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Gohari MR, Patte KA, Elton-Marshall T, Cole A, Turcotte-Tremblay AM, Bélanger R, Leatherdale ST. The association between single and dual use of cannabis and alcohol and driving under the influence and riding with an impaired driver in a large sample of Canadian adolescents. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38656911 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2342571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual use of cannabis and alcohol has increased in adolescents, but limited research has examined how it relates to impaired driving or riding with an impaired driver (IDR) compared to single substance use. This study aimed to examine the odds of alcohol- and/or cannabis-IDR among adolescents based on their use of alcohol and/or cannabis, and whether associations differed by gender and age. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data were used from a sample of 69,621 students attending 182 Canadian secondary schools in the 2021/22 school year. Multilevel logistic regression estimated the odds of exclusive alcohol-IDR, exclusive cannabis-IDR, and both alcohol and cannabis IDR (alcohol-cannabis-IDR). Substance use interactions with gender and age were tested. RESULTS Overall, 14.7% of participants reported IDR; 7.5% reported exclusive alcohol-IDR, 3.2% reported exclusive cannabis-IDR, 4.0% reported alcohol-cannabis-IDR, and 7.4% were unsure if they had experienced IDR. The prevalence of IDR varied across substance use groups, 8.0% among nonuse, 21.9% among alcohol-only use, 35.9% among cannabis-only use, and 49.6% among dual use groups. Gender diverse, older, and students with lower socioeconomic status exhibited a higher likelihood of reporting alcohol-cannabis-IDR. Dual use was significantly associated with 9.5 times higher odds of alcohol-cannabis-IDR compared to alcohol-only use, and 3.0 times higher odds compared to cannabis-only use. Dual use was also associated with an increased likelihood of either alcohol- or cannabis-IDR. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that all students, regardless of substance use, are at risk of IDR, but students engaged in dual use of alcohol and cannabis face an elevated risk compared to both peers who do not use substances and those who use only a single substance. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions that address the risks associated with IDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood R Gohari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adam Cole
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay
- VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable - Université Laval, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, Canada
- Département de pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Bélanger
- Département de pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Nameth K, Ueland E, D'Amico EJ, Osilla KC. Feasibility and acceptability of a web-intervention to prevent alcohol and cannabis-impaired driving among adolescents in driver education. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4249553. [PMID: 38699323 PMCID: PMC11065077 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249553/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Adolescents increasingly view cannabis as a substance with limited harm. Their propensity to engage in risky driving, combined with their relative driving inexperience, places adolescents at heightened risk for harm resulting from impaired driving. Driver education provides an opportunity to help prevent and reduce these risks, yet few interventions address cannabis-impaired driving, especially impairment from simultaneous use of both cannabis and alcohol. Methods We adapted a single-session primary care brief intervention (CHAT) for driver education programs. First, we conducted two focus groups with adolescents aged 15-17 years (n = 6; n = 5) enrolled in driver education programs. Their feedback was integrated into a prototype of an online intervention called webCHAT that focuses on preventing alcohol and cannabis-impaired driving. Next, we recruited a new sample of adolescents who user tested webCHAT (n = 8) and provided qualitative and survey feedback. We analyzed qualitative data using classic content analysis and grouped themes according to the feasibility and acceptability of webCHAT. Results Participants suggested that webCHAT should have adolescent narrators in short, informal, and interactive videos. In satisfaction surveys (n = 8), 88% of participants would recommend webCHAT to a friend and 88% reported that they learned helpful skills regarding impaired driving. General acceptability was also reflected in interviews (n = 6; 100% would recommend the intervention to a friend, 100% indicated overall positive impressions, and 67% stated it was easy to use). Participants reported that it was helpful to learn about the negative effects of both cannabis and alcohol on driving behavior, voicing that webCHAT would help adolescents make more informed decisions. Conclusions Soliciting adolescent perspectives is critical when developing interventions targeting cannabis use because of increasingly permissive attitudes and perceptions of minimal risk associated with use. The current study highlights how feedback can help increase both the feasibility and acceptability of interventions.
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Noel JK, Rosenthal SR, Torres JN, Gately KA, Borden SK. Driving after substance use in Rhode Island adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of surveillance data. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:562-570. [PMID: 38578273 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2335317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing literature on driving under the influence during adolescence is sparse, especially for driving after the use of non-medical prescription drugs (DAP). This study examines the prevalence of driving after use of alcohol (DAA), cannabis (DAC), and DAP, and examines the role of several potential risk and protective factors. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of the 2022 Rhode Island Study Survey, a cross-sectional survey of middle and high school students. Separate multivariable regressions were conducted for each outcome among lifetime users for each substance, controlling for current substance use, individual-, perceived parental-, and perceived friend-substance use risk perception, age, sexual/gender minority (SGM) status, race, ethnicity, school level, and town poverty level. RESULTS Among lifetime users of alcohol (n = 3849), cannabis (n = 2289), and non-medical prescription drugs (n = 611), the prevalence of DAA, DAC, and DAP was 4.9, 14.3, and 16.9%, respectively. Current substance use, high individual risk perception, being nonwhite, and being Hispanic were risk factors for DAA while perceiving parent's risk perception as negative and being heterosexual cisgender-female were protective. Current substance use, negative individual risk perception, and being nonwhite were risk factors for DAC while perceiving parent's risk perception as negative and being in high school were protective. Current substance use and older age were risk factors for DAP while perceiving parent's risk perception as negative and perceiving friend's risk perception as negative were protective. CONCLUSIONS Driving under the influence is a concern among adolescent substance users. Current substance use and perceived parental risk perception as negative are common risks and protective factors, respectively. Findings suggest substance-specific, heterogeneous interventions are needed. For example, interventions focusing on peer perceptions are most relevant for DAP, while shifting personal perceptions of harm are most relevant for DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jadyn N Torres
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kelsey A Gately
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samantha K Borden
- Data Evaluation, and Compliance Unit, RI Department of Behavioral Healthcare, Developmental Disabilities and Hospitals, Cranston, Rhode Island
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Tang Y, Abildso CG, Lilly CL, Winstanley EL, Rudisill TM. Risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use among West Virginia college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:579-588. [PMID: 38572915 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2333906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use (DAMU) among West Virginia college students. METHODS Participants were recruited from West Virginia University between September and November 2022. The study sample was restricted to students who were ≥18 years of age; reported recently driving; possessed a current, valid driver's license from any US state; and were enrolled for at least one credit hour in the Fall 2022 semester. RESULTS Among respondents (N = 772), 28.9% reported DAMU. Students who had a GPA of B (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-4.42), smoked or ingested marijuana in the past year (AOR: 26.51, 95% CI: 10.27-68.39), drove after drinking (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.18-4.79), and used both marijuana and alcohol concurrently and then drove (AOR: 10.39, 95% CI: 2.32-46.54) associated with DAMU. Individuals who felt the behavior was somewhat dangerous or not dangerous or thought their peers approved of DAMU showed significant associations with DAMU. CONCLUSIONS As DAMU was prevalent, future interventions that raise awareness of the danger and potential consequences of DAMU may be needed to reduce this risky behavior on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christiaan G Abildso
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christa L Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Erin L Winstanley
- General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Neuroth LM, Benedetti MH, Brooks-Russell A, Li L, Zhu M. Associations between Adolescent Marijuana Use, Driving after Marijuana Use and Recreational Retail Sale in Colorado, USA. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:235-242. [PMID: 37877210 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2267123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated associations between the retail distribution of recreational marijuana in Colorado and (i) past 30-day marijuana use and (ii) driving after marijuana use (DAMU) among a representative sample of public high school students using four waves of data from a state surveillance system. METHODS Past 30-day marijuana use was assessed among all sampled students (n = 85,336). DAMU was assessed among students 15 years or older who indicated driving (n = 47,518). Modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) comparing the pre-distribution (2013) and post-distribution (2015, 2017, 2019) periods for marijuana-related behaviors. Frequency of behavioral engagement was assessed using a multinomial approach. RESULTS An estimated 20.3% of students engaged in past 30-day marijuana use and 10.5% of student drivers engaged in DAMU. Retail distribution of recreational marijuana was not significantly associated with the prevalence of any marijuana use or DAMU. However, it was associated with 1.16 (95% CI: 1.04-1.29) times the prevalence of using marijuana one or two times in the last 30 days, 1.27 (1.03, 1.55) times the prevalence of DAMU one time, and 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) times the prevalence of DAMU six or more times. No significant associations were observed for the remaining frequency categories. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 1 in 10 students who drive reported DAMU. Varying prevalence in the frequency of past 30-day marijuana use and DAMU was observed following the retail distribution of recreational marijuana in Colorado. Care should be taken to properly educate adolescent drivers regarding the dangers of DAMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Neuroth
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marco H Benedetti
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Brooks-Russell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya College of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Tang Y, Abildso CG, Lilly CL, Winstanley EL, Rudisill TM. Risk Factors Associated With Driving After Marijuana Use Among US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:544-552. [PMID: 36549978 PMCID: PMC9637518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use among US college students. METHODS A secondary analysis used the fall 2020 and spring 2021 American College Health Association- National College Health Assessment III and the dataset was restricted to college students ≥18 years of age who reported recent driving and marijuana use. Associations between risk factors and driving after marijuana use were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 29.9% (n = 4,947) of the respondents reported driving after marijuana use. Males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48-1.82), non-Hispanic Black (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.71), sexual minorities (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), individuals with an alcohol or substance use disorder (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.08-1.91), anxiety (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06-1.36), higher suicidality (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), and those who also drank and drove (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.84-3.57) had a higher risk of driving after marijuana use. DISCUSSION Future research should focus on increasing awareness of driving after marijuana use and prevention programs and/or strategies on college campuses regarding driving after marijuana use for these groups to reduce this risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christiaan G Abildso
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christa L Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Erin L Winstanley
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Donnan JR, Drakes DH, Rowe EC, Najafizada M, Bishop LD. Driving under the influence of cannabis: perceptions from Canadian youth. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2384. [PMID: 36536347 PMCID: PMC9764522 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis legalization is intended to protect the public from potential harm by restricting access and promoting greater awareness of cannabis-related risks. Youth are at a greater risk for experiencing road-related harms due to their own or others' use of cannabis. This qualitative research explored youths' perceptions about cannabis and road safety. METHODS A qualitative study using focus groups (FG) was conducted with youth (age 13-18) and young adults (age 19-25) who resided in Newfoundland and Labrador. Using semi-structured interview questions, the facilitator asked participants to share their opinions about cannabis and road safety. All sessions were hosted virtually using Zoom with recruitment until saturation was met. All sessions were audio recorded, de-identified, and transcribed. Analysis utilized an inductive thematic approach informed by Braun and Clarke's (2006) method and inductive coding was facilitated using NVivo. RESULTS Six youth (n = 38) and five young adult (n = 53) FG were conducted. Five prominent themes emerged throughout discussions across both age groups including: a) normalization of driving under the influence of cannabis, b) knowledge and awareness, c) perceptions of risk, d) modes of transportation, and e) detection. Variation in perceptions appeared to be influenced by lack of awareness of the impact of cannabis on driving ability, residence in urban versus rural locations, type of vehicle driven (e.g., car vs. off-road vehicles), and gender. CONCLUSION The themes uncovered from this research will help inform future enhancement of cannabis policy to ensure the safety of all citizens. These findings will also support the inclusion of youth-focused education that will equip youth with informed decision-making strategies regarding road safety. Furthermore, these findings can be utilized to inform the refinement of cannabis driving policies to ensure the safety of all citizens on or off the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Donnan
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6 Canada
| | - Dalainey H. Drakes
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6 Canada
| | - Emily C. Rowe
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
| | - Maisam Najafizada
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
| | - Lisa D. Bishop
- grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6 Canada ,grid.25055.370000 0000 9130 6822Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
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Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, Stjepanović D, Chiu V, Chung JYC, Sun T, Connor J, Leung J, Gartner C, Hall W, Hammond D. Trends and Socio-Demographic Differences of Cannabis Vaping in the USA and Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14394. [PMID: 36361272 PMCID: PMC9659122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the rise in cannabis vaping, it is important to highlight the heterogeneity in vaping different cannabis product because of the potential differences in their health risks. This study aims to estimate the trends and socio-demographic correlates of the use of various cannabis vaping products across jurisdiction with different legal status. Data from the 2018 (n = 27,169) and 2019 (n = 47,747) waves of the International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) were used. Respondents aged 16-65 completed web-based surveys. In 2019, proportions of past year vaping of cannabis oil, dried flower and concentrates in the overall sample were highest in U.S. jurisdictions where cannabis was legalized for non-medical use (17.4%, 6.0%, 4.9%), followed by U.S. jurisdiction where non-medical cannabis use is illegal (13.7%, 5.8%, 2.9%), and lowest in Canada (8.1%, 4.4%, 2.1%). Vaping dried flower decreased from 2019 to 2018 in U.S. legal jurisdictions and Canada, while vaping cannabis oil and concentrates increased in all jurisdictions (p < 0.001). The odds of vaping all forms of products were higher among younger respondents (16-55 years), males, respondents with some college education, and persons with low-risk perceptions on daily cannabis vaping. In both ICPS surveys (2018 and 2019), cannabis oil was the most frequently vaped products, followed by dried flower, and concentrates. Detailed measures of product forms for cannabis vaping should be considered in future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. W. Lim
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Gary C. K. Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Elle Wadsworth
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 75 Albert St, Suite 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7, Canada
| | - Daniel Stjepanović
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Vivian Chiu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jack Y. C. Chung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jason Connor
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Dutra LM, Farrelly M, Gourdet C, Bradfield B. Cannabis legalization and driving under the influence of cannabis in a national U.S. Sample. Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101799. [PMID: 35656220 PMCID: PMC9152797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A national survey sampled current cannabis users. Users in medical cannabis states were less likely to report driving high. Users in recreational states were less likely to report driving high. Likelihood of driving high varied by frequency of cannabis use.
The relationship between cannabis legalization and traffic safety remains unclear. Physiological measures of cannabis impairment remain imperfect. This analysis used self-report data to examine the relationship between cannabis legalization and driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC)1. Using a cross-sectional national sample (2016–2017) of 1,249 past–30-day cannabis users, we regressed self-reported DUIC (driving within three hours of “getting high”) on cannabis legalization (recreational and medical (recreational), medical only (medical), or no legal cannabis), adjusting for demographics, days of use (past 30 days), days of use*legal status, calibration weights, and geographic clustering. The risk of DUIC in recreational (risk ratio [RR] = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.23–0.72) and medical (RR = 0.39, 95% CI:0.20–0.79) states was lower than in states without legal cannabis, with one exception. Among frequent cannabis users (≥20 days per month), there was a significantly lower risk of DUIC for those living in recreational states (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.49–0.99), but not for those living in medical states (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.60–1.24), compared to users living in states without legal cannabis. The risk of self-reported DUIC was lower in recreational and medical cannabis states compared to states without legal cannabis. The only exception was for frequent users in medical states, for whom there was no difference in risk compared to frequent users living in states without legal cannabis.
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