1
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Carvalho APS, Owens HL, St Laurent RA, Earl C, Dexter KM, Messcher RL, Willmott KR, Aduse-Poku K, Collins SC, Homziak NT, Hoshizaki S, Hsu YF, Kizhakke AG, Kunte K, Martins DJ, Mega NO, Morinaka S, Peggie D, Romanowski HP, Sáfián S, Vila R, Wang H, Braby MF, Espeland M, Breinholt JW, Pierce NE, Kawahara AY, Lohman DJ. Comprehensive phylogeny of Pieridae butterflies reveals strong correlation between diversification and temperature. iScience 2024; 27:109336. [PMID: 38500827 PMCID: PMC10945170 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is thought to be a key factor influencing global species richness patterns. We investigate the link between temperature and diversification in the butterfly family Pieridae by combining next generation DNA sequences and published molecular data with fine-grained distribution data. We sampled nearly 600 pierid butterfly species to infer the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family and curated a distribution dataset of more than 800,000 occurrences. We found strong evidence that species in environments with more stable daily temperatures or cooler maximum temperatures in the warm seasons have higher speciation rates. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates decreased in tandem with global temperatures through geological time, resulting in a constant net diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S. Carvalho
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hannah L. Owens
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan A. St Laurent
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chandra Earl
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kelly M. Dexter
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebeccah L. Messcher
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keith R. Willmott
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas T. Homziak
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sugihiko Hoshizaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Athulya G. Kizhakke
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Krushnamegh Kunte
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dino J. Martins
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Insect Committee of Nature Kenya, The East Africa Natural History Society, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicolás O. Mega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sadaharu Morinaka
- Saitama Study Center, The Open University of Japan, Omiya-ku, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Djunijanti Peggie
- Museum Zoologi Bogor, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Helena P. Romanowski
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Szabolcs Sáfián
- African Butterfly Research Institute, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Houshuai Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael F. Braby
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marianne Espeland
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesse W. Breinholt
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Precision Genomics, St. George, UT, USA
| | - Naomi E. Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J. Lohman
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
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2
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Guidetti G, Kim T, Dutcher A, Presti ML, Ovstrovsky-Snider N, Omenetto FG. Co-modulation of structural and pigmentary coloration in Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43712-43721. [PMID: 38178461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Nature produces some of the most striking optical effects through the combination of structural and chemical principles to give rise to a wide range of colors. However, creating non-spectral colors that extend beyond the color spectrum is a challenging task, as it requires meeting the requirements of both structural and pigmentary coloration. In this study, we investigate the magenta non-spectral color found in the scales of the ventral spots of the Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly. By employing correlated optical and electron microscopy, as well as pigment extraction techniques, we reveal how this color arises from the co-modulation of pigmentary and structural coloration. Specifically, the angle-dependent blue coloration results from the interference of visible light with chitin-based nanostructures, while the diffused red coloration is generated by an ommochrome pigment. The ability to produce such highly conspicuous non-spectral colors provides insights for the development of hierarchical structures with precise control over their optical response. These structures can be used to create hierarchically-arranged systems with a broadened color palette.
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Shapoval NA, Kir’yanov AV, Krupitsky AV, Yakovlev RV, Romanovich AE, Zhang J, Cong Q, Grishin NV, Kovalenko MG, Shapoval GN. Phylogeography of Two Enigmatic Sulphur Butterflies, Colias mongola Alphéraky, 1897 and Colias tamerlana Staudinger, 1897 (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), with Relations to Wolbachia Infection. INSECTS 2023; 14:943. [PMID: 38132616 PMCID: PMC10743618 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colias Fabricius, 1807 includes numerous taxa and forms with uncertain status and taxonomic position. Among such taxa are Colias mongola Alphéraky, 1897 and Colias tamerlana Staudinger, 1897, interpreted in the literature either as conspecific forms, as subspecies of different but morphologically somewhat similar Colias species or as distinct species-level taxa. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, we reconstructed a phylogeographic pattern of the taxa in question. We recover and include in our analysis DNA barcodes of the century-old type specimens, the lectotype of C. tamerlana deposited in the Natural History Museum (Museum für Naturkunde), Berlin, Germany (ZMHU) and the paralectotype of C. tamerlana and the lectotype of C. mongola deposited in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (ZISP). Our analysis grouped all specimens within four (HP_I-HP_IV) deeply divergent but geographically poorly structured clades which did not support nonconspecifity of C. mongola-C. tamerlana. We also show that all studied females of the widely distributed haplogroup HP_II were infected with a single Wolbachia strain belonging to the supergroup B, while the males of this haplogroup, as well as all other investigated specimens of both sexes, were not infected. Our data highlight the relevance of large-scale sampling dataset analysis and the need for testing for Wolbachia infection to avoid erroneous phylogenetic reconstructions and species misidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar A. Shapoval
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kir’yanov
- Photonics Department, Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Lomas del Bosque 115, Leon 37150, Mexico;
| | - Anatoly V. Krupitsky
- Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, korp. 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Yakovlev
- Department of Ecology, Altai State University, Lenina Pr. 61, 656049 Barnaul, Russia;
- Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Lenina Pr. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna E. Romanovich
- Resource Center for Development of Molecular and Cellular Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (N.V.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center For Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (N.V.G.)
- Eugene McDermott Center For Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (N.V.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd. 5323, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Margarita G. Kovalenko
- Research and Methodological Department of Entomology, All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Pogranichnaya 32, 140150 Bykovo, Russia;
| | - Galina N. Shapoval
- Department of Ecology, Altai State University, Lenina Pr. 61, 656049 Barnaul, Russia;
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Marabuto E, Nunes MS, Martins R, Mendes R, Moreira-Pinhal TC, Raimundo J, Seabra SG, Paulo OS. Integrative analysis reveals the divergence and speciation between sister Sooty Copper butterflies Lycaena bleusei and L. tityrus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107699. [PMID: 36621583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The comparison of closely related taxa is cornerstone in biology, as understanding mechanisms leading up to differentiation in relation to extant shared characters are powerful tools in interpreting the evolutionary process. Hotspots of biodiversity such as the west-Mediterranean, where many lineages meet are ideal grounds to study these processes. We set to explore the interesting example of Sooty Copper butterflies: widespread Eurasian Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) comes into contact in Iberia with closely related and local endemic, L. bleusei (Oberthür, 1884), which hasn't always been considered a distinct species. An integrative analysis was designed, combining the use of extensive molecular data (five genes), geometric morphometrics analyses, verified and up-to-date distribution data, and environmental niche modelling, aimed at deciphering their true relationship, their placement within European Lycaena and trace their evolutionary history. We revealed several levels of differentiation: L. bleusei and L. tityrus appear to be reciprocally monophyletic independent gene-pools, distinct in all genes analysed, having mutually diverged 4.8 Ma ago. L. tityrus but not L. bleusei, further displays a genetic structure compatible with several glacial refugia, where populations assignable to infraspecific taxa surface. Conversely, L. bleusei shows a loss in mtDNA diversity in relation to nuDNA. Morphological analyses differentiate both species according to size and shape but also discriminate strong seasonal and sexual traits and a geographical phenotype segregation in L. tityrus. Finally, updated distribution and its modelling for current and glacial timeframes reveal both species respond differently to environmental variables, defining a mostly parapatric distribution and an overlapping belt where sympatry was recovered. During the last glacial maximum, a wider expansion in L. bleusei distribution explains current isolated populations. Our study highlights the importance of gathering several lines of evidence when deciphering the relationships between closely related populations in the fringe of cryptic species realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Marabuto
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Current affiliation: Leibniz Institute fir the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn & Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Miguel S Nunes
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Renata Martins
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Current affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Raquel Mendes
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tatiana C Moreira-Pinhal
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Associação BioLiving, Rua do Outeiro, 3850-635 Frossos, Albergaria-a-Velha, Portugal
| | - João Raimundo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia G Seabra
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Octávio S Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Asar Y, Ho SYW, Sauquet H. Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: were they unlinked? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:858-869. [PMID: 35568622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article, we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for angiosperms and major clades of insects; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm-insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm-insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled until the end of the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Asar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ramos KS, Martins AC, Melo GAR. Evolution of andrenine bees reveals a long and complex history of faunal interchanges through the Americas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 172:107484. [PMID: 35452842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bees are presumed to have arisen in the early to mid-Cretaceous coincident with the fragmentation of the southern continents and concurrently with the early diversification of the flowering plants. Here, we apply DNA sequences from multiple genes to recover a dated phylogeny and historical biogeographic of andrenine bees, a large group of 3000 species mainly distributed in arid areas of North America, South America, and the Palearctic region. Our results corroborate the monophyly of Andreninae and points toward a South America origin for the group during the Late Cretaceous. Overall, we provide strong evidence of amphitropical distributional pattern currently observed in the American continent as result of faunal interchange in at least three historical periods, much prior to the Panama Isthmus closure. The Palearctic diversity is shown to have arisen from North America during the Eocene and Miocene, and the Afrotropical lineages likely originated from the Palearctic region in the Miocene when the Sahara Desert was mostly vegetated. The incursions from South to North America and then onto the Old World are chronological congruent with periods when open-vegetation habitats were available for trans-continental dispersal and at the times when aridification and temperature decline offered favorable circumstances for bee diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli S Ramos
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré 481, CEP 04263-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline C Martins
- Department of Zoology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A R Melo
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, PB 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Hui-Yun T, Chiba H, Lohman DJ, Yen SH, Aduse-Poku K, Ohshima Y, Wu LW. Out of Asia: Intercontinental dispersals after the Eocene-Oligocene transition shaped the zoogeography of Limenitidinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 170:107444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Pérez-Lachaud G, Rocha FH, Pozo C, Kaminski LA, Seraphim N, Lachaud JP. A new ant-butterfly symbiosis in the forest canopy fills an evolutionary gap. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20770. [PMID: 34675260 PMCID: PMC8531015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrmecophilous butterflies can establish complex symbiotic relationships with ants. A caterpillar wandering among the brood of the aggressive ponerine ant Neoponera villosa was found inside the core of a nest built in the myrmecophytic bromeliad Aechmea bracteata. This is the first caterpillar found living inside a ponerine ant nest. Its DNA barcode was sequenced, and an integrative approach was used to identify it as Pseudonymphidia agave, a poorly known member of the subtribe Pachythonina in the riodinid tribe Nymphidiini. The cuticle of the tank-like caterpillar lacks projections or tubercles and is covered dorsally by specialized flat setae that form an armor of small plates. Ant-organs potentially related to caterpillar-ant signaling, such as perforated cupola organs and tentacle nectary organs, are present. These morphological traits, together with evidence of social integration (direct contact with host brood, protective morphology, slow movement, no host aggressiveness), suggest that P. agave is a symbiotic, social parasite of N. villosa, preying on its host brood. However, several knowledge gaps remain, including oviposition site, dependence on bromeliad association, steps to colony integration, and larval diet through development. Carnivory has been reported in all known members of the subtribe Pachythonina (caterpillars prey on honeydew-producing hemipterans) suggesting a shift to myrmecophagy inside the ant nests as a possible evolutionary transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud
- Departamento de Conservación de La Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Avenida Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Franklin H Rocha
- Departamento de Conservación de La Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Avenida Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- Departamento de Apicultura, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carmen Pozo
- Departamento de Conservación de La Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Avenida Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Lucas A Kaminski
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Noemy Seraphim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Paul Lachaud
- Departamento de Conservación de La Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Avenida Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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9
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Chowdhury S, Fuller RA, Dingle H, Chapman JW, Zalucki MP. Migration in butterflies: a global overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1462-1483. [PMID: 33783119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of 'discovery' of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species - all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised - extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui - and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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10
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Wei ZX, Sun G, Shiu JY, Fang Y, Shi QH. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:816-818. [PMID: 33763588 PMCID: PMC7954486 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1884014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Dodona eugenes (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) was determined and analyzed. The mitogenome is 15,680 bp in length with consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), and one AT-rich region. The gene content, orientation, and order are identical to that of the majority of other lepidopteran insects. The D. eugenes mitogenome includes a cox1 gene with an atypical CGA(R) start codon and three genes (cox1, nad5, and nad4) exhibiting incomplete stop codons. All tRNAs have a typical secondary cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1 which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The 825-bp long AT-rich region is the longest among sequenced riodinids, which range from 349 to 423 bp. The conclusion of phylogenetic analysis highly supported the monophyly of Riodinidae, which is standing as the sister of the family Lycaenidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xue Wei
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China
| | - Gang Sun
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Monitoring & Sustainable Management and Utilization, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China
| | - Jer-Yuan Shiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Monitoring & Sustainable Management and Utilization, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Monitoring & Sustainable Management and Utilization, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China
| | - Qing-Hui Shi
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Monitoring & Sustainable Management and Utilization, Sanming University, Sanming, PR China
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11
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The first known riodinid ‘cuckoo’ butterfly reveals deep-time convergence and parallelism in ant social parasites. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions between butterflies and ants can evolve into complex social parasitism. ‘Cuckoo’ caterpillars, known only in the Lycaenidae, use multimodal mimetic traits to achieve social integration into ant societies. Here, we present the first known ‘cuckoo’ butterfly in the family Riodinidae. Aricoris arenarum remained in taxonomic limbo for > 80 years, relegated to nomen dubium and misidentified as Aricoris gauchoana. We located lost type material, designated lectotypes and documented the morphology and natural history of the immature stages. The multifaceted life cycle of A. arenarum can be summarized in three phases: (1) females lay eggs close to honeydew-producing hemipterans tended by specific Camponotus ants; (2) free-living caterpillars feed on liquids (honeydew and ant regurgitations); and (3) from the third instar onward, the caterpillars are fed and tended by ants as ‘cuckoos’ inside the ant nest. This life cycle is remarkably similar to that of the Asian lycaenid Niphanda fusca, despite divergence 90 Mya. Comparable eco-evolutionary pathways resulted in a suite of ecomorphological homoplasies through the ontogeny. This study shows that convergent interactions can be more important than phylogenetic proximity in shaping functional traits of social parasites.
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12
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Pyrcz TW, Collins S, Lachowska-Cierlik D, Lees DC, Sáfian S, Florczyk K. A Malagasy element in Continental Africa: a new subspecies of the rare Amauris nossima (Nymphalidae, Danainae) from the Kenyan coast. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1824588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz W Pyrcz
- Entomology Department, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorota Lachowska-Cierlik
- Entomology Department, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Szabolcs Sáfian
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Florczyk
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Lukhtanov VA, Dubatolov VV. Phylogenetic position and taxonomic rearrangement of Davidina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), an enigmatic butterfly genus new for Europe and America. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Davidina, an enigmatic butterfly genus described from China in the 19th century, has for a long time been considered a member of the family Pieridae due to its pierid-like wing pattern. In the 20th century, it was transferred to Satyridae (now subfamily Satyrinae of Nymphalidae) based on analysis of the structure of genitalia and placed next to the species-rich genus Oeneis (subtribe Satyrina), being separated from the latter by supposed differences in wing venation. We have conducted a phylogenetic and taxonomic study of the subtribe Satyrina using analysis of molecular and morphological characters. We show that the genus Oeneis is not monophyletic, and consists of two genetically diverged and morphologically differentiated groups that are not sister-groups (Oeneis s.s. and Protoeneis). We also demonstrate that Davidina is closely related to Protoeneis, but not to Oeneis s.s. To resolve this newly discovered non-monophyly and morphological heterogeneity, several species should be removed from Oeneis and transferred to the genus Davidina. As a consequence, we synonymize the name ProtoeneisGorbunov, 2001 with DavidinaOberthür, 1879. We conclude that Davidina is not a monotypic Chinese endemic genus, as has been previously supposed, but is composed of nine species that have a broad distribution area across the Holarctic region, extending to Europe and America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N. A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. Zookeys 2020; 938:97-124. [PMID: 32550787 PMCID: PMC7289901 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.938.50878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of supporting ecological analyses in butterflies, the third most species-rich superfamily of Lepidoptera, this paper presents the first time-calibrated phylogeny of all 496 extant butterfly species in Europe, including 18 very localised endemics for which no public DNA sequences had been available previously. It is based on a concatenated alignment of the mitochondrial gene COI and up to eleven nuclear gene fragments, using Bayesian inferences of phylogeny. To avoid analytical biases that could result from our region-focussed sampling, our European tree was grafted upon a global genus-level backbone butterfly phylogeny for analyses. In addition to a consensus tree, the posterior distribution of trees and the fully concatenated alignment are provided for future analyses. Altogether a complete phylogenetic framework of European butterflies for use by the ecological and evolutionary communities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemers
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Straße 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle Germany.,UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg Germany
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden Lund University Lund Sweden.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg Germany
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden Lund University Lund Sweden
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15
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A multilocus analysis of Epicopeiidae (Lepidoptera, Geometroidea) provides new insights into their relationships and the evolutionary history of mimicry. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106847. [PMID: 32380285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The family Epicopeiidae is a small group of day-flying moths, known for mimicking many different groups of butterflies and moths. So far, there still lacks a reliable phylogenetic framework of Epicopeiidae that is necessary to our understanding of the evolutionary process of their mimicry. In this study, we sequenced 94 nuclear protein-coding markers for 56 epicopeiid samples and 11 outgroups, covering all ten genera of Epicopeiidae. We used homemade PCR-generated baits to capture target sequences, which allowed us to utilize old and dried specimens that were difficult to handle by conventional PCR + Sanger sequencing. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the newly obtained dataset (86,388 bp) at both DNA and protein levels produced identical phylogenies with strong support. The non-mimicry genus Deuveia is the sister group of other epicopeiid genera. Epicopeia and Nossa are not monophyletic, and these two genera nest together to form a clade. We also estimated divergence times of Epicopeiidae and found that their initial diversification happened in Eocene about 41 million years ago. The ancestral state reconstruction of mimicry type for this family suggested that thelast common ancestor of epicopeiid moths is non-mimetic, and the Riodinidae-mimicry type evolved first. In summary, our work provides a comprehensive and robust time-calibrated phylogeny of Epicopeiidae that provides a sound framework for revising their classification and interpreting character evolution.
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16
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Chazot N, Wahlberg N, Freitas AVL, Mitter C, Labandeira C, Sohn JC, Sahoo RK, Seraphim N, de Jong R, Heikkilä M. Priors and Posteriors in Bayesian Timing of Divergence Analyses: The Age of Butterflies Revisited. Syst Biol 2020; 68:797-813. [PMID: 30690622 PMCID: PMC6893297 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for robust estimates of times of divergence is essential for downstream analyses, yet assessing this robustness is still rare. We generated a time-calibrated genus-level phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea), including 994 taxa, up to 10 gene fragments and an unprecedented set of 12 fossils and 10 host-plant node calibration points. We compared marginal priors and posterior distributions to assess the relative importance of the former on the latter. This approach revealed a strong influence of the set of priors on the root age but for most calibrated nodes posterior distributions shifted from the marginal prior, indicating significant information in the molecular data set. Using a very conservative approach we estimated an origin of butterflies at 107.6 Ma, approximately equivalent to the latest Early Cretaceous, with a credibility interval ranging from 89.5 Ma (mid Late Cretaceous) to 129.5 Ma (mid Early Cretaceous). In addition, we tested the effects of changing fossil calibration priors, tree prior, different sets of calibrations and different sampling fractions but our estimate remained robust to these alternative assumptions. With 994 genera, this tree provides a comprehensive source of secondary calibrations for studies on butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chazot
- Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - André Victor Lucci Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Caixa Postal 6109, Barão Geraldo 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Conrad Labandeira
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St. & Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20013, USA.,Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20741, USA.,Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Change, School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, XinJieKouWai St., Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jae-Cheon Sohn
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju, 27, Ungjin-ro, Gongju-si, Chungnam 32553, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 551, India
| | - Noemy Seraphim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Campus Campinas, CTI Renato Archer - Av. Comendador Aladino Selmi, s/n - Amarais, Campinas, São Paulo 13069-901, Brazil
| | - Rienk de Jong
- Department of Entomology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Heikkilä
- Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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17
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Zhang J, Shen J, Cong Q, Grishin NV. Genomic analysis of the tribe Emesidini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Zootaxa 2019; 4668:zootaxa.4668.4.2. [PMID: 31716605 PMCID: PMC8958898 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4668.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We obtained and phylogenetically analyzed whole genome shotgun sequences of nearly all species from the tribe Emesidini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 (Riodinidae) and representatives from other Riodinidae tribes. We see that the recently proposed genera Neoapodemia Trujano, 2018 and Plesioarida Trujano & García, 2018 are closely allied with Apodemia C. & R. Felder, [1865] and are better viewed as its subgenera, new status. Overall, Emesis Fabricius, 1807 and Apodemia (even after inclusion of the two subgenera) are so phylogenetically close that several species have been previously swapped between these two genera. New combinations are: Apodemia (Neoapodemia) zela (Butler, 1870), Apodemia (Neoapodemia) ares (Edwards, 1882), and Apodemia (Neoapodemia) arnacis (Stichel, 1928) (not Emesis); and Emesis phyciodoides (Barnes & Benjamin, 1924) (not Apodemia), assigned to each genus by their monophyly in genomic trees with the type species (TS) of the genus. Surprisingly, we find that Emesis emesia Hewitson, 1867 is not grouped with Emesis, but in addition to Apodemia forms a third lineage of similar rank, here named Curvie Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Symmachia emesia Hewitson, 1867). Furthermore, we partition Emesis into 6 subgenera (4 new): Emesis (TS: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, a subjective junior synonym of Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767), Aphacitis Hübner, [1819] (TS: Papilio dyndima Cramer, [1780], a subjective junior synonym of Papilio lucinda Cramer, [1775]), Poeasia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis poeas Godman, [1901]), Mandania Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Papilio mandana Cramer, [1780]), Brimia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889), and Tenedia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis tenedia C. & R. Felder, 1861). Next, genomic comparison of primary type specimens suggests new status for Emesis vimena Schaus, 1928 as a subspecies of Emesis brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889, Emesis adelpha Le Cerf, 1958 with E. a. vicaria Le Cerf, 1958 are subspecies of Emesis heteroclita Stichel, 1929, and Emesis tristis Stichel, 1929 is not a synonym of E. brimo vimena but of Emesis lupina Godman & Salvin, 1886. A new status of a species is given to the following taxa: Emesis furor A. Butler & H. Druce, 1872 (not a subspecies of E. mandana (Cramer, 1780)), Emesis melancholica Stichel, 1916 (not a subspecies of E. lupina Godman & Salvin, 1886), Emesis progne (Godman, 1903) (not a subspecies of E. brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889), and Emesis opaca Stichel, 1910 (not a synonym of E. lucinda (Cramer, 1775)). Emesis castigata diringeriGallard 2008 is a subjective junior synonym of E. opaca, new status. Finally, Xanthosa Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Charmona xanthosa Stichel, 1910) is proposed for a sister lineage of Sertania Callaghan & Kaminski, 2017 and Befrostia Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Emesis elegia Stichel, 1929) is proposed for a clade without apparent phylogenetic affinities that we place in Befrostiini Grishin, trib. n. In conclusion, genomic data reveal a number of errors in the current classification of Emesidini and allow us to confidently reclassify the tribe partitioning it in three genera: Apodemia, Curvie gen. n. and Emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9050.
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18
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Lin Y, Lin R, Braby MF, Hsu Y. Evolution and losses of spines in slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9827-9840. [PMID: 31534697 PMCID: PMC6745677 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the cosmopolitan family Limacodidae, commonly known as "slug" caterpillars, are well known because of the widespread occurrence of spines with urticating properties, a morpho-chemical adaptive trait that has been demonstrated to protect the larvae from natural enemies. However, while most species are armed with rows of spines ("nettle" caterpillars), slug caterpillars are morphologically diverse with some species lacking spines and thus are nonstinging. It has been demonstrated that the evolution of spines in slug caterpillars may have a single origin and that this trait is possibly derived from nonstinging slug caterpillars, but these conclusions were based on limited sampling of mainly New World taxa; thus, the evolution of spines and other traits within the family remains unresolved. Here, we analyze morphological variation in slug caterpillars within an evolutionary framework to determine character evolution of spines with samples from Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. The phylogeny of the Limacodidae was reconstructed based on a multigene dataset comprising five molecular markers (5.6 Kbp: COI, 28S, 18S, EF-1α, and wingless) representing 45 species from 40 genera and eight outgroups. Based on this phylogeny, we infer that limacodids evolved from a common ancestor in which the larval type possessed spines, and then slug caterpillars without spines evolved independently multiple times in different continents. While larvae with spines are well adapted to avoiding generalist predators, our results imply that larvae without spines may be suited to different ecological niches. Systematic relationships of our dataset indicate six major lineages, several of which have not previously been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chi Lin
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Rung‐Juen Lin
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Michael F. Braby
- Division of Ecology and EvolutionResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
- The Australian National Insect CollectionNational Research Collections AustraliaCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Yu‐Feng Hsu
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Brockmann E, Grishin NV. Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Zookeys 2019; 861:91-105. [PMID: 31333327 PMCID: PMC6629708 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.861.34686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained and analyzed whole genome data for more than 160 representatives of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) from all known subfamilies, tribes and most distinctive genera. We found that two genera, Katreus Watson, 1893 and Ortholexis Karsch, 1895, which are sisters, are well-separated from all other major phylogenetic lineages and originate near the base of the Hesperiidae tree, prior to the origin of some subfamilies. Due to this ancient origin compared to other subfamilies, this group is described as Katreinae Grishin, subfam. n. DNA sequencing of primary type specimens reveals that Ortholexismelichroptera Karsch, 1895 is not a female of Ortholexisholocausta Mabille, 1891, but instead a female of Ortholexisdimidia Holland, 1896. This finding establishes O.dimidia as a junior subjective synonym of O.melichroptera. Furthermore, we see that Chamunda Evans, 1949 does not originate within Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878, but, unexpectedly, forms an ancient lineage of its own at the subfamily rank: Chamundinae Grishin, subfam. n. Finally, a group of two sister genera, Barca de Nicéville, 1902 and Apostictopterus Leech, [1893], originates around the time Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 have split from their sister clade. A new subfamily Barcinae Grishin, subfam. n. sets them apart from all other Hesperiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9050, USAUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States of America
| | - Qian Cong
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9050, USAUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States of America
- Institute for Protein Design and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB J-405, Seattle, WA, 98195, USAUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States of America
| | - Jinhui Shen
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9050, USAUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States of America
| | - Ernst Brockmann
- Laubacher Str. 4, 35423 Lich, Hessen, GermanyUnaffiliatedSeattleUnited States of America
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9050, USAUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USAHoward Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States of America
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20
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Bruzzese DJ, Wagner DL, Harrison T, Jogesh T, Overson RP, Wickett NJ, Raguso RA, Skogen KA. Phylogeny, host use, and diversification in the moth family Momphidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207833. [PMID: 31170152 PMCID: PMC6553701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores and their hostplants constitute much of Earth's described biological diversity, but how these often-specialized associations diversify is not fully understood. We combined detailed hostplant data and comparative phylogenetic analyses of the lepidopteran family Momphidae to explore how shifts in the use of hostplant resources, not just hostplant taxon, contribute to the diversification of a phytophagous insect lineage. We inferred two phylogenetic hypotheses emphasizing relationships among species in the nominate genus, Mompha Hübner. A six-gene phylogeny was constructed with reared exemplars and collections from hostplants in the family Onagraceae from western and southwestern USA, and a cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogeny was inferred from collections and publicly available accessions in the Barcode of Life Data System. Species delimitation analyses combined with morphological data revealed ca. 56 undescribed species-level taxa, many of which are hostplant specialists on Onagraceae in the southwestern USA. Our phylogenetic reconstructions divided Momphidae into six major clades: 1) an Onagraceae flower- and fruit-boring clade, 2) a Melastomataceae-galling clade, 3) a leafmining clade A, 4) a leafmining clade B, 5) a Zapyrastra Meyrick clade, and 6) a monobasic lineage represented by Mompha eloisella (Clemens). Ancestral trait reconstructions using the COI phylogeny identified leafmining on Onagraceae as the ancestral state for Momphidae. Our study finds that shifts along three hostplant resource axes (plant taxon, plant tissue type, and larval feeding mode) have contributed to the evolutionary success and diversification of momphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Bruzzese
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - David L. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Terry Harrison
- Independent Researcher, Charleston, IL, United States of America
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Rick P. Overson
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
- Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Wickett
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
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21
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Allio R, Scornavacca C, Nabholz B, Clamens AL, Sperling FAH, Condamine FL. Whole Genome Shotgun Phylogenomics Resolves the Pattern and Timing of Swallowtail Butterfly Evolution. Syst Biol 2019; 69:38-60. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships have remained unresolved in many well-studied groups, even though advances in next-generation sequencing and analysis, using approaches such as transcriptomics, anchored hybrid enrichment, or ultraconserved elements, have brought systematics to the brink of whole genome phylogenomics. Recently, it has become possible to sequence the entire genomes of numerous nonbiological models in parallel at reasonable cost, particularly with shotgun sequencing. Here, we identify orthologous coding sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequences, which we then use to investigate the relevance and power of phylogenomic relationship inference and time-calibrated tree estimation. We study an iconic group of butterflies—swallowtails of the family Papilionidae—that has remained phylogenetically unresolved, with continued debate about the timing of their diversification. Low-coverage whole genomes were obtained using Illumina shotgun sequencing for all genera. Genome assembly coupled to BLAST-based orthology searches allowed extraction of 6621 orthologous protein-coding genes for 45 Papilionidae species and 16 outgroup species (with 32% missing data after cleaning phases). Supermatrix phylogenomic analyses were performed with both maximum-likelihood (IQ-TREE) and Bayesian mixture models (PhyloBayes) for amino acid sequences, which produced a fully resolved phylogeny providing new insights into controversial relationships. Species tree reconstruction from gene trees was performed with ASTRAL and SuperTriplets and recovered the same phylogeny. We estimated gene site concordant factors to complement traditional node-support measures, which strengthens the robustness of inferred phylogenies. Bayesian estimates of divergence times based on a reduced data set (760 orthologs and 12% missing data) indicate a mid-Cretaceous origin of Papilionoidea around 99.2 Ma (95% credibility interval: 68.6–142.7 Ma) and Papilionidae around 71.4 Ma (49.8–103.6 Ma), with subsequent diversification of modern lineages well after the Cretaceous-Paleogene event. These results show that shotgun sequencing of whole genomes, even when highly fragmented, represents a powerful approach to phylogenomics and molecular dating in a group that has previously been refractory to resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Allio
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Scornavacca
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Nabholz
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - Felix AH Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- IRD
- EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
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22
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Antonelli A, Ariza M, Albert J, Andermann T, Azevedo J, Bacon C, Faurby S, Guedes T, Hoorn C, Lohmann LG, Matos-Maraví P, Ritter CD, Sanmartín I, Silvestro D, Tejedor M, ter Steege H, Tuomisto H, Werneck FP, Zizka A, Edwards SV. Conceptual and empirical advances in Neotropical biodiversity research. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5644. [PMID: 30310740 PMCID: PMC6174874 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The unparalleled biodiversity found in the American tropics (the Neotropics) has attracted the attention of naturalists for centuries. Despite major advances in recent years in our understanding of the origin and diversification of many Neotropical taxa and biotic regions, many questions remain to be answered. Additional biological and geological data are still needed, as well as methodological advances that are capable of bridging these research fields. In this review, aimed primarily at advanced students and early-career scientists, we introduce the concept of "trans-disciplinary biogeography," which refers to the integration of data from multiple areas of research in biology (e.g., community ecology, phylogeography, systematics, historical biogeography) and Earth and the physical sciences (e.g., geology, climatology, palaeontology), as a means to reconstruct the giant puzzle of Neotropical biodiversity and evolution in space and time. We caution against extrapolating results derived from the study of one or a few taxa to convey general scenarios of Neotropical evolution and landscape formation. We urge more coordination and integration of data and ideas among disciplines, transcending their traditional boundaries, as a basis for advancing tomorrow's ground-breaking research. Our review highlights the great opportunities for studying the Neotropical biota to understand the evolution of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Organismic Biology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - María Ariza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - James Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josué Azevedo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christine Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thais Guedes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Hoorn
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Universidad Regional Amazonica IKIAM, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Lúcia G. Lohmann
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camila D. Ritter
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo Tejedor
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, Puerto Madryn, Guatemala
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanna Tuomisto
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Organismic Biology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Blaimer BB, Mawdsley JR, Brady SG. Multiple origins of sexual dichromatism and aposematism within large carpenter bees. Evolution 2018; 72:1874-1889. [PMID: 30039868 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of reversed sexual dichromatism and aposematic coloration has long been of interest to both theoreticians and empiricists. Yet despite the potential connections between these phenomena, they have seldom been jointly studied. Large carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa) are a promising group for such comparative investigations as they are a diverse clade in which both aposematism and reversed sexual dichromatism can occur either together or separately. We investigated the evolutionary history of dichromatism and aposematism and a potential correlation of these traits with diversification rates within Xylocopa, using a newly generated phylogeny for 179 Xylocopa species based on ultraconserved elements (UCEs). A monochromatic, inconspicuous ancestor is indicated for the genus, with subsequent convergent evolution of sexual dichromatism and aposematism in multiple lineages. Aposematism is found to covary with reversed sexual dichromatism in many species; however, reversed dichromatism also evolved in non-aposematic species. Bayesian Analysis of Macroevolutionary Models (BAMM) did not show increased diversification in any specific clade in Xylocopa, whereas support from Hidden State Speciation and Extinction (HiSSE) models remained inconclusive regarding an association of increased diversification rates with dichromatism or aposematism. We discuss the evolution of color patterns and diversification in Xylocopa by considering potential drivers of dichromatism and aposematism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, 20560.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Jonathan R Mawdsley
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, 20560
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, 20560
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24
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Kim S, de Medeiros BAS, Byun BK, Lee S, Kang JH, Lee B, Farrell BD. West meets East: How do rainforest beetles become circum-Pacific? Evolutionary origin of Callipogon relictus and allied species (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) in the New and Old Worlds. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018. [PMID: 29524651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The longhorn beetle genus Callipogon Audinet-Serville represents a small group of large wood-boring beetles whose distribution pattern exhibits a unique trans-Pacific disjunction between the East Asian temperate rainforest and the tropical rainforest of the Neotropics. To understand the biogeographic history underlying this circum-Pacific disjunct distribution, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Prioninae with extensive sampling of Callipogon using multilocus sequence data of 99 prionine and four parandrine samples (ingroups), together with two distant outgroup species. Our sampling of Callipogon includes 18 of the 24 currently accepted species, with complete representation of all species in our focal subgenera. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the purported affinity between the Palearctic Callipogon relictus and its Neotropical congeners. Furthermore, based on molecular dating under the fossilized birth-death (FBD) model with comprehensive fossil records and probabilistic ancestral range reconstructions, we estimated the crown group Callipogon to have originated in the Paleocene circa 60 million years ago (Ma) across the Neotropics and Eastern Palearctics. The divergence between the Palearctic C. relictus and its Neotropical congeners is explained as the result of a vicariance event following the demise of boreotropical forest across Beringia at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. As C. relictus represents the unique relictual species that evidentiates the lineage's expansive ancient distribution, we evaluated its conservation importance through species distribution modelling. Though we estimated a range expansion for C. relictus by 2050, we emphasize a careful implementation of conservation programs towards the protection of primary forest across its current habitats, as the species remains highly vulnerable to habitat disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Kim
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruno A S de Medeiros
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bong-Kyu Byun
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kang
- National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Administration, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongwoo Lee
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian D Farrell
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Espeland M, Breinholt J, Willmott KR, Warren AD, Vila R, Toussaint EF, Maunsell SC, Aduse-Poku K, Talavera G, Eastwood R, Jarzyna MA, Guralnick R, Lohman DJ, Pierce NE, Kawahara AY. A Comprehensive and Dated Phylogenomic Analysis of Butterflies. Curr Biol 2018; 28:770-778.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Coley PD, Endara MJ, Kursar TA. Consequences of interspecific variation in defenses and herbivore host choice for the ecology and evolution of Inga, a speciose rainforest tree. Oecologia 2018; 187:361-376. [PMID: 29428967 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We summarize work on a speciose Neotropical tree genus, Inga (Fabaceae), examining how interspecific variation in anti-herbivore defenses may have evolved, how defenses shape host choice by herbivores and how they might regulate community composition and influence species radiations. Defenses of expanding leaves include secondary metabolites, extrafloral nectaries, rapid leaf expansion, trichomes, and synchrony and timing of leaf production. These six classes of defenses are orthogonal, supporting independent evolutionary trajectories. Moreover, only trichomes show a phylogenetic signature, suggesting evolutionary lability in nearly all defenses. The interspecific diversity in secondary metabolite profiles does not arise from the evolution of novel compounds, but from novel combinations of common compounds, presumably due to changes in gene regulation. Herbivore host choice is determined by plant defensive traits, not host phylogeny. Neighboring plants escape each other's pests if their defenses differ enough, thereby enforcing the high local diversity typical of tropical forests. Related herbivores feed on hosts with similar defenses, implying that there are phylogenetic constraints placed on the herbivore traits that are associated with host use. Divergence in defensive traits among Inga appears to be driven by herbivore pressure. However, the lack of congruence between herbivore and host phylogeny suggests that herbivores are tracking defenses, choosing hosts based on traits for which they already have adaptations. There is, therefore, an asymmetry in the host-herbivore evolutionary arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
| | - María-José Endara
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, EC170103, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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27
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Trujano-Ortega M, García-Vázquez UO, Callaghan CJ, Ávalos-Hernández O, Luis-Martínez MA, Llorente-Bousquets JE. Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). Zookeys 2018:61-85. [PMID: 29416392 PMCID: PMC5799793 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.729.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new genera of Riodinidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are described, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. (Neoapodemianais (W. H. Edwards, 1876), comb. n., N.chisosensis Freeman, 1964, comb. n.) and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. (Plesioaridapalmeriipalmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870), comb. n., P.palmeriiarizona (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P.palmeriiaustralis (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P.hepburnihepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P.hepburniremota (Austin, 1991), comb. n., P.murphyi (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P.hypoglaucahypoglauca (Godman & Salvin, 1878), comb. n., P.hypoglaucawellingi (Ferris, 1985), comb. n., P.walkeri (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P.selvatica (De la Maza & De la Maza, 2017), comb. n.). Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. is distributed in the southwestern USA and northeastern Mexico, while Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. is present from the southern USA to Central America. Species of these genera were previously classified as Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder but molecular and morphological evidence separate them as new taxa. Morphological diagnoses and descriptions are provided for both new genera, including the main distinctive characters from labial palpi, prothoracic legs, wing venation and genitalia, as well as life history traits. A molecular phylogeny of one mitochondrial gene (COI) and two nuclear genes (EF-1a and wg) are also presented of most species of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n., Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n., and sequences of specimens from all tribes of Riodinidae. We compare the characters of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. and discuss the differences that support the description of these new taxa. This is a contribution to the taxonomy of the Riodinidae of North America of which the generic diversity is greater than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marysol Trujano-Ortega
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Uri Omar García-Vázquez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Ejército de Oriente, Ciudad de México 09230, México
| | - Curtis J Callaghan
- Casa Picapau, Floresta de la Sabana. Carrera 7, 237-04, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Omar Ávalos-Hernández
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Moisés Armando Luis-Martínez
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Enrique Llorente-Bousquets
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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28
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Wu LW, Lin WJ, Hsu YF. A distinct species, Dodona formosana, detected in the Dodona eugenes species complex: clarification of the taxonomic status of the Punch butterfly in Taiwan. Zookeys 2018:59-77. [PMID: 29674868 PMCID: PMC5904550 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.736.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tailed Punch, Dodonaeugenes, is widely distributed in East Asia with seven subspecies currently recognized. However, two of them, namely ssp. formosana and ssp. esakii found in Taiwan, are hard to distinguish from each other due to ambiguous diagnostic characters. In this study, their taxonomic status is clarified by comparing genitalia characters and phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial sequences, COI and COII (total 2211 bps). Our results show that there is no reliable feature to separate these two subspecies. Surprisingly we found that Dodona in Taiwan is more closely related to the Orange Punch, D.egeon, than to other subspecies of D.eugenes. Therefore, the following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Dodonaeugenesformosana is revised to specific status as Dodonaformosana Matsumura, 1919, stat. rev, and ssp. esakii is sunk to a junior synonym of Dodonaformosanasyn. n.
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29
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Meyer ALS, Wiens JJ. Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts. Evolution 2017; 72:39-53. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Graduate Program in Zoology Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná 81531 Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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30
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Cong Q, Shen J, Li W, Borek D, Otwinowski Z, Grishin NV. The first complete genomes of Metalmarks and the classification of butterfly families. Genomics 2017; 109:485-493. [PMID: 28757157 PMCID: PMC5747260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing complete genomes of all major phylogenetic groups of organisms opens unprecedented opportunities to study evolution and genetics. We report draft genomes of Calephelis nemesis and Calephelis virginiensis, representatives of the family Riodinidae. They complete the genomic coverage of butterflies at the family level. At 809 and 855 Mbp, respectively, they become the largest available Lepidoptera genomes. Comparison of butterfly genomes shows that the divergence between Riodinidae and Lycaenidae dates to the time when other families started to diverge into subfamilies. Thus, Riodinidae may be considered a subfamily of Lycaenidae. Calephelis species exhibit unique gene expansions in actin-disassembling factor, cofilin, and chitinase. The functional implications of these gene expansions are not clear, but they may aid molting of caterpillars covered in extensive setae. The two Calephelis species diverged about 5 million years ago and they differ in proteins involved in metabolism, circadian clock, regulation of development, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
| | - Jinhui Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
| | - Wenlin Li
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
| | - Zbyszek Otwinowski
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA; Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA.
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31
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Talla V, Suh A, Kalsoom F, Dincă V, Vila R, Friberg M, Wiklund C, Backström N. Rapid Increase in Genome Size as a Consequence of Transposable Element Hyperactivity in Wood-White (Leptidea) Butterflies. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:2491-2505. [PMID: 28981642 PMCID: PMC5737376 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing and quantifying genome size variation among organisms and understanding if genome size evolves as a consequence of adaptive or stochastic processes have been long-standing goals in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigate genome size variation and association with transposable elements (TEs) across lepidopteran lineages using a novel genome assembly of the common wood-white (Leptidea sinapis) and population re-sequencing data from both L. sinapis and the closely related L. reali and L. juvernica together with 12 previously available lepidopteran genome assemblies. A phylogenetic analysis confirms established relationships among species, but identifies previously unknown intraspecific structure within Leptidea lineages. The genome assembly of L. sinapis is one of the largest of any lepidopteran taxon so far (643 Mb) and genome size is correlated with abundance of TEs, both in Lepidoptera in general and within Leptidea where L. juvernica from Kazakhstan has considerably larger genome size than any other Leptidea population. Specific TE subclasses have been active in different Lepidoptera lineages with a pronounced expansion of predominantly LINEs, DNA elements, and unclassified TEs in the Leptidea lineage after the split from other Pieridae. The rate of genome expansion in Leptidea in general has been in the range of four Mb/Million year (My), with an increase in a particular L. juvernica population to 72 Mb/My. The considerable differences in accumulation rates of specific TE classes in different lineages indicate that TE activity plays a major role in genome size evolution in butterflies and moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Talla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Faheema Kalsoom
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution Program, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Vila
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution Program, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Division of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Niclas Backström
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Uppsala University, Sweden
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Coevolutionary arms race versus host defense chase in a tropical herbivore-plant system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7499-E7505. [PMID: 28827317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707727114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolutionary models suggest that herbivores drive diversification and community composition in plants. For herbivores, many questions remain regarding how plant defenses shape host choice and community structure. We addressed these questions using the tree genus Inga and its lepidopteran herbivores in the Amazon. We constructed phylogenies for both plants and insects and quantified host associations and plant defenses. We found that similarity in herbivore assemblages between Inga species was correlated with similarity in defenses. There was no correlation with phylogeny, a result consistent with our observations that the expression of defenses in Inga is independent of phylogeny. Furthermore, host defensive traits explained 40% of herbivore community similarity. Analyses at finer taxonomic scales showed that different lepidopteran clades select hosts based on different defenses, suggesting taxon-specific histories of herbivore-host plant interactions. Finally, we compared the phylogeny and defenses of Inga to phylogenies for the major lepidopteran clades. We found that closely related herbivores fed on Inga with similar defenses rather than on closely related plants. Together, these results suggest that plant defenses might be more evolutionarily labile than the herbivore traits related to host association. Hence, there is an apparent asymmetry in the evolutionary interactions between Inga and its herbivores. Although plants may evolve under selection by herbivores, we hypothesize that herbivores may not show coevolutionary adaptations, but instead "chase" hosts based on the herbivore's own traits at the time that they encounter a new host, a pattern more consistent with resource tracking than with the arms race model of coevolution.
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Aporte del área de influencia del páramo de Belmira (Santa Inés) a la diversidad regional de Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) del norte de los Andes. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single radiation of plant-feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past two decades, building on a preceding era of morphological cladistic studies, molecular data have yielded robust initial estimates of relationships both within and among the ∼43 superfamilies, with unsolved problems now yielding to much larger data sets from high-throughput sequencing. Here we summarize progress on lepidopteran phylogeny since 1975, emphasizing the superfamily level, and discuss some resulting advances in our understanding of lepidopteran evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Donald R Davis
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Sahoo RK, Warren AD, Wahlberg N, Brower AVZ, Lukhtanov VA, Kodandaramaiah U. Ten genes and two topologies: an exploration of higher relationships in skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2653. [PMID: 27957386 PMCID: PMC5144725 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple attempts to infer the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of skipper butterflies (Family Hesperiidae), uncertainties in the deep clade relationships persist. The most recent phylogenetic analysis included fewer than 30% of known genera and data from three gene markers. Here we reconstruct the higher-level relationships with a rich sampling of ten nuclear and mitochondrial markers (7,726 bp) from 270 genera and find two distinct but equally plausible topologies among subfamilies at the base of the tree. In one set of analyses, the nuclear markers suggest two contrasting topologies, one of which is supported by the mitochondrial dataset. However, another set of analyses suggests mito-nuclear conflict as the reason for topological incongruence. Neither topology is strongly supported, and we conclude that there is insufficient phylogenetic evidence in the molecular dataset to resolve these relationships. Nevertheless, taking morphological characters into consideration, we suggest that one of the topologies is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Andrew D. Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, UF Cultural Plaza, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew V. Z. Brower
- Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Insect Systematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Matos-Maraví P. Investigating the timing of origin and evolutionary processes shaping regional species diversity: Insights from simulated data and neotropical butterfly diversification rates. Evolution 2016; 70:1638-50. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pável Matos-Maraví
- School of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia and Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre CAS; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
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Wu LW, Yen SH, Lees DC, Lu CC, Yang PS, Hsu YF. Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Asian Pterourus Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A Case of Intercontinental Dispersal from North America to East Asia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140933. [PMID: 26484776 PMCID: PMC4617649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic status of the well-known Asian butterflies often known as Agehana (a species group, often treated as a genus or a subgenus, within Papilio sensu lato) has long remained unresolved. Only two species are included, and one of them especially, Papilio maraho, is not only rare but near-threatened, being monophagous on its vulnerable hostplant, Sassafras randaiense (Lauraceae). Although the natural history and population conservation of "Agehana" has received much attention, the biogeographic origin of this group still remains enigmatic. To clarify these two questions, a total of 86 species representatives within Papilionidae were sampled, and four genes (concatenated length 3842 bp) were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and historical scenarios. Surprisingly, "Agehana" fell within the American Papilio subgenus Pterourus and not as previously suggested, phylogenetically close to the Asian Papilio subgenus Chilasa. We therefore formally synonymize Agehana with Pterourus. Dating and biogeographic analysis allow us to infer an intercontinental dispersal of an American ancestor of Asian Pterourus in the early Miocene, which was coincident with historical paleo-land bridge connections, resulting in the present "East Asia-America" disjunction distribution. We emphasize that species exchange between East Asia and America seems to be a quite frequent occurrence in butterflies during the Oligocene to Miocene climatic optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wu
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Horn Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - David C. Lees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Chien Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shih Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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