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Johnston CI, Tasoulis T, Isbister GK. Australian Sea Snake Envenoming Causes Myotoxicity and Non-Specific Systemic Symptoms - Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-24). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816795. [PMID: 35387331 PMCID: PMC8977552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sea snakes are venomous snakes found in the warm parts of the Indo-Pacific, including around Australia. Most sea snake envenoming causes myotoxicity, but previous Australian case reports describe neurotoxicity. We aimed to describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of Australian sea snake envenoming and the effectiveness of antivenom. Methods: Patients were recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP), an Australia-wide prospective observational study recruiting all patients with suspected or confirmed snakebite >2 years. Information about demographics, bite circumstances, species involved, clinical and laboratory features of envenoming, and treatment is collected and entered into a purpose-built database. Results: Between January 2002 and August 2020, 13 patients with suspected sea snake bite were recruited to ASP, 11 were male; median age was 30 years. Bites occurred in Queensland and Western Australia. All patients were in or around, coastal waters at the time of bite. The species involved was identified in two cases (both Hydrophis zweifeli). Local effects occurred in 9 patients: pain (5), swelling (5), bleeding (2), bruising (1). Envenoming occurred in eight patients and was characterised by non-specific systemic features (6) and myotoxicity (2). Myotoxicity was severe (peak CK 28200 and 48100 U/L) and rapid in onset (time to peak CK 13.5 and 15.1 h) in these two patients. Non-specific systemic features included nausea (6), headache (6), abdominal pain (3), and diaphoresis (2). Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia occurred in both patients with myotoxicity and was evident on the first blood test. No patients developed neurotoxicity or coagulopathy. Early Seqirus antivenom therapy was associated with a lower peak creatine kinase. Conclusion: While relatively rare, sea snake envenoming is associated with significant morbidity and risk of mortality. Early antivenom appears to have a role in preventing severe myotoxicity and should be a goal of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theo Tasoulis
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,National Poison Centre Network, Westmead Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Wang P, Che J, Liu Q, Li K, Jin JQ, Jiang K, Shi L, Guo P. A revised taxonomy of Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae): evidence from morphological comparison and molecular phylogeny. Zookeys 2020; 939:45-64. [PMID: 32577082 PMCID: PMC7297803 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.939.49309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas is the largest genus of the family Pareidae (formerly Pareatidae), and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. However, potential diversity remains poorly explored due to their highly conserved morphology and incomplete samples. Here, on basis of more extensive sampling, interspecific phylogenetic relationships of the genus Pareas were reconstructed using two mitochondrial fragments (cyt b and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and Rag1), and multivariate morphometrics conducted for external morphological data. Both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses consistently showed that the genus Pareas was comprised of two distinct, monophyletic lineages with moderate to low support values. Based on evidences from molecular phylogeny and morphological data, cryptic diversity of this genus was uncovered and two new species were described. In additional, the validity of P.macularius is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China.,College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Jie Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
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3
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Feng C, Tang Y, Liu S, Tian F, Zhang C, Zhao K. Multiple convergent events created a nominal widespread species: Triplophysa stoliczkae (Steindachner, 1866) (Cobitoidea: Nemacheilidae). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:177. [PMID: 31484504 PMCID: PMC6724303 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triplophysa stoliczkae is the most widespread species in the genus Triplophysa and may have originated from morphological convergence. To understand the evolutionary history of T. stoliczkae, we employed a multilocus approach to investigate the phylogenetics and the morphological evolution of T. stoliczkae on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. RESULTS All phylogenetic analyses (two mitochondrial and five nuclear loci), a genealogical sorting index and species tree inferences suggested that T. stoliczkae consists of distinct lineages that were not closest relatives. The time estimation indicated that the divergence events between "T. stoliczkae" and other Triplophysa species occurred from approximately 0.10 to 4.51 Ma. The ancestral state analyses supported the independent evolution of T. stoliczkae morphology in distinct lineages. The morphometric analysis and convergence estimates demonstrated significant phenotypic convergence among "T. stoliczkae" lineages. CONCLUSIONS Triplophysa stoliczkae includes 4 different lineages with similar morphologies. The increasingly harsh environments that have occurred since the Pliocene have driven the occurrences of scrape-feeding fish in the genus Triplophysa. Morphological adaptations associated with scrape-feeding behavior resulted in convergences and the artificial lumping of four different species in the nominal taxon T. stoliczkae. A taxonomic revision for T. stoliczkae is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.,Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongtao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, and Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.
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4
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Palci A, Seymour RS, Van Nguyen C, Hutchinson MN, Lee MSY, Sanders KL. Novel vascular plexus in the head of a sea snake (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) revealed by high-resolution computed tomography and histology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191099. [PMID: 31598325 PMCID: PMC6774945 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel phenotypes are often linked to major ecological transitions during evolution. Here, we describe for the first time an unusual network of large blood vessels in the head of the sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus. MicroCT imaging and histology reveal an intricate modified cephalic vascular network (MCVN) that underlies a broad area of skin between the snout and the roof of the head. It is mostly composed of large veins and sinuses and converges posterodorsally into a large vein (sometimes paired) that penetrates the skull through the parietal bone. Endocranially, this blood vessel leads into the dorsal cerebral sinus, and from there, a pair of large veins depart ventrally to enter the brain. We compare the condition observed in H. cyanocinctus with that of other elapids and discuss the possible functions of this unusual vascular network. Sea snakes have low oxygen partial pressure in their arterial blood that facilitates cutaneous respiration, potentially limiting the availability of oxygen to the brain. We conclude that this novel vascular structure draining directly to the brain is a further elaboration of the sea snakes' cutaneous respiratory anatomy, the most likely function of which is to provide the brain with an additional supply of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palci
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Roger S. Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Cao Van Nguyen
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mark N. Hutchinson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael S. Y. Lee
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kate L. Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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5
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Convergent evolution misled taxonomy in schizothoracine fishes (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:323-337. [PMID: 30641272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly specialized grade (HSG; genera Gymnocypris, Oxygymnocypris, Schizopygopsis, Platypharodon and Chuanchia) of the Schizothoracinae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Previously, two distinct ecomorphs were recognized according to trophic traits. One was a limnetic omnivore with normal lower jaw morphology, terminal mouth, and moderate or dense gill rakers, mostly inhabiting in open water of lakes, including Gymnocypris and Oxygymnocypris. Another was a benthic feeder with inferior mouth, sparse gill rakers and sharp horny sheath on the lower jaw for scraping of attached prey off hard substrates, including Schizopygopsis, Platypharodon and Chuanchia. However, traditional taxonomy of HSG based on these trophic traits presented extensive conflicts with the molecular studies in recent years. The possible cause could be convergent evolution in morphology, retention of ancestral polymorphisms or mitochondrial introgression, but these hypotheses could not be assessed due to incomplete taxon sampling and only mitochondrial data employed in previous works. Here, we conducted the most comprehensive molecular analysis on HSG fishes to date, using four mitochondrial loci and 152,464 genome-wide SNPs, and including 21 of 24 putative species and one undescribed Schizopygopsis species. Both SNP and mtDNA trees confirmed extensive paraphyly of genera Gymnocypris and Schizopygopsis, where species often were clustered together by watershed instead of by genus. Basal split into the north clade B and the south clade C (ca. 3.03 Ma) approximately by the Tanggula-Tanitawen Mountains in SLAF tree coincided with a violent uplift of the QTP during the phase A of 'Qingzang movement' (ca. 3.6 Ma). Ancestral state reconstruction of the trophic ecomorph showed that the limnetic omnivore ecomorph had evolved repeatedly in clade B and C. Furthermore, we presented a striking case of convergent evolution between two 'subspecies' Gymnocypris chui chui and G. chui longimandibularis, which had diverged as early as two million years ago (ca. 2.42 Ma). Ecological analyses revealed that similar food utilization, particularly in zooplankton, was the main underlying driving force. This work showed an example of taxonomy with the most extensive errors at the genus/species levels due to convergent evolution and suggested that trophic traits could be misleading in fish taxonomy. Therefore, we propose a major generic revision for HSG species.
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6
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Multilocus phylogeography of the brown-spotted pitviper Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) sheds a new light on the diversification pattern in Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 133:82-91. [PMID: 30594733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of geographical events and climate changes on genetic diversity is essential in explaining current patterns of genetic structure and geographic distribution of organisms. We inferred phylogenetic relationships, investigated historical demography, explored the evolutionary history, and clarified intraspecific taxonomy of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, which is one of the commonest and most wide-ranging Asian pitvipers. A total of 184 samples from 54 localities were sequenced and analyzed for two mitochondrial gene fragments and two nuclear genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mtDNA sequences revealed the existence of a minimum of five geographically structured and well-supported lineages within P. mucrosquamatus. Based on the mtDNA gene tree, and the geographic relationship between populations allied by matrilineal lineages, a complex longitudinal and latitudinal diversification pattern was uncovered in P. mucrosquamatus. The estimated date of the origin of the species (about 5.3 Ma) and divergence of the intraspecific lineages match the rapid uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and is also consistent with those of some other co-distributed Asian pitvipers. Formation of the two island lineages (Taiwan and Hainan) was generally congruent with the first isolation of the islands, but the two lineages showed different relationships with the continental Asian populations in comparison with some other pitvipers. Population historical demographic analyses, based on three methods, showed that all lineages have experienced slight population expansion in and around the Dali Glacial. Tests of intraspecific taxonomy indicated that no cryptic taxon is present within this widely distributed snake.
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7
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Fry BG. Snakebite: When the Human Touch Becomes a Bad Touch. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E170. [PMID: 29690533 PMCID: PMC5923336 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many issues and complications in treating snakebite are a result of poor human social, economic and clinical intervention and management. As such, there is scope for significant improvements for reducing incidence and increasing patient outcomes. Snakes do not target humans as prey, but as our dwellings and farms expand ever farther and climate change increases snake activity periods, accidental encounters with snakes seeking water and prey increase drastically. Despite its long history, the snakebite crisis is neglected, ignored, underestimated and fundamentally misunderstood. Tens of thousands of lives are lost to snakebites each year and hundreds of thousands of people will survive with some form of permanent damage and reduced work capacity. These numbers are well recognized as being gross underestimations due to poor to non-existent record keeping in some of the most affected areas. These underestimations complicate achieving the proper recognition of snakebite’s socioeconomic impact and thus securing foreign aid to help alleviate this global crisis. Antivenoms are expensive and hospitals are few and far between, leaving people to seek help from traditional healers or use other forms of ineffective treatment. In some cases, cheaper, inappropriately manufactured antivenom from other regions is used despite no evidence for their efficacy, with often robust data demonstrating they are woefully ineffective in neutralizing many venoms for which they are marketed for. Inappropriate first-aid and treatments include cutting the wound, tourniquets, electrical shock, immersion in ice water, and use of ineffective herbal remedies by traditional healers. Even in the developed world, there are fundamental controversies including fasciotomy, pressure bandages, antivenom dosage, premedication such as adrenalin, and lack of antivenom for exotic snakebites in the pet trade. This review explores the myriad of human-origin factors that influence the trajectory of global snakebite causes and treatment failures and illustrate that snakebite is as much a sociological and economic problem as it is a medical one. Reducing the incidence and frequency of such controllable factors are therefore realistic targets to help alleviate the global snakebite burden as incremental improvements across several areas will have a strong cumulative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Lukoschek V. Congruent phylogeographic patterns in a young radiation of live-bearing marine snakes: Pleistocene vicariance and the conservation implications of cryptic genetic diversity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vimoksalehi Lukoschek
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
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9
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Importance of Shallow Tidal Habitats as Refugia from Trawl Fishing for Sea Snakes. J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1670/15-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Rezaie-Atagholipour M, Ghezellou P, Hesni MA, Dakhteh SMH, Ahmadian H, Vidal N. Sea snakes (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) in their westernmost extent: an updated and illustrated checklist and key to the species in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Zookeys 2016; 622:129-164. [PMID: 27843383 PMCID: PMC5096412 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.622.9939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Persian Gulf is known as the westernmost distribution limit for sea snakes, except for Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) that reaches southeastern Africa. Previous identification guides for sea snakes of the Persian Gulf and its adjacent waters in the Gulf of Oman were based on old data and confined mostly to written descriptions. Therefore, a series of field surveys were carried out in 2013 and 2014 through Iranian coastal waters of both gulfs to provide a comprehensive sampling of sea snakes in the area. This paper presents an illustrated and updated checklist and identification tool for sea snakes in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, which are based on new material and a review of the literature. This checklist includes ten species of marine hydrophiines, of which one, Microcephalophis cantoris (Günther, 1864), is a new record for the area. All specimens examined herein are deposited and available at the Zoological Museum of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman province, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rezaie-Atagholipour
- Environmental Management Office, Qeshm Free Area Organization, Qeshm Island, P. O. Box 7951614465, Hormozgan Province, Iran
| | - Parviz Ghezellou
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Askari Hesni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman Province, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Hashem Dakhteh
- Environmental Management Office, Qeshm Free Area Organization, Qeshm Island, P. O. Box 7951614465, Hormozgan Province, Iran
| | | | - Nicolas Vidal
- ISYEB, UMR7205 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CP30 25 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Eslamian L, Mobaiyen H, Bayat-Makoo Z, Piri R, Benisi R, Naghavi Behzad M. Snake bite in Northwest Iran: A retrospective study. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/jarcm.2016.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Lillywhite HB, Heatwole H, Sheehy CM. Dehydration and drinking behavior in true sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae: Hydrophiini). J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Lillywhite
- Earth and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - H. Heatwole
- Earth and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
- Department of Biology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Department of Zoology; The University of New England; Armidale NSW Australia
| | - C. M. Sheehy
- Earth and Environmental Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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13
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Enhydrina schistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) the most dangerous sea snake in Sri Lanka: Three case studies of severe envenoming. Toxicon 2014; 77:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Sanders KL, Lee MSY, Mumpuni, Bertozzi T, Rasmussen AR. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 66:575-91. [PMID: 23026811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae: Hydrophiini) comprise a young but morphologically and ecologically diverse clade distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Despite presenting a very promising model for marine diversification studies, many relationships among the 62 species and 16 genera in Hydrophiini remain unresolved. Here, we extend previous taxonomic and genomic sampling for Hydrophiini using three mitochondrial fragments and five nuclear loci for multiple individuals of 39 species in 15 genera. Our results highlight many of the impediments to inferring phylogenies in recent rapid radiations, including low variation at all five nuclear markers, and conflicting relationships supported by mitochondrial and nuclear trees. However, concatenated Bayesian and likelihood analyses, and a multilocus coalescent tree, recovered concordant support for primary clades and several previously unresolved inter-specific groupings. The Aipysurus group is monophyletic, with egg-eating specialists forming separate, early-diverging lineages. All three monotypic semi-aquatic genera (Ephalophis, Parahydrophis and Hydrelaps) are robustly placed as early diverging lineages along the branch leading to the Hydrophis group, with Ephalophis recovered as sister to Parahydrophis. The molecular phylogeny implies extensive evolutionary convergence in feeding adaptations within the Hydrophis group, especially the repeated evolution of small-headed (microcephalic) forms. Microcephalophis (Hydrophis) gracilis is robustly recovered as a relatively distant sister lineage to all other sampled Hydrophis group species, here termed the 'core Hydrophis group'. Within the 'core Hydrophis group', Hydrophis is recovered as broadly paraphyletic, with several other genera nested within it (Pelamis, Enhydrina, Astrotia, Thalassophina, Acalyptophis, Kerilia, Lapemis, Disteira). Instead of erecting multiple new genera, we recommend dismantling the latter (mostly monotypic) genera and recognising a single genus, Hydrophis Latreille 1802, for the core Hydrophis group. Estimated divergence times suggest that all Hydrophiini last shared a common ancestor ∼6million years ago, but that the majority of extant lineages diversified over the last ∼3.5million years. The core Hydrophis group is a young and rapidly speciating clade, with 26 sampled species and 9 genera and dated at only ∼1.5-3million years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Sanders
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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