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Almalki WH. Opuntioideae cactus stem Bioimaging analysis: Bridging taxonomy and antimicrobial research. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1173-1182. [PMID: 38288976 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae cactus stems indigenous to the arid regions of Saudi Arabia, elucidating their intricate microstructural features. The findings not only advance taxonomic understanding by aiding in species differentiation but also reveal the antimicrobial potential of these cacti, highlighting their significance as valuable natural resources for both ecological and pharmaceutical applications. The present study is aimed to present the stem epidermal anatomical description of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) belonging to genus Opuntia (five Species), Cylindropuntia (two Species), and Austrocylindropuntia (one Species) as tool for systematic identification. Stem epidermal anatomical features represent here are epidermal cells, stomatal complex, subsidiary cells, and trichomes findings was observed using light microscope and SEM. The stem epidermal sections were made by heating in test tube containing lactic acid and nitric acid protocol. In anatomical findings, irregular, zigzag, wavy, and polygonal epidermal cells with sinuate, sinuous, and straight anticlinal walls were observed. Quantitatively minimum length (28.05 ± 2.05 μm) and width (23.15 ± 3.41 μm) of epidermal cells were noted in Cylindropuntia kleiniae. Paracytic type of stomata present was observed in all species with kidney-shaped guard cell present in six species, and in Opuntia macrocentra and Austrocylindropuntia subulata, dumbbell-shaped guard cells were observed. The largest length of stomata (53.25 ± 2.05 μm) and width of stomata (35.10 ± 5.19 μm) were observed in Opuntia monacantha. In present research work, stem anatomical features show many diverse characters are of special attention for plant taxonomist for the correct identification and provide baseline for further study in subfamily Opuntiodeae. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The intricate microstructures of Opuntioideae cactus stems. Investigating the antimicrobial potential of compounds found within Opuntioideae cactus stems. Correlations between the unique structural features observed through SEM and the antimicrobial activity of Opuntioideae cactus stem extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yu J, Li J, Zuo Y, Qin Q, Zeng S, Rennenberg H, Deng H. Plastome variations reveal the distinct evolutionary scenarios of plastomes in the subfamily Cereoideae (Cactaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:132. [PMID: 36882685 PMCID: PMC9993602 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cactus family (Cactaceae) has been reported to have evolved a minimal photosynthetic plastome size, with the loss of inverted-repeat (IR) regions and NDH gene suites. However, there are very limited genomic data on the family, especially Cereoideae, the largest subfamily of cacti. RESULTS In the present study, we assembled and annotated 35 plastomes, 33 of which were representatives of Cereoideae, alongside 2 previously published plastomes. We analyzed the organelle genomes of 35 genera in the subfamily. These plastomes have variations rarely observed in those of other angiosperms, including size differences (with ~ 30 kb between the shortest and longest), dramatic dynamic changes in IR boundaries, frequent plastome inversions, and rearrangements. These results suggested that cacti have the most complex plastome evolution among angiosperms. CONCLUSION These results provide unique insight into the dynamic evolutionary history of Cereoideae plastomes and refine current knowledge of the relationships within the subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
- No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Jingling Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Youwei Zuo
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Qiulin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Siyuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
- No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716 China
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Majeed S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Zafar S, Ghufran A, Ayoub M, Sultana S, Yaseen G, Raza J, Nabila. Morpho-palynological and anatomical studies in desert cacti (Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia monacantha) using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2801-2812. [PMID: 35411979 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Opuntia is the most diverse and widely distributed drought resistant promising genus of family Cactaceae. The cladodes were utilized to quantify the chemical composition of these plants helpful in lignocellulose conversion and their application towards biofuel production. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the taxonomic relationship based on morphology, stem anatomy and palynology of important desert cacti including Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia monacantha. This study also evaluates the potential usefulness of morphological, anatomical and pollen traits using light and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained microcharacters of stem and flowers are considered diagnostic at the generic and specific levels. Some distinguishing morphological features observed were elliptical to obovate cladodes, 1-7 spines per areole and presence of glochidia in O. dillenii. Pollen and stem anatomical characters of the studied taxa are considered highly diagnostic at the generic and species levels. The epidermis has irregular and wavy cells, with straight to sinuate wall pattern and paracytic stomata. Pollen grains appear as pantoporate and prolate spheroidal having reticulate to perforate-reticulate sculpturing while exine semi-tectate to tectate. The taxonomic features studied could be valuable to elaborate and helpful in correctly identification of Opuntia species. The methods of diverse microscopic examination also providing sufficient evidence about the taxonomy of the Opuntia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ayoub
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Self-Sustainable Buildin, University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, Township Campus, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Majure LC, Barrios D, Díaz E, Zumwalde BA, Testo W, Negrón-Ortíz V. Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular, giant Consolea (Opuntioideae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:200-215. [PMID: 33598914 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Caribbean islands are in the top five biodiversity hotspots on the planet; however, the biogeographic history of the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) there is poorly studied. Consolea consists of nine species of dioecious, hummingbird-pollinated tree cacti endemic to the West Indies, which form a conspicuous element of the SDTF. Several species are threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, disease, sea-level rise, and invasive species and are of conservation concern. However, no comprehensive phylogeny yet exists for the clade. METHODS We reconstructed the phylogeny of Consolea, sampling all species using plastomic data to determine relationships, understand the evolution of key morphological characters, and test their biogeographic history. We estimated divergence times to determine the role climate change may have played in shaping the current diversity of the clade. RESULTS Consolea appears to have evolved very recently during the latter part of the Pleistocene on Cuba/Hispaniola likely from a South American ancestor and, from there, moved into the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Florida, and the Lesser Antilles. The tree growth form is a synapomorphy of Consolea and likely aided in the establishment and diversification of the clade. CONCLUSIONS Pleistocene aridification associated with glaciation likely played a role in shaping the current diversity of Consolea, and insular gigantism may have been a key innovation leading to the success of these species to invade the often-dense SDTF. This in-situ Caribbean radiation provides a window into the generation of species diversity and the complexity of the SDTF community within the Antilles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Majure
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Duniel Barrios
- Grupo de Ecología y Conservación, Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Cuba
| | - Edgardo Díaz
- Planta! - Plantlife Conservation Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bethany A Zumwalde
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Weston Testo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Vivian Negrón-Ortíz
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1601 Balboa Ave., Panama City, FL, 32405, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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Köhler M, Reginato M, Souza-Chies TT, Majure LC. Insights Into Chloroplast Genome Evolution Across Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) Reveals Robust Yet Sometimes Conflicting Phylogenetic Topologies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:729. [PMID: 32636853 PMCID: PMC7317007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast genomes (plastomes) are frequently treated as highly conserved among land plants. However, many lineages of vascular plants have experienced extensive structural rearrangements, including inversions and modifications to the size and content of genes. Cacti are one of these lineages, containing the smallest plastome known for an obligately photosynthetic angiosperm, including the loss of one copy of the inverted repeat (∼25 kb) and the ndh gene suite, but only a few cacti from the subfamily Cactoideae have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we investigated the variation of plastome sequences across the second-major lineage of the Cactaceae, the subfamily Opuntioideae, to address (1) how variable is the content and arrangement of chloroplast genome sequences across the subfamily, and (2) how phylogenetically informative are the plastome sequences for resolving major relationships among the clades of Opuntioideae. Our de novo assembly of the Opuntia quimilo plastome recovered an organelle of 150,347 bp in length with both copies of the inverted repeat and the presence of all the ndh gene suite. An expansion of the large single copy unit and a reduction of the small single copy unit was observed, including translocations and inversion of genes, as well as the putative pseudogenization of some loci. Comparative analyses among all clades within Opuntioideae suggested that plastome structure and content vary across taxa of this subfamily, with putative independent losses of the ndh gene suite and pseudogenization of genes across disparate lineages, further demonstrating the dynamic nature of plastomes in Cactaceae. Our plastome dataset was robust in resolving three tribes with high support within Opuntioideae: Cylindropuntieae, Tephrocacteae and Opuntieae. However, conflicting topologies were recovered among major clades when exploring different assemblies of markers. A plastome-wide survey for highly informative phylogenetic markers revealed previously unused regions for future use in Sanger-based studies, presenting a valuable dataset with primers designed for continued evolutionary studies across Cactaceae. These results bring new insights into the evolution of plastomes in cacti, suggesting that further analyses should be carried out to address how ecological drivers, physiological constraints and morphological traits of cacti may be related with the common rearrangements in plastomes that have been reported across the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Köhler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS), Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas C Majure
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS), Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Guerrero PC, Majure LC, Cornejo-Romero A, Hernández-Hernández T. Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Trends in the Cactus Family. J Hered 2020; 110:4-21. [PMID: 30476167 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the cactus family are keystone species of arid and semiarid biomes in the Americas, as they provide shelter and resources to support other members of ecosystems. Extraordinary examples are the several species of flies of the genus Drosophila that lay eggs and feed in their rotting stems, which provide a model system for studying evolutionary processes. Although there is significant progress in understanding the evolution of Drosophila species, there are gaps in our knowledge about the cactus lineages hosting them. Here, we review the current knowledge about the evolution of Cactaceae, focusing on phylogenetic relationships and trends revealed by the study of DNA sequence data. During the last several decades, the availability of molecular phylogenies has considerably increased our understanding of the relationships, biogeography, and evolution of traits in the family. Remarkably, although succulent cacti have very low growth rates and long generation times, they underwent some of the fastest diversifications observed in the plant kingdom, possibly fostered by strong ecological interactions. We have a better understanding of the reproductive biology, population structure and speciation mechanisms in different clades. The recent publication of complete genomes for some species has revealed the importance of phenomena such as incomplete lineage sorting. Hybridization and polyploidization are common in the family, and have been studied using a variety of phylogenetic methods. We discuss potential future avenues for research in Cactaceae, emphasizing the need of a concerted effort among scientists in the Americas, together with the analyses of data from novel sequencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Chile, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lucas C Majure
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Amelia Cornejo-Romero
- Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Janeba Z, Ferguson DJ. Tephrocactus abditus a New Geophytic Species from Salta Province, Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2985/015.091.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Majure LC, Baker MA, Cloud-Hughes M, Salywon A, Neubig KM. Phylogenomics in Cactaceae: A case study using the chollas sensu lato (Cylindropuntieae, Opuntioideae) reveals a common pattern out of the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1327-1345. [PMID: 31545882 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Although numerous phylogenetic studies have been conducted in Cactaceae, whole-plastome datasets have not been employed. We used the chollas to develop a plastome dataset for phylogeny reconstruction to test species relationships, biogeography, clade age, and morphological evolution. METHODS We developed a plastome dataset for most known diploid members of the chollas (42 taxa) as well as for other members of Cylindropuntieae. Paired-end, raw reads from genome skimming were reference-mapped onto a de novo plastome assembly of one species of cholla, Cylindropuntia bigelovii, and were used to build our plastome dataset, which was analyzed using various methods. RESULTS Our plastome dataset resolved the phylogeny of the chollas, including most interspecific and intraspecific relationships. Tribe Cylindropuntieae arose ~18 mya, during the early Miocene in southern South America, and is supported as sister to the South American clade Tephrocacteae. The (Micropuntia (Cylindropuntia + Grusonia)) clade most likely originated in the Chihuahuan Desert region around 16 mya and then migrated into other North American desert regions. Key morphological characters for recognizing traditional taxonomic series in Cylindropuntia (e.g., spiny fruit) are mostly homoplasious. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first comprehensive plastome phylogeny for any clade within Cactaceae. Although the chollas s.l. are widespread throughout western North American deserts, their most recent common ancestor likely arose in the Chihuahuan Desert region during the mid-Miocene, with much of their species diversity arising in the early to mid-Pliocene, a pattern strikingly similar to those found in other western North American desert groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Majure
- University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS), Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, 85008, USA
| | - Marc A Baker
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Michelle Cloud-Hughes
- Desert Solitaire Botany and Ecological Restoration, San Diego, California, 92103, USA
| | - Andrew Salywon
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, 85008, USA
| | - Kurt M Neubig
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901, USA
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Sánchez D, Terrazas T, Grego-Valencia D, Arias S. Phylogeny in Echinocereus (Cactaceae) based on combined morphological and molecular evidence: taxonomic implications. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1343260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sánchez
- CONACYT - Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dalia Grego-Valencia
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Salvador Arias
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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Perez MF, Carstens BC, Rodrigues GL, Moraes EM. Anonymous nuclear markers reveal taxonomic incongruence and long-term disjunction in a cactus species complex with continental-island distribution in South America. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 95:11-9. [PMID: 26582125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pilosocereus aurisetus complex consists of eight cactus species with a fragmented distribution associated to xeric enclaves within the Cerrado biome in eastern South America. The phylogeny of these species is incompletely resolved, and this instability complicates evolutionary analyses. Previous analyses based on both plastid and microsatellite markers suggested that this complex contained species with inherent phylogeographic structure, which was attributed to recent diversification and recurring range shifts. However, limitations of the molecular markers used in these analyses prevented some questions from being properly addressed. In order to better understand the relationship among these species and make a preliminary assessment of the genetic structure within them, we developed anonymous nuclear loci from pyrosequencing data of 40 individuals from four species in the P. aurisetus complex. The data obtained from these loci were used to identify genetic clusters within species, and to investigate the phylogenetic relationship among these inferred clusters using a species tree methodology. Coupled with a palaeodistributional modelling, our results reveal a deep phylogenetic and climatic disjunction between two geographic lineages. Our results highlight the importance of sampling more regions from the genome to gain better insights on the evolution of species with an intricate evolutionary history. The methodology used here provides a feasible approach to develop numerous genealogical molecular markers throughout the genome for non-model species. These data provide a more robust hypothesis for the relationship among the lineages of the P. aurisetus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo L Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil.
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Larridon I, Walter HE, Guerrero PC, Duarte M, Cisternas MA, Hernández CP, Bauters K, Asselman P, Goetghebeur P, Samain MS. An integrative approach to understanding the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa (Cactaceae), a threatened endemic Chilean genus from the Atacama Desert. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1506-20. [PMID: 26373974 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Species of the endemic Chilean cactus genus Copiapoa have cylindrical or (sub)globose stems that are solitary or form (large) clusters and typically yellow flowers. Many species are threatened with extinction. Despite being icons of the Atacama Desert and well loved by cactus enthusiasts, the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa has not yet been studied using a molecular approach. METHODS Sequence data of three plastid DNA markers (rpl32-trnL, trnH-psbA, ycf1) of 39 Copiapoa taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. Species distributions were modeled based on geo-referenced localities and climatic data. Evolution of character states of four characters (root morphology, stem branching, stem shape, and stem diameter) as well as ancestral areas were reconstructed using a Bayesian and maximum likelihood framework, respectively. KEY RESULTS Clades of species are revealed. Though 32 morphologically defined species can be recognized, genetic diversity between some species and infraspecific taxa is too low to delimit their boundaries using plastid DNA markers. Recovered relationships are often supported by morphological and biogeographical patterns. The origin of Copiapoa likely lies between southern Peru and the extreme north of Chile. The Copiapó Valley limited colonization between two biogeographical areas. CONCLUSIONS Copiapoa is here defined to include 32 species and five heterotypic subspecies. Thirty species are classified into four sections and two subsections, while two species remain unplaced. A better understanding of evolution and diversity of Copiapoa will allow allocating conservation resources to the most threatened lineages and focusing conservation action on real biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Larridon
- Ghent University Research Group Spermatophytes & Botanical Garden, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Helmut E Walter
- The EXSIS Project: Cactaceae Ex-Situ & In-Situ Conservation, Casilla 175, Buin, Chile
| | - Pablo C Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepción, Chile Instituto de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milén Duarte
- Instituto de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Cisternas
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Camino El Olivar 305 El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de Los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile
| | - Carol Peña Hernández
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kenneth Bauters
- Ghent University Research Group Spermatophytes & Botanical Garden, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Asselman
- Ghent University Research Group Spermatophytes & Botanical Garden, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Paul Goetghebeur
- Ghent University Research Group Spermatophytes & Botanical Garden, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Stéphanie Samain
- Ghent University Research Group Spermatophytes & Botanical Garden, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico
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12
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Bárcenas RT. A molecular phylogenetic approach to the systematics of Cylindropuntieae (Opuntioideae, Cactaceae). Cladistics 2015; 32:351-359. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando T. Bárcenas
- Laboratorio de Genética Moleculary Ecología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; Campus Aeropuerto. Querétaro Querétaro 76140 Mexico
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