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Tang Y, Kirk B, Olanrewaju F, Abildso CG, Winstanley EL, Lilly CL, Rudisill TM. Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2024; 11:100232. [PMID: 38682152 PMCID: PMC11053264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background A systematic review of the literature was performed to summarize cannabis use among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Special focus was given to the prevalence of cannabis use during COVID-19, as well as factors that may explain changes in cannabis consumption patterns. Methods The protocol of this systematic review was registered. Articles from seven publication databases were searched in January 2022. The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: 1) published in English; 2) study instruments needed to include items on COVID-19; 3) conducted after January 1st, 2020; 4) published in a peer-reviewed journal, dissertation, or thesis; 5) study population ≤25 years of age; 6) study designs were limited to observational analytical studies; 7) measured cannabis use. This review excluded other reviews, editorials, and conference abstracts that were not available as full text manuscripts. Independent review, risk of bias assessment, and data abstraction were performed by two authors. Results Fifteen articles from the United States (n=11) and Canada (n=4) were included in this review. The findings of this review showed that the prevalence of cannabis use during the pandemic among adolescents and young adults were mixed. Some mental health symptoms, including depression and anxiety, were identified as the most commonly reported reasons for increased cannabis use during the pandemic. Conclusions This review highlights the inconsistencies in the prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents and young adults during the pandemic. Therapeutic interventions for mental health and continued public health surveillance should be conducted to understand the long-term effects of cannabis use among adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brenna Kirk
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Folawiyo Olanrewaju
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Christiaan G. Abildso
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Erin L. Winstanley
- Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christa L. Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Tang Y, Abildso CG, Lilly CL, Winstanley EL, Rudisill TM. Risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use among West Virginia college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Traffic Inj Prev 2024; 25:579-588. [PMID: 38572915 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2333906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use (DAMU) among West Virginia college students. METHODS Participants were recruited from West Virginia University between September and November 2022. The study sample was restricted to students who were ≥18 years of age; reported recently driving; possessed a current, valid driver's license from any US state; and were enrolled for at least one credit hour in the Fall 2022 semester. RESULTS Among respondents (N = 772), 28.9% reported DAMU. Students who had a GPA of B (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-4.42), smoked or ingested marijuana in the past year (AOR: 26.51, 95% CI: 10.27-68.39), drove after drinking (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.18-4.79), and used both marijuana and alcohol concurrently and then drove (AOR: 10.39, 95% CI: 2.32-46.54) associated with DAMU. Individuals who felt the behavior was somewhat dangerous or not dangerous or thought their peers approved of DAMU showed significant associations with DAMU. CONCLUSIONS As DAMU was prevalent, future interventions that raise awareness of the danger and potential consequences of DAMU may be needed to reduce this risky behavior on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christiaan G Abildso
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christa L Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Erin L Winstanley
- General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Benedetti MH, Schwebel DC, Lu B, Rudisill TM, Smith GA, Zhu M. Short-term impacts of all-driver handheld cellphone bans on high-schoolers' texting while driving: quasi-experimental analyses of Illinois and Georgia. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 184:107014. [PMID: 36858001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Teen drivers are more likely than their older counterparts to engage in distracted driving. Many states prohibit cellphone use for teen drivers, but only prohibit texting for all drivers. Evidence that these laws have been effective is mixed. We hypothesize that recent policy changes in Georgia and Illinois from teen cellphone bans with all-driver texting bans to all-driver handheld phone bans yielded short-term reductions in teen texting while driving. We analyzed Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in Georgia, Illinois, and control states North Carolina and Michigan. We estimated the reduction in texting while driving associated with policy changes via difference-in-differences models. In Illinois, 45.4 % of high school drivers texted while driving in 2013. After a 2014 policy change to an all-driver handheld ban, the percentage decreased in 2015 to 41.8 %, and decreased further in 2017 to 37.7 %. The adjusted DID estimate comparing Illinois to Michigan from 2013 to 2017 was -8.3 % (95 % CI: -15.5 % 1.1 %; p-value = 0.025). In Georgia, the percentage decreased from 37.5 % before the law to 30.8 % after, and the adjusted DID estimate comparing Georgia to North Carolina was -10.8 % (95 % CI: -19.0 %, -2.5 %; p-value = 0.011) than in North Carolina. Results support all-driver handheld phone bans to improve traffic safety for high school drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Benedetti
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 415 Campbell Hall, 701 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Bo Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 250 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26595, USA
| | - Gary A Smith
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 250 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 250 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Tang Y, Abildso CG, Lilly CL, Winstanley EL, Rudisill TM. Risk Factors Associated With Driving After Marijuana Use Among US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:544-552. [PMID: 36549978 PMCID: PMC9637518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with driving after marijuana use among US college students. METHODS A secondary analysis used the fall 2020 and spring 2021 American College Health Association- National College Health Assessment III and the dataset was restricted to college students ≥18 years of age who reported recent driving and marijuana use. Associations between risk factors and driving after marijuana use were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 29.9% (n = 4,947) of the respondents reported driving after marijuana use. Males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48-1.82), non-Hispanic Black (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.71), sexual minorities (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), individuals with an alcohol or substance use disorder (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.08-1.91), anxiety (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06-1.36), higher suicidality (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31), and those who also drank and drove (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.84-3.57) had a higher risk of driving after marijuana use. DISCUSSION Future research should focus on increasing awareness of driving after marijuana use and prevention programs and/or strategies on college campuses regarding driving after marijuana use for these groups to reduce this risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christiaan G Abildso
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christa L Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Erin L Winstanley
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Rudisill TM, Barbee LO, Hendricks B. Characteristics of Fatal, Pedestrian-Involved, Motor Vehicle Crashes in West Virginia: A Cross-Sectional and Spatial Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5251. [PMID: 37047867 PMCID: PMC10094108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fatal, pedestrian-involved, motor vehicle collisions are increasing in the United States yet remain lower in rural states such as West Virginia. This study's purpose was to investigate the overall risk factors of pedestrian fatalities by rurality and sex in West Virginia. Data were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. The fatality had to occur within West Virginia between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019. Risk factors of rural vs. urban and male vs. female crashes were determined using multivariable logistic regression models. Clustering of crash locations was analyzed using kernel density estimation and Ripley's K. Among the 254 fatalities, most victims were male (70%). Most crashes occurred at night (76%), on highways (73%), on level (71%), non-curved (84%), dry (82%) roads during fair weather conditions (82%). Nearly 34% of the victims tested positive for alcohol. Men were 2.5 times as likely to be hit in a rural area (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2, 5.4), on curved roads, and 57% less likely (OR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.2, 0.9) to test positive for drugs compared to women. Crash characteristics, including location, were similar between the sexes. As many risk factors were modifiable behaviors, public health interventions to ensure pedestrian safety may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Lauren Olivia Barbee
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Brian Hendricks
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Rudisill TM. The association between a statewide stay-at-home order and motor vehicle injury rates among population sub-groups in West Virginia. Traffic Inj Prev 2021; 22:501-506. [PMID: 34410833 PMCID: PMC8489257 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1960320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the relationship between Stay-At-Home orders issued by state governments due to the COVID-19 pandemic and their impacts on motor vehicle-related injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of a Stay-At-Home order was associated with lower rates of motor vehicle-related injuries requiring emergency medical treatment among population sub-groups in West Virginia (i.e., males, females, 0-17, 18-25, 26-45, 46-65, ≥66 years old). METHODS A Stay-At-Home order was in effect in West Virginia from March 23-May 4, 2020. Counts of individuals who incurred motor-vehicle-related injuries that required emergency medical treatment were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Syndromic Surveillance Program from January 1 thru September 6 of 2019 and 2020. Counts were obtained by week-year and by population sub-group in West Virginia. The presence of the Stay-At-Home order was binary coded by week. Negative binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between the presence of a Stay-At-Home and injury rates. 2019 population sub-group estimates were obtained from the United States Census Bureau and used as offsets in the models. Models were also adjusted for year and vehicle miles traveled by week-year. RESULTS There were 23,418 motor-vehicle related injuries during the study period. The presence of the Stay-At-Home order was associated with 44% less injuries overall [Incident Rate Ratio (IRR)=0.56, 95% CI 0.48, 0.64]. Females experienced fewer injuries than males (IRR = 0.49 vs 0.63, respectively) and the number of injuries decreased with age (p-value 0.031) when comparing time periods when the Stay-At-Home was in effect compared to times when it was not. CONCLUSIONS West Virginia's Stay-At-Home order was associated with lower motor-vehicle injury rates requiring medical treatment across all population sub-groups. Most population sub-groups likely altered their travel behaviors which resulted in lower motor-vehicle injury rates. These findings may inform future policies that impose emergency travel restrictions in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Pope CN, Nwosu A, Rudisill TM, Zhu M. Support for distracted driving laws: An analysis of adolescent drivers from the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2011 to 2017. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2021; 78:424-432. [PMID: 34616221 PMCID: PMC8489580 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent drivers are often the focus of traffic safety legislation as they are at increased risk for crash-related injury and death. However, the degree to which adolescents support distracted driving laws and factors contributing to their support are relatively unknown. Using a large, nationally weighted sample of adolescent drivers in the United States, we assessed if perceived threat from other road users' engagement in distracted driving, personal engagement in distracted driving behaviors, and the presence of state distracted driving laws was associated with support for distracted driving laws. METHODS The sample included 3565 adolescents (aged 16-18) who participated in the Traffic Safety Culture Index survey from 2011 to 2017. A modified Poisson regression model with robust errors was fit to the weighted data to examine support for distracted driving laws. Models included age, gender, year, state distracted driving laws, personal engagement in distracted driving behavior, and perceived threat from other road users' engaging in distracted driving. RESULTS Approximately 87% of adolescents supported a law against texting and emailing compared to 66% who supported a universal handheld cellphone law. Support for distracted driving legislation was associated with greater perceived threat of other road users engaging in distracted driving while accounting for personal engagement in distracted driving, state distracted driving laws, and developmental covariates. DISCUSSION Greater understanding of the factors behind legislative support is needed. Public health interventions focused on effectively translating the risks of cellphone use while driving and effective policy will further improve the traffic safety culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Pope
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Ann Nwosu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Motao Zhu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
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Rudisill TM, Preamble K, Pilkerton C. The liberalization of fireworks legislation and its effects on firework-related injuries in West Virginia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:137. [PMID: 32000733 PMCID: PMC6993478 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fifteen states, including West Virginia, have liberalized their laws concerning fireworks possession and sale. Effective June 1, 2016, House Bill 2852 enabled all Class C fireworks to be sold within the state. The effects of this policy on fireworks-related injuries requiring immediate medical care are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this policy may have affected the fireworks-related injury rate and/or injury severity. Methods Data were collected from the electronic medical records of patients treated by West Virginia University Medicine between June 1, 2015-May 31, 2017. The pre and post law periods were defined as June 1, 2015-May 31, 2016 and June 1, 2016-May 31, 2017, respectively. Fireworks-related injuries were identified via International Classification of Disease Clinical Modification codes and by free text searches of the electronic medical records. The rate of injuries pre and post-legislation were compared by Exact Poisson Regression, while demographic characteristics and injury severity were compared via Fisher’s Exact tests. Results 56 individuals were treated for fireworks-related injuries during the study period. The majority of patients were over 25 years of age (64%) and male (77%). Most of the injuries occurred within 7 days of a celebrated U.S. holiday (64%), and 28% were severe in nature. Age, sex, and injury severity did not significantly differ pre and post law passage. The injury rate per 100,000 patients was 39% higher after the law was enacted (p = 0.3475; incidence rate ratio 1.39, 95% Confidence Interval 0.74, 2.68). Conclusion The law increasing access to Class C fireworks may have affected the injury rate, but not injury severity among treated patients. Effective, evidence-based, public health interventions applicable to all age groups may be warranted particularly around national holidays. This study may inform other states looking to amend their legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, PO BOX 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Katarina Preamble
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Courtney Pilkerton
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9152, Morgantown, WV, 2506, USA
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Rudisill TM, Chu H, Zhu M. Cell phone use while driving laws and motor vehicle driver fatalities: differences in population subgroups and location. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:730-735. [PMID: 30143355 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research suggests that cell phone use while driving laws are associated with lower driver fatalities. This study seeks to determine whether this relationship is modified by driver age (16-24, 25-39, 40-59, ≥60), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (white non-Hispanic, white Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, other), or rurality (rural, urban). METHODS Fatality Analysis Reporting System data were merged with state legislation (2000-2014). The exposure was the type of legislation in effect. The outcome was non-alcohol-related driver fatalities by state-quarter-year. Incident rate ratios were estimated using generalized Poisson mixed regression for overdispersed count data with robust standard errors. RESULTS Amongst 190,544 drivers, compared to periods without bans, universal hand-held calling bans were associated with 10% (adjusted incident rate ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.84, 0.96) lower non-alcohol-related driver fatalities overall and up to 13% lower fatalities across all age groups and sexes but not for race/ethnicity or rurality. When comparing state-quarter-years with bans to those without, universal texting bans were not associated with lower fatalities overall or for any demographic group. CONCLUSIONS The relationships between cell phone laws and non-alcohol-related driver fatalities are modified by driver demographics, particularly for universal hand-held bans. Universal hand-held calling bans may benefit more types of drivers compared to texting bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Haitao Chu
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, College of Public Health Ohio State University, Columbus.
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Zhu M, Rudisill TM, Rauscher KJ, Davidov DM, Feng J. Risk Perceptions of Cellphone Use While Driving: Results from a Delphi Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15061074. [PMID: 29799475 PMCID: PMC6025330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellphone use while driving has been recognized as a growing and important public health issue by the World Health Organization and U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveys typically collect data on overall texting while driving, but do not differentiate between various forms of cellphone use. This study sought to improve the survey indicators when monitoring cellphone use among young drivers. Experts and young drivers were recruited to propose behavioral indicators (cellphone use while driving behaviors) and consequential indicators (safety consequences of cellphone use while driving) in 2016. Subsequently, experts and young drivers selected the top indicators using the Delphi survey method. We enrolled 22 experts with published articles on cellphone use while driving nationally, and seven young drivers who were freshmen at a state university. Sending a text or e-mail on a handheld phone was picked as the top behavioral indicator by both groups. However, young drivers chose playing music on a handheld phone as the second most important behavioral indicator, which was overlooked by experts. Injury/death and collision were the top two consequential indicators. Experts and young drivers identified the important survey indicators to monitor cellphone use while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Rauscher
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Danielle M Davidov
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Rudisill TM, Smith G, Chu H, Zhu M. Cellphone Legislation and Self-Reported Behaviors Among Subgroups of Adolescent U.S. Drivers. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:618-625. [PMID: 29478720 PMCID: PMC5931338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between cellphone use while driving legislation and self-reported adolescent driver behavior is poorly understood, especially across demographic subgroups. This study investigated the relationship between statewide cellphone legislation and cellphone use behaviors across adolescent driver subgroups, including age (16/17 vs. 18), sex, race/ethnicity (white non-Hispanic and others), and rurality (urban or rural). METHODS Data from the 2011-2014 Traffic Safety Culture Index Surveys were combined with state legislation. The outcomes were self-reported texting and handheld cellphone conversations. The exposure was the presence of a texting or handheld cellphone ban applicable to all drivers (i.e., universal) in the drivers' state of residence. A multilevel, modified Poisson regression model was used to estimate the risk of engaging in these behaviors. RESULTS Approximately 34% of respondents reported to have driven while conversing, and 37% texted and drove in the 30 days before the survey. Universal handheld calling bans were associated with lower occurrences of cellphone conversations across all groups except rural drivers. Overall, handheld cellphone bans were associated with 55% lower (adjusted risk ratio .45, 95% confidence interval .32-.63) occurrences of cellphone conversations. However, universal texting bans were not associated with fewer texting behaviors in any subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Universal handheld calling bans may discourage adolescents from engaging in handheld phone conversations, whereas universal texting bans may not fully discourage texting behaviors. More interventional or educational work is necessary, particularly addressing texting while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Gordon Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Haitao Chu
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Rudisill TM. Fueled by an Epidemic: A Spatial Analysis of Opioid-Positive Drivers Fatally Injured in Motor Vehicle Collisions in West Virginia, 2011-2015. Am J Public Health Res 2017; 5:124-129. [PMID: 35978864 PMCID: PMC9380650 DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-5-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcotics usage is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collision and opioid overdose deaths are elevated in West Virginia compared to other states in the United States. This analysis sought to determine the prevalence of narcotics among drivers fatally injured in motor vehicle collisions in West Virginia and to determine if these collisions were clustered in areas of the state where opioid use/abuse is high. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fatal crash data from 2011-2015 were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the locations of the collisions were plotted with spatial software. Spatial analyses, including nearest neighbor indexes, heat maps and hot-spots, were conducted to determine if and where clusters of opioid-positive crashes existed. The results of the spatial analyses were visually compared to the rates of opioid overdose deaths by county, which served as a proxy of opioid use/abuse. Of the 486 drivers, 19% (n=94) tested positive for opioids. A clustering of opioid positive crashes was detected in the state overall (nearest neighbor index=0.89, p-value=0.055). Hot-spots were detected in the lower regions of the state, which overlapped counties with the highest rates of opioid overdose deaths, and cold-spots were detected in areas with lower opioid overdose death rates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Individuals using narcotics may still operate motor vehicles, which may pose a threat to all road users in West Virginia. Public health interventions, education, or enforcement may be needed in areas of high opioid use/abuse to raise awareness of driving under the influence of drugs.
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Rudisill TM, Zhu M. Hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation and observed driver behavior among population sub-groups in the United States. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:437. [PMID: 28499425 PMCID: PMC5427616 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell phone use behaviors are known to vary across demographic sub-groups and geographic locations. This study examined whether universal hand-held calling while driving bans were associated with lower road-side observed hand-held cell phone conversations across drivers of different ages (16–24, 25–59, ≥60 years), sexes, races (White, African American, or other), ruralities (suburban, rural, or urban), and regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). Methods Data from the 2008–2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey were merged with states’ cell phone use while driving legislation. The exposure was presence of a universal hand-held cell phone ban at time of observation. Logistic regression was used to assess the odds of drivers having a hand-held cell phone conversation. Sub-groups differences were assessed using models with interaction terms. Results When universal hand-held cell phone bans were effective, hand-held cell phone conversations were lower across all driver demographic sub-groups and regions. Sub-group differences existed among the sexes (p-value, <0.0001) and regions (p-value, 0.0003). Compared to states without universal hand-held cell phone bans, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of a driver hand-held phone conversation was 0.34 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 0.41] for females versus 0.47 (CI 0.40, 0.55) for males and 0.31 (CI 0.25, 0.38) for drivers in Western states compared to 0.47 (CI 0.30, 0.72) in the Northeast and 0.50 (CI 0.38, 0.66) in the South. Conclusions The presence of universal hand-held cell phone bans were associated lower hand-held cell phone conversations across all driver sub-groups and regions. Hand-held phone conversations were particularly lower among female drivers and those from Western states when these bans were in effect. Public health interventions concerning hand-held cell phone use while driving could reasonably target all drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, RB3-WB5217, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Rudisill TM, Zhu M, Abate M, Davidov D, Delagarza V, Long DL, Sambamoorthi U, Thornton JD. Characterization of drug and alcohol use among senior drivers fatally injured in U.S. motor vehicle collisions, 2008-2012. Traffic Inj Prev 2016; 17:788-95. [PMID: 27027152 PMCID: PMC5039044 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1165809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adults 65 years of age and older comprise the fastest growing demographic in the United States. As substance use is projected to increase in this population, there is concern that more seniors will drive under the influence of impairing drugs. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the drug and alcohol usage among senior drivers fatally injured (FI) in traffic collisions. METHODS Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System were analyzed from 2008 to 2012. Commonly used classes and specific drugs were explored. Rates of drug use, multiple drugs, concomitant drug and alcohol use, and alcohol use alone were generated using Poisson regression with robust error variance estimation. Rates were compared to a reference population of FI middle-aged drivers (30 to 50 years old) using rate ratios. RESULTS Drug use among FI senior drivers occurred in 20.0% of those tested. Among drug-positive FI senior drivers, narcotics and depressants were frequent. The prevalence of testing positive for any drug, multiple drugs, combined drug and alcohol, and alcohol use alone among FI seniors were 47% less (relative risk [RR] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47, 0.62), 59% less (RR = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.34, 0.51), 87% less (RR = 0.13, 95% CI, 0.09, 0.19), and 77% less (RR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.19, 0.28), respectively, compared to FI middle-aged drivers. CONCLUSIONS Though overall drug use is less common among FI senior drivers relative to FI middle-aged drivers, driving under the influence of drugs may be a relevant traffic safety concern in a portion of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Marie Abate
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9520, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Danielle Davidov
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Social and Behavioral Sciences, PO BOX 9151, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Vincent Delagarza
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, PO BOX 8059, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - D. Leann Long
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Usha Sambamoorthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9510, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
| | - J. Doug Thornton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9510, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
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Rudisill TM, Zhu M, Kelley GA, Pilkerton C, Rudisill BR. Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collisions among licensed drivers: A systematic review. Accid Anal Prev 2016; 96:255-270. [PMID: 27569655 PMCID: PMC5045819 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Driving under the influence of prescription and over-the-counter medication is a growing public health concern. A systematic review of the literature was performed to investigate which specific medications were associated with increased risk of motor vehicle collision (MVC). METHODS The a priori inclusion criteria were: (1) studies published from English-language sources on or after January 1, 1960, (2) licensed drivers 15 years of age and older, (3) peer-reviewed publications, master's theses, doctoral dissertations, and conference papers, (4) studies limited to randomized control trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, or case-control type studies (5) outcome measure reported for at least one specific medication, (6) outcome measure reported as the odds or risk of a motor vehicle collision. Fourteen databases were examined along with hand-searching. Independent, dual selection of studies and data abstraction was performed. RESULTS Fifty-three medications were investigated by 27 studies included in the review. Fifteen (28.3%) were associated with an increased risk of MVC. These included Buprenorphine, Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Methadone, Tramadol, Levocitirizine, Diazepam, Flunitrazepam, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Temazepam, Triazolam, Carisoprodol, Zolpidem, and Zopiclone. CONCLUSIONS Several medications were associated with an increased risk of MVC and decreased driving ability. The associations between specific medication use and the increased risk of MVC and/or affected driving ability are complex. Future research opportunities are plentiful and worthy of such investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Motao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - George A Kelley
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Courtney Pilkerton
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, PO BOX 9151, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Zhu M, Rudisill TM, Heeringa S, Swedler D, Redelmeier DA. The association between handheld phone bans and the prevalence of handheld phone conversations among young drivers in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:833-837.e1. [PMID: 27894566 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fourteen US states and the District of Columbia have banned handheld phone use for all drivers. We examined whether such legislation was associated with reduced handheld phone conversations among drivers aged younger than 25 years. METHODS Data from the 2008 to 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey were merged with states' legislation. The outcome was roadside-observed handheld phone conversation at stop signs or lights. Logistic regression was used. RESULTS A total of 32,784 young drivers were observed. Relative to drivers who were observed in states without a universal handheld phone ban, the adjusted odds ratio of phone conversation was 0.42 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.53) for drivers who were observed in states with bans. The relative reduction in phone conversation was 46% (23%, 61%) for laws that were effective less than 1 year, 55% (32%, 70%) for 1-2 years, 63% (51%, 72%) for 2 years or more, relative to no laws. CONCLUSIONS Universal handheld phone bans may be effective at reducing handheld phone use among young drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motao Zhu
- The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | | | - David Swedler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES While numerous cell phone use while driving laws have been passed among states, little information exists regarding who gets cited for these traffic infractions and how much these laws are enforced at the state-level within the USA. DESIGN Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING 14 states and the District of Columbia. PARTICIPANTS Those receiving cell phone use while driving citations within included states from 2007 to 2013. PRIMARY OUTCOME Demographic characteristics of cited drivers were assessed. Rates of infractions per 100 000 licensed in-state drivers per year for various cell phone use while driving violations were calculated. RESULTS Drivers were cited for hand-held use violations (n=2.5 million) more than texting (n=14 682) or young driver all cell phone bans (n=342). Among states that provided data for all traffic violations, cell phone use while driving citations comprised 1% of all written citations. Regardless of ban type, males (68.2%) were cited more frequently than females. Drivers 25-64 years of age (90.8%) were more likely to be cited for hand-held phone use. The average yearly rate of infractions per 100 000 licensed in-state drivers from 2010-2013 was 5.8 for texting bans, 2607 for hand-held bans, and 9954 for any traffic violation. CONCLUSIONS Among cited drivers, age and sex differences existed by the type of ban violated. State-level enforcement appeared sparse. Due to the potential serious consequences of cell phone use while driving in the USA, more enforcement and targeted public safety campaigns are likely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Birru H, Rudisill TM, Fabio A, Zhu M. A comparison of self-reported seat belt usage among the Appalachian and non-Appalachian United States. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:227-30. [PMID: 26924615 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seat belts are known to effectively prevent death and serious injury among motorists involved in vehicular collisions. Limited research exists regarding seat belt usage in Appalachia. This study compares self-reported seat belt use in the Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties of the United States. METHODS Data from 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to calculate nationally representative estimates of consistent seat belt usage in each region. These estimates were stratified by age, sex, and rurality. Total and potential lives saved by seat belts were calculated for each region using 2012 Fatality Analysis Reporting System data. RESULTS Of the 345,513 respondents (unweighted), Appalachians were 6% less likely than non-Appalachians to always wear a seat belt (relative risk = 0.94, 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.95). Seat belt usage was consistently lower among Appalachians regardless of sex, age, or rurality. Only 68.1% of rural, Appalachian youth reported always wearing a seat belt. Seat belt usage was highest among non-Appalachian females residing in urban areas (92.5%). With 100% belt compliance, an additional 360 and 1712 potential lives could have been saved in Appalachia and non-Appalachia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Regional differences possibly influence seat belt usage. Therefore, public health interventions to increase seat belt usage in Appalachia are likely warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellina Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Toni M Rudisill
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Motao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
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Rudisill TM, Zhu M. The association between states' texting regulations and the prevalence of texting while driving among U.S. high school students. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:888-93. [PMID: 26688117 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine which distracted driving laws were associated with decreased texting while driving among U.S. teenage drivers. METHODS Data from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey were merged with states' distracted driving legislation. The prevalence of texting while driving was assessed for different laws using log-binomial regression. RESULTS Approximately 39.0% of students reported texting while driving at least once in the 30 days before survey. Compared to states with universal texting bans along with young driver all cellphone bans, the adjusted ratio of texting while driving was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.16) in states with no bans, 1.33 (95% CI, 1.11-1.58) for young driver bans only, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.00-1.52) in states with bans for young drivers but no young driver all cellphone bans, and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.66-1.19) in states with universal texting bans. The prevalence of texting was 28% less in states with delays of full licensure for texting offenses (prevalence ratio = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.88). CONCLUSIONS Universal texting bans along with young driver all cellphone bans may be more effective in reducing texting while driving. Delays of full licensure may dissuade young drivers from texting and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Motao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
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Rudisill TM, Zhao S, Abate MA, Coben JH, Zhu M. Trends in drug use among drivers killed in U.S. traffic crashes, 1999-2010. Accid Anal Prev 2014; 70:178-87. [PMID: 24793428 PMCID: PMC4064831 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driving under the influence of drugs is a global traffic safety and public health concern. This trend analysis examines the changes in general drug usage other than alcohol, broad categories, and typical prescription and illegal drugs among drivers fatally injured in motor vehicle crashes from 1999 to 2010 in the U.S. METHODS Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System were analyzed from 1999 to 2010. Drug prevalence rates and prevalence ratios (PR) were determined comparing rates in 2009-2010 to 1999-2000 using a random effects model. Changes in general drug usage, broad categories, and representative prescription and illegal drugs including, methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and cocaine, were explored. RESULTS Comparing 2009-2010 to 1999-2000, prevalence of drug usage increased 49% (PR=1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42, 1.55). The largest increases in broad drug categories were narcotics (PR=2.73; 95% CI 2.41, 3.08), depressants (PR=2.01; 95% CI 1.80, 2.25), and cannabinoids (PR=1.99; 95% CI 1.84, 2.16). The PR were 6.37 (95% CI 5.07, 8.02) for hydrocodone/oxycodone, 4.29 (95% CI 2.88, 6.37) for methadone, and 2.27 (95% CI 2.00, 2.58) for benzodiazepines. Barbiturates declined in rate over the 12-year period (PR=0.53; 95% CI 0.37, 0.75). Cocaine use increased until 2005 then progressively declined, though the rate remained relatively unchanged (PR=0.94; 95% CI 0.84, 1.06). CONCLUSIONS While more drivers are being tested and found drug-positive, there is evidence that a shift from illegal to prescription drugs may be occurring among fatally injured drivers in the U.S. Driving under the influence of prescription drugs is a growing traffic concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Songzhu Zhao
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marie A Abate
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Coben
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Motao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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