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Gupta AK, Mehrotra R. Presence of High Level of Sugars, Humectants, and Their Toxic By-Products in Diverse Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1259-1260. [PMID: 33438748 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alpana K Gupta
- Formerly Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- India Cancer Research Consortium-ICMR, New Delhi, India.,Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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Eldridge A, Betson T, Gama MV, Errington G, McAdam K. Investigation of number of replicate measurements required to meet cigarette smoke chemistry regulatory requirements measured under Canadian intense smoking conditions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104402. [PMID: 31199996 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been increased interest in recent years in regulatory reporting of cigarette smoke toxicants. There is a great deal of diversity in current regulatory standards around the world in terms of the identities of regulated toxicants, and the number of replicate analyses stipulated for their measurement. Furthermore, analytical methods developed collaboratively by several organisations and intended for regulatory analysis generally differ in their recommended replicate numbers to those stipulated by regulators. In view of these inconsistencies, we undertook an exercise to examine the most appropriate numbers of replicates required for regulatory analysis of cigarette smoke toxicants. A one-point-in-time sampling exercise was undertaken of the German cigarette market, with 161 brands sampled and analysed in a single laboratory using Canadian Intense smoking conditions. Seven replicate measurements were made for each analyte and product, other than nicotine, CO and nicotine-free dry particulate matter for which eight replicate measurements were made. After confirming the absence of order of analysis effects, a variety of statistical tests (such as group assessment, paired comparisons, linear regression models and ratio analysis) were conducted examining mean values, SDs and CVs to identify the role of numbers of analytical replicates on data quality. The statistical analysis showed no difference in mean values for any of the 18 toxicants irrespective of replicate numbers (between 3 and 7 or 8). The large majority of analytes showed no difference in data variability with replicate number; but some very small differences (much lower than within product variability) were observed for a minority of compounds. Similarly, paired analysis showed no significant differences between mean values obtained using different replicate numbers in most cases, apart from very low differences (<5%) for a small number. Linear regression analysis showed correlations around 96 to 98% (other than crotonaldehyde at 91%) between values obtained with 3 vs 7 replicates. Similarly, per product mean value ratio analysis showed 95% consistency between values obtained with 3 and 7 replicates. We therefore conclude that three replicates is sufficient for precise determination of cigarette mainstream smoke toxicant emissions, and that use of 7 replicates as stipulated in some regulator jurisdictions does not offer any greater accuracy or precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eldridge
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Milbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Tatiana Betson
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Milbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marcos Vinicius Gama
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Milbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Graham Errington
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Milbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kevin McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., 50 Leigh Road, Eastleigh, SO50 9DT, UK
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Jaccard G, Kondylis A, Gunduz I, Pijnenburg J, Belushkin M. Investigation and comparison of the transfer of TSNA from tobacco to cigarette mainstream smoke and to the aerosol of a heated tobacco product, THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:103-109. [PMID: 29928933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) levels in tobacco cut filler and cigarette smoke were measured in more than 1000 commercially available cigarettes sampled between 2008 and 2014. Relative contributions to their transfer from tobacco to the mainstream smoke in terms of direct transfer by distillation, pyrorelease, and pyrosynthesis were evaluated on the basis of the comparison with the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) was transferred essentially by distillation, while N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were transferred by pyrorelease or pyrosynthesis as well. In the case of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the aerosol was similar to that observed for cigarettes, while the % transfer of TSNAs from tobacco to THS 2.2 aerosol was 2-3 times lower than in cigarettes. This difference is due to the fact that the tobacco is heated instead of burnt resulting in a lower direct transfer by distillation and a lower if any contribution of pyrosynthesis or pyrorelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Irfan Gunduz
- Philip Morris International Management S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Pijnenburg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, Kumari S, Singh H, Saraf D, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:14-24. [PMID: 30264750 PMCID: PMC6172907 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2025_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of contents of tobacco products is one of the primary milestones to reduce negative health effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products. As per the available sources, testing of some SLT products has been done on ad hoc basis, but there is a lack of comprehensive and periodic analysis of these products. In addition, the available results indicate huge variations among the levels of pH, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosonornicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, heavy metals and nicotine within different products as well as within different brands of the same product. This review was aimed to throw light on the variations and gaps in testing of SLT products and emphasize the need for strong policy regulation for monitoring the chemical constituents of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraf
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub for Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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McAdam K, Murphy J, Eldridge A, Meredith C, Proctor C. Integrating chemical, toxicological and clinical research to assess the potential of reducing health risks associated with cigarette smoking through reducing toxicant emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:102-114. [PMID: 29526814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a risk continuum for tobacco and nicotine products has been proposed, which differentiates products according to their propensity to reduce toxicant exposure and risk. Cigarettes are deemed the most risky and medicinal nicotine the least. We assessed whether a Reduced-Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarette could sufficiently reduce exposure to toxicants versus conventional cigarettes to be considered a distinct category in the risk continuum. We present findings from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in order to examine the potential for reduced smoke toxicant emissions to lower health risks associated with cigarette smoking. We conclude that current toxicant reducing technologies are unable to reduce toxicant emissions sufficiently to manifest beneficial disease-relevant changes in smokers. These findings point to a minimum toxicant exposure standard that future potentially reduced risk products would need to meet to be considered for full biological assessment. The RTP met WHO TobReg proposed limits on cigarette toxicant emissions, however the absence of beneficial disease relevant changes in smokers after six months reduced toxicant cigarette use, does not provide evidence that these regulatory proposals will positively impact risks of smoking related diseases. Greater toxicant reductions, such as those that can be achieved in next generation products e.g. tobacco heating products and electronic cigarettes are likely to be necessary to clearly reduce risks compared with conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Alison Eldridge
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Clive Meredith
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
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Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Moennikes O, Jeannet C, Kondylis A, Belushkin M. Comparative assessment of HPHC yields in the Tobacco Heating System THS2.2 and commercial cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:1-8. [PMID: 28818540 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sustained effort in recent years to develop products with the potential to present less risk compared with continued smoking as an alternative for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes. During the non-clinical assessment phase of such products, the chemical composition and toxicity of their aerosols are frequently compared to the chemical composition and toxicity of the smoke from a standard research cigarette - the 3R4F reference cigarette. In the present study, it is demonstrated that results of these analytical comparisons are similar when considering commercially available cigarette products worldwide. A market mean reduction of about 90% is observed on average across a broad range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) measured in the aerosol of a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2), compared against the levels of HPHC of cigarettes representative of selected markets; this mean reduction is well in line with the reduction observed against 3R4F smoke constituents in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jaccard
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - D Tafin Djoko
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - O Moennikes
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - C Jeannet
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Kondylis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M Belushkin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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