implications for Cyprinidae systematics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:761-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Casewell NR, Huttley GA, Wüster W. Dynamic evolution of venom proteins in squamate reptiles. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1066. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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22
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Lamers RP, Muthukrishnan G, Castoe TA, Tafur S, Cole AM, Parkinson CL. Phylogenetic relationships among Staphylococcus species and refinement of cluster groups based on multilocus data. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:171. [PMID: 22950675 PMCID: PMC3464590 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates of relationships among Staphylococcus species have been hampered by poor and inconsistent resolution of phylogenies based largely on single gene analyses incorporating only a limited taxon sample. As such, the evolutionary relationships and hierarchical classification schemes among species have not been confidently established. Here, we address these points through analyses of DNA sequence data from multiple loci (16S rRNA gene, dnaJ, rpoB, and tuf gene fragments) using multiple Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic approaches that incorporate nearly all recognized Staphylococcus taxa. Results We estimated the phylogeny of fifty-seven Staphylococcus taxa using partitioned-model Bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis, as well as Bayesian gene-tree species-tree methods. Regardless of methodology, we found broad agreement among methods that the current cluster groups require revision, although there was some disagreement among methods in resolution of higher order relationships. Based on our phylogenetic estimates, we propose a refined classification for Staphylococcus with species being classified into 15 cluster groups (based on molecular data) that adhere to six species groups (based on phenotypic properties). Conclusions Our findings are in general agreement with gene tree-based reports of the staphylococcal phylogeny, although we identify multiple previously unreported relationships among species. Our results support the general importance of such multilocus assessments as a standard in microbial studies to more robustly infer relationships among recognized and newly discovered lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Lamers
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Jadin RC, Townsend JH, Castoe TA, Campbell JA. Cryptic diversity in disjunct populations of Middle American Montane Pitvipers: a systematic reassessment of Cerrophidion godmani. ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Terribile LC, Diniz-Filho JAF, Lima-Ribeiro MDS, Rodríguez M. Integrating phylogeny, environment and space to explore variation in macroecological traits of Viperidae and Elapidae (Squamata: Serpentes). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carrasco PA, Mattoni CI, Leynaud GC, Scrocchi GJ. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Lomonte B, Rey-Suárez P, Tsai WC, Angulo Y, Sasa M, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ. Snake venomics of the pit vipers Porthidium nasutum, Porthidium ophryomegas, and Cerrophidion godmani from Costa Rica: Toxicological and taxonomical insights. J Proteomics 2012; 75:1675-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pinto-Sánchez NR, Ibáñez R, Madriñán S, Sanjur OI, Bermingham E, Crawford AJ. The Great American Biotic Interchange in frogs: multiple and early colonization of Central America by the South American genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 62:954-72. [PMID: 22178362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The completion of the land bridge between North and South America approximately 3.5-3.1 million years ago (Ma) initiated a tremendous biogeographic event called the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), described principally from the mammalian fossil record. The history of biotic interchange between continents for taxonomic groups with poor fossil records, however, is not well understood. Molecular and fossil data suggest that a number of plant and animal lineages crossed the Isthmus of Panama well before 3.5 Ma, leading biologists to speculate about trans-oceanic dispersal mechanisms. Here we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the frog genus Pristimantis based on 189 individuals of 137 species, including 71 individuals of 31 species from Panama and Colombia. DNA sequence data were obtained from three mitochondrial (COI, 12S, 16S) and two nuclear (RAG-1 and Tyr) genes, for a total of 4074 base pairs. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis showed statistically significant conflict with most recognized taxonomic groups within Pristimantis, supporting only the rubicundus Species Series, and the Pristimantis myersi and Pristimantis pardalis Species Groups as monophyletic. Inference of ancestral areas based on a likelihood model of geographic range evolution via dispersal, local extinction, and cladogenesis (DEC) suggested that the colonization of Central America by South American Pristimantis involved at least 11 independent events. Relaxed-clock analyses of divergence times suggested that at least eight of these invasions into Central America took place prior to 4 Ma, mainly in the Miocene. These findings contribute to a growing list of molecular-based biogeographic studies presenting apparent temporal conflicts with the traditional GABI model.
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Profiling the venom gland transcriptomes of Costa Rican snakes by 454 pyrosequencing. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:259. [PMID: 21605378 PMCID: PMC3128066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A long term research goal of venomics, of applied importance for improving current antivenom therapy, but also for drug discovery, is to understand the pharmacological potential of venoms. Individually or combined, proteomic and transcriptomic studies have demonstrated their feasibility to explore in depth the molecular diversity of venoms. In the absence of genome sequence, transcriptomes represent also valuable searchable databases for proteomic projects. RESULTS The venom gland transcriptomes of 8 Costa Rican taxa from 5 genera (Crotalus, Bothrops, Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Bothriechis) of pitvipers were investigated using high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing. 100,394 out of 330,010 masked reads produced significant hits in the available databases. 5.165,220 nucleotides (8.27%) were masked by RepeatMasker, the vast majority of which corresponding to class I (retroelements) and class II (DNA transposons) mobile elements. BLAST hits included 79,991 matches to entries of the taxonomic suborder Serpentes, of which 62,433 displayed similarity to documented venom proteins. Strong discrepancies between the transcriptome-computed and the proteome-gathered toxin compositions were obvious at first sight. Although the reasons underlaying this discrepancy are elusive, since no clear trend within or between species is apparent, the data indicate that individual mRNA species may be translationally controlled in a species-dependent manner. The minimum number of genes from each toxin family transcribed into the venom gland transcriptome of each species was calculated from multiple alignments of reads matched to a full-length reference sequence of each toxin family. Reads encoding ORF regions of Kazal-type inhibitor-like proteins were uniquely found in Bothriechis schlegelii and B. lateralis transcriptomes, suggesting a genus-specific recruitment event during the early-Middle Miocene. A transcriptome-based cladogram supports the large divergence between A. mexicanus and A. picadoi, and a closer kinship between A. mexicanus and C. godmani. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis reveals taxon-specific trends governing the formulation of the venom arsenal. Knowledge of the venom proteome provides hints on the translation efficiency of toxin-coding transcripts, contributing thereby to a more accurate interpretation of the transcriptome. The application of NGS to the analysis of snake venom transcriptomes, may represent the tool for opening the door to systems venomics.
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Casewell NR, Wagstaff SC, Harrison RA, Renjifo C, Wuster W. Domain Loss Facilitates Accelerated Evolution and Neofunctionalization of Duplicate Snake Venom Metalloproteinase Toxin Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2637-49. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Casewell NR, Wagstaff SC, Harrison RA, Wüster W. Gene Tree Parsimony of Multilocus Snake Venom Protein Families Reveals Species Tree Conflict as a Result of Multiple Parallel Gene Loss. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1157-72. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pons J, Ribera I, Bertranpetit J, Balke M. Nucleotide substitution rates for the full set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Coleoptera. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:796-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Furtado MDFD, Cardoso ST, Soares OE, Pereira AP, Fernandes DS, Tambourgi DV, Sant'Anna OA. Antigenic cross-reactivity and immunogenicity of Bothrops venoms from snakes of the Amazon region. Toxicon 2010; 55:881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jadin RC, Gutberlet Jr RL, Smith EN. Phylogeny, evolutionary morphology, and hemipenis descriptions of the Middle American jumping pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae: Atropoides). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Complex evolution in the Neotropics: The origin and diversification of the widespread genus Leptodeira (Serpentes: Colubridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:653-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Escalante P, Márquez-Valdelamar L, Torre PDL, Laclette JP, Klicka J. Evolutionary history of a prominent North American warbler clade: The Oporornis–Geothlypis complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:668-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Streicher JW, Crawford AJ, Edwards CW. Multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis of the montane Craugastor podiciferus species complex (Anura: Craugastoridae) in Isthmian Central America. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:620-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Papadopoulou A, Jones AG, Hammond PM, Vogler AP. DNA taxonomy and phylogeography of beetles of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:935-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Miller KB, Bergsten J, Whiting MF. Phylogeny and classification of the tribe Hydaticini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae): partition choice for Bayesian analysis with multiple nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding genes. ZOOL SCR 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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FENWICK ALLYSONM, GUTBERLET JR RONALDL, EVANS JENNAFERA, PARKINSON CHRISTOPHERL. Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, generaBothrops,Bothriopsis, andBothrocophias(Serpentes: Viperidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, León G, Alape-Girón A, Flores-Díaz M, Sanz L, Angulo Y, Calvete JJ. Snake venomics and antivenomics: Proteomic tools in the design and control of antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming. J Proteomics 2009; 72:165-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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A nesting of vipers: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 49:445-59. [PMID: 18804544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lomonte B, Escolano J, Fernández J, Sanz L, Angulo Y, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ. Snake Venomics and Antivenomics of the Arboreal Neotropical Pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2445-57. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Escolano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yamileth Angulo
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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43
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Bryson RW, de Oca ANM, Velasco JR. Phylogenetic Position of Porthidium Hespere (Viperidae: Crotalinae) and Phylogeography of Arid-Adapted Hognosed Pitvipers Based on Mitochondrial DNA. COPEIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-07-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Schulte JA, de Queiroz K. Phylogenetic relationships and heterogeneous evolutionary processes among phrynosomatine sand lizards (Squamata, Iguanidae) revisited. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 47:700-16. [PMID: 18362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences were conducted to evaluate four alternative hypotheses of phrynosomatine sand lizard relationships. Sequences comprising 2871 aligned base pair positions representing the regions spanning ND1-COI and cyt b-tRNA(Thr) of the mitochondrial genome from all recognized sand lizard species were analyzed using unpartitioned parsimony and likelihood methods, likelihood methods with assumed partitions, Bayesian methods with assumed partitions, and Bayesian mixture models. The topology (Uma, (Callisaurus, (Cophosaurus, Holbrookia))) and thus monophyly of the "earless" taxa, Cophosaurus and Holbrookia, is supported by all analyses. Previously proposed topologies in which Uma and Callisaurus are sister taxa and those in which Holbrookia is the sister group to all other sand lizard taxa are rejected using both parsimony and likelihood-based significance tests with the combined, unparitioned data set. Bayesian hypothesis tests also reject those topologies using six assumed partitioning strategies, and the two partitioning strategies presumably associated with the most powerful tests also reject a third previously proposed topology, in which Callisaurus and Cophosaurus are sister taxa. For both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with assumed partitions, those partitions defined by codon position and tRNA stem and nonstems explained the data better than other strategies examined. Bayes factor estimates comparing results of assumed partitions versus mixture models suggest that mixture models perform better than assumed partitions when the latter were not based on functional characteristics of the data, such as codon position and tRNA stem and nonstems. However, assumed partitions performed better than mixture models when functional differences were incorporated. We reiterate the importance of accounting for heterogeneous evolutionary processes in the analysis of complex data sets and emphasize the importance of implementing mixed model likelihood methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Schulte
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 162, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
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HUGALL ANDREWF, FOSTER RALPH, HUTCHINSON MARK, LEE MICHAELSY. Phylogeny of Australasian agamid lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes: implications for morphological evolution and biogeography. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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McGuire JA, Witt CC, Altshuler DL, Remsen JV. Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy. Syst Biol 2008; 56:837-56. [PMID: 17934998 DOI: 10.1080/10635150701656360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hummingbirds are an important model system in avian biology, but to date the group has been the subject of remarkably few phylogenetic investigations. Here we present partitioned Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses for 151 of approximately 330 species of hummingbirds and 12 outgroup taxa based on two protein-coding mitochondrial genes (ND2 and ND4), flanking tRNAs, and two nuclear introns (AK1 and BFib). We analyzed these data under several partitioning strategies ranging between unpartitioned and a maximum of nine partitions. In order to select a statistically justified partitioning strategy following partitioned Bayesian analysis, we considered four alternative criteria including Bayes factors, modified versions of the Akaike information criterion for small sample sizes (AIC(c)), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and a decision-theoretic methodology (DT). Following partitioned maximum likelihood analyses, we selected a best-fitting strategy using hierarchical likelihood ratio tests (hLRTS), the conventional AICc, BIC, and DT, concluding that the most stringent criterion, the performance-based DT, was the most appropriate methodology for selecting amongst partitioning strategies. In the context of our well-resolved and well-supported phylogenetic estimate, we consider the historical biogeography of hummingbirds using ancestral state reconstructions of (1) primary geographic region of occurrence (i.e., South America, Central America, North America, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles), (2) Andean or non-Andean geographic distribution, and (3) minimum elevational occurrence. These analyses indicate that the basal hummingbird assemblages originated in the lowlands of South America, that most of the principle clades of hummingbirds (all but Mountain Gems and possibly Bees) originated on this continent, and that there have been many (at least 30) independent invasions of other primary landmasses, especially Central America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy A McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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47
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Angulo Y, Escolano J, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Snake Venomics of Central American Pitvipers: Clues for Rationalizing the Distinct Envenomation Profiles of Atropoides nummifer and Atropoides picadoi. J Proteome Res 2007; 7:708-19. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700610z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamileth Angulo
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Escolano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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CASTOE TODDA, SMITH ERICN, BROWN RAFEM, PARKINSON CHRISTOPHERL. Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zool J Linn Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 45:1014-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Wüster W, Crookes S, Ineich I, Mané Y, Pook CE, Trape JF, Broadley DG. The phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja nigricollis complex). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 45:437-53. [PMID: 17870616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We use phylogenetic analysis of 1333 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence to investigate the phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cobra-like elapid snakes, with special reference to the evolution of spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras, a radiation widespread in open vegetational formations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that spitting adaptations appear to have evolved three times in cobras, but alternative scenarios cannot be rejected. The Asiatic Naja are monophyletic and originate from a single colonization of Asia from Africa. The radiation of the African spitting Naja appears to date back to the early Miocene and many speciation events in the group predate the Pliocene expansion of grasslands and the radiation of large grazing mammals in Africa. The cladogenic events in this complex appear to have been triggered by both ecological changes and tectonic events associated with the formation and expansion of the African Rift Valley. Taxonomically, our data confirm the inclusion of Boulengerina and Paranaja within Naja, and reveal a clade of African rainforest cobras including N. melanoleuca, Paranaja multifasciata and Boulengerina that constitutes the sister clade of the African open-formation non-spitting cobras. Naja nigricollis is polyphyletic, and we therefore recognize N. nigricincta as a separate species, more closely related to N. ashei and N. mossambica than to N. nigricollis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wüster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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