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Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Korneliou A, Belushkin M. Analysis of waterpipe aerosol constituents in accordance with the ISO standard 22486. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1344-1349. [PMID: 33102137 PMCID: PMC7569180 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ISO 22486 to be complemented with real conditions for the evaluation of waterpipe. Charcoal is the main contributor to CO and BaP in waterpipe aerosols. Correlation between sugars content in tobaccos and formaldehyde yields in aerosols.
This study analyzed commercial waterpipe tobacco products in accordance with the newly developed ISO 22486 as well as with commercial waterpipes and charcoals using the ISO 22486 puffing regime for comparison. The aerosols from these products were analyzed for their nicotine, humectant, tobacco specific nitrosamine, carbonyl, benzo[a]pyrene, and metal yields. Significant differences were observed among the waterpipe tobacco products when analyzed in accordance with the ISO standard 22486 and with different commercial waterpipes and charcoals. The concentrations of CO and benzo[a]pyrene observed in the consumers’ configuration using the ISO 22486 puffing regime (with lit charcoal) were higher than those obtained with the ISO standard using electrical heating, with the yields for carbonyl compounds being lower or higher. The use of the recently published ISO standard for generating water pipe tobacco aerosols should be complemented with analysis by using the consumers’ configuration. The necessity for this was demonstrated by the differences in CO and benzo[a]pyrene yields in the present work. It appears that the temperature (280°C) selected for electrical heating of waterpipe tobacco products in ISO 22486 is somewhat lower than that obtained with commercial charcoals, resulting in a generally lower yield of nicotine and total collected matter. In addition, there is a need to evaluate the contribution of commercial charcoals to the concentration of constituents in waterpipe aerosols. This is particularly true for compounds resulting from charcoal combustion, such as CO and benzo[a]pyrene.
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Key Words
- Aldehydes
- BaP, benzo[a]pyrene
- Charcoals for waterpipe
- Formaldehyde
- HPHC, harmful and potentially harmful constituents
- ISO 22486
- NAB, N’-nitrosoanabasine
- NAT, N’-nitrosoanatabine
- NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone
- NNN, N’-nitrosonornicotine
- PAH, polyaromatic hydrocarbons
- PG, propyleneglycol
- RS, reducing sugars
- TA, total alkaloids
- TCM, total collected matter
- TSNA, tobacco specific nitrosamines
- Waterpipe
- Waterpipe aerosols
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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2
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Rodrigo G, Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Korneliou A, Esposito M, Belushkin M. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:283-298. [PMID: 33025067 PMCID: PMC7811518 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Health risk associated with the use of combustible cigarettes is well characterized and numerous epidemiological studies have been published for many years. Since more than a decade, innovative non-combusted tobacco products have emerged like heated tobacco products (HTP) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Long-term effects of these new products on health remain, however, unknown and there is a need to characterize associated potential health risks. The time dedicated to epidemiological data generation (at least 20 to 40 years for cancer endpoint), though, is not compatible with innovative development. Surrogates need, therefore, to be developed. In this work, non-cancer and cancer risks were estimated in a range of HTP and commercial combustible cigarettes based upon their harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in aerosols and smoke, respectively. It appears that mean lifetime cancer risk values were decreased by more than one order of magnitude when comparing HTPs and commercial cigarettes, and significantly higher margin of exposure for non-cancer risk was observed for HTPs when compared to commercial cigarettes. The same approach was applied to two commercial ECs. Similar results were also found for this category of products. Despite uncertainties related to the factors used for the calculations and methodological limitations, this approach is valuable to estimate health risks associated to the use of innovative products. Moreover, it acts as predictive tool in absence of long-term epidemiological data. Furthermore, both cancer and non-cancer risks estimated for HTPs and ECs highlight the potential of reduced risk for non-combusted products when compared to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Rodrigo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Belushkin M, Djoko DT, Esposito M, Korneliou A, Jeannet C, Lazzerini M, Jaccard G. Correction to “Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Levels in Commercial e-Cigarettes”. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2487. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Belushkin M, Tafin Djoko D, Esposito M, Korneliou A, Jeannet C, Lazzerini M, Jaccard G. Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Levels in Commercial e-Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:657-668. [PMID: 31859484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of commercially available electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) systems were tested for levels of emissions of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC), with a particular focus on the carbonyls: acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone; the elements arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel; benzene; 1,3-butadiene; and benzo(a)pyrene were also quantified. The results show that except for the levels of carbonyls, all types of e-cigarettes performed in a similar manner, and emission levels for HPHCs were generally not quantifiable. However, levels of carbonyls, especially formaldehyde, were highly variable. Overall, the lowest levels of formaldehyde were observed in cartridge systems, which generally achieved substantial reductions in yields in comparison with cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde levels in open tank systems were variable; however, the median formaldehyde levels across different brands were substantially lower than the formaldehyde levels in cigarette smoke. The results for variable-power devices operated at the highest voltage confirmed existing literature data regardless of orientation and differences in puffing regimes. Furthermore, our results show that many products deliver consistent HPHC yields over a broad range of testing conditions (with minimal variability from one device to another, under a range of puffing conditions). However, some products exhibit high variability in emissions of HPHCs. The use of air blanks is further highlighted to assess nonproduct-related contributions to HPHC levels to avoid misrepresentation of the data. Overall, our results highlight that some but not all electronic cigarettes deliver low levels of carbonyls consistently across the full e-liquid depletion cycle under different test conditions. The need for further research and standardization work on assessment of variable-voltage electronic cigarettes is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Cyril Jeannet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Massimo Lazzerini
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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5
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Stabbert R, Ghosh D, Clarke A, Miller J, Collard J, Crooks I, Tafin Djoko D, Larroque S, Jaccard G, Roemer E, Park CH, Esposito M. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements in the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 2: Smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:163-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Jaccard G, Djoko DT, Korneliou A, Stabbert R, Belushkin M, Esposito M. Mainstream smoke constituents and in vitro toxicity comparative analysis of 3R4F and 1R6F reference cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:222-231. [PMID: 30886823 PMCID: PMC6402302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes stock is depleting. 3R4F reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator. 1R6F reference cigarettes are a suitable replacement for 3R4F on the basis of smoke chemistry and in vitro assays.
A new Kentucky reference cigarette, 1R6F, has been manufactured to replace the depleting 3R4F reference cigarette. The 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator cigarettes for mainstream smoke analysis and in vitro and in vivo toxicological data of cigarettes and novel tobacco products. Both reference cigarettes were analyzed in the same laboratory during the same period of time with the goal of performing a comparison of 3R4F and 1R6F. On the basis of the results obtained from aerosol chemistry and in vitro assays, we consider that the 1R6F reference cigarette is a suitable replacement for the 3R4F reference cigarette as a comparator/monitor cigarette. Its specific use as a comparator for novel tobacco products was checked on the basis of a comparative test with the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stabbert
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Jaccard G, Belushkin M, Jeannet C, Aldilla EN, Ongko Wijoyo A. Investigation of menthol content and transfer rates in cigarettes and Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:48-52. [PMID: 30445138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Menthol cigarettes account for a significant market share in many countries. However, little recent data exists on menthol levels in cigarettes and in mainstream smoke, limited to some markets or specific cigarette designs, such as cigarettes containing capsules filled with flavoring liquids. Samples of mentholated cigarettes bought worldwide with a variety of cigarette designs were analyzed for menthol content in cigarettes and in cigarette mainstream smoke with two analytical machine smoking regimes. A wide range of menthol content in cigarettes, from 1 to 22 mg/cigarette, was observed. The transfer of menthol to the cigarette mainstream smoke was generally slightly higher than the transfer of nicotine, with a range of 17%-40% using an intense smoking regime and 1%-17% using the ISO smoking regime. For the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, the menthol content was 12.8 mg/stick, and the transfer of menthol into the aerosol was about 17% with the ISO intense smoking regime, similar to the transfer of nicotine. The menthol content of the novel product THS 2.2 corresponds to the midpoint of the menthol content range of cigarettes, and the transfer of menthol to its aerosol is in the low range of cigarette menthol transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Jeannet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Evi Nurlaili Aldilla
- PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. Scientific Technical Services Laboratories, Jl. Raya Surabaya Malang Km 51.4, 67161, Pasuruan, Indonesia
| | - Andry Ongko Wijoyo
- PT HM Sampoerna Tbk. Scientific Technical Services Laboratories, Jl. Raya Surabaya Malang Km 51.4, 67161, Pasuruan, Indonesia
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8
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Belushkin M, Esposito M, Jaccard G, Jeannet C, Korneliou A, Tafin Djoko D. Role of testing standards in smoke-free product assessments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Jaccard G, Kondylis A, Gunduz I, Pijnenburg J, Belushkin M. Investigation and comparison of the transfer of TSNA from tobacco to cigarette mainstream smoke and to the aerosol of a heated tobacco product, THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:103-109. [PMID: 29928933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) levels in tobacco cut filler and cigarette smoke were measured in more than 1000 commercially available cigarettes sampled between 2008 and 2014. Relative contributions to their transfer from tobacco to the mainstream smoke in terms of direct transfer by distillation, pyrorelease, and pyrosynthesis were evaluated on the basis of the comparison with the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) was transferred essentially by distillation, while N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were transferred by pyrorelease or pyrosynthesis as well. In the case of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2, the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the aerosol was similar to that observed for cigarettes, while the % transfer of TSNAs from tobacco to THS 2.2 aerosol was 2-3 times lower than in cigarettes. This difference is due to the fact that the tobacco is heated instead of burnt resulting in a lower direct transfer by distillation and a lower if any contribution of pyrosynthesis or pyrorelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Irfan Gunduz
- Philip Morris International Management S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Pijnenburg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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10
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Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Moennikes O, Jeannet C, Kondylis A, Belushkin M. Comparative assessment of HPHC yields in the Tobacco Heating System THS2.2 and commercial cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:1-8. [PMID: 28818540 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sustained effort in recent years to develop products with the potential to present less risk compared with continued smoking as an alternative for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes. During the non-clinical assessment phase of such products, the chemical composition and toxicity of their aerosols are frequently compared to the chemical composition and toxicity of the smoke from a standard research cigarette - the 3R4F reference cigarette. In the present study, it is demonstrated that results of these analytical comparisons are similar when considering commercially available cigarette products worldwide. A market mean reduction of about 90% is observed on average across a broad range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) measured in the aerosol of a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2), compared against the levels of HPHC of cigarettes representative of selected markets; this mean reduction is well in line with the reduction observed against 3R4F smoke constituents in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jaccard
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - D Tafin Djoko
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - O Moennikes
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - C Jeannet
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Kondylis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M Belushkin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 56, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Lusso M, Gunduz I, Kondylis A, Jaccard G, Ruffieux L, Gadani F, Lion K, Adams A, Morris W, Danielson T, Warek U, Strickland J. Novel approach for selective reduction of NNN in cigarette tobacco filler and mainstream smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:101-111. [PMID: 28736287 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted during past decades to reduce the level of the tobacco specific nitrosamine N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and its precursor nornicotine in tobacco yielded identification of three tobacco genes encoding for cytochrome P450 nicotine demethylases converting nicotine to nornicotine. We carried out trials to investigate the effect of using tobaccos containing three non-functional nicotine demethylase genes on the selective reduction of NNN in cigarette tobacco filler and mainstream smoke. Our results indicate that the presence of non-functional alleles of the three genes reduces the level of nornicotine and NNN in Burley tobacco by 70% compared to the level observed in currently available low converter (LC) Burley tobacco varieties. The new technology, named ZYVERT™, does not require a regular screening process, while a yearly selection process is needed to produce LC Burley tobacco seeds for NNN reduction. The reduction of NNN observed in smoke of blended prototype cigarettes is proportional to the inclusion level of tobacco having ZYVERT™ technology. Inclusion of Burley tobacco possessing the new trait into a typical American blend resulted in a selective reduction of NNN in cigarette smoke, while the levels of other Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC) currently in the abbreviated list provided by the US Food and Drug Administration are statistically equivalent in comparison with the levels obtained in reference prototype cigarettes containing LC Burley.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lusso
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - I Gunduz
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Leaf Agricultural Programs, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A Kondylis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - G Jaccard
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - L Ruffieux
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Leaf Agricultural Programs, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gadani
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - K Lion
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - A Adams
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - W Morris
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - T Danielson
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - U Warek
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - J Strickland
- Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development & Regulatory Affairs, 601 E. Jackson St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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Gunduz I, Kondylis A, Jaccard G, Renaud JM, Hofer R, Ruffieux L, Gadani F. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines NNN and NNK levels in cigarette brands between 2000 and 2014. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:113-20. [PMID: 26806560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke is investigated based on smoke and tobacco chemistry data of cigarette brands sold by Philip Morris International (PMI) between 2000 and 2014. A total of 315 cigarette samples representing a wide range of product and design characteristics manufactured by PMI between 2008 and 2014 were analyzed and compared to a previously published dataset of PMI brands manufactured in 2000. The data indicate that there is a substantial reduction of NNN and NNK levels in tobacco fillers and MS cigarette smoke per mg of tar and per mg of nicotine using Health Canada Intense (HCI) machine-smoking regime. This observed reduction in NNN and NNK levels in MS cigarette smoke is also supported by the downward trend observed on NNN and NNK levels in USA flue-cured Virginia and Burley tobacco lots from 2000 to 2014 crops, reflecting effectiveness of measures taken on curing and agricultural practices designed to minimize TSNA formation in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gunduz
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - A Kondylis
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G Jaccard
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Product and Process Quality, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - J-M Renaud
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - R Hofer
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - L Ruffieux
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Leaf Agricultural Programs, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gadani
- Philip Morris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Belushkin M, Jaccard G, Kondylis A. Considerations for comparative tobacco product assessments based on smoke constituent yields. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:105-13. [PMID: 26140819 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 8000 smoke constituents. The quantification of selected mainstream smoke constituent yields is one of the methods to evaluating and comparing the performance of different products. Numerous regulatory and scientific advisory bodies have used cigarette smoke constituent yield data for reporting and product comparison purposes. For more than a decade limitations of the indiscriminate application of traditional statistical methods such as the t-test for differences in comparative smoke constituent yield assessments lacking a specific study design, have been highlighted. In the present study, the variability of smoke constituent yields is demonstrated with data obtained under the ISO smoking regime for the Kentucky reference cigarette 3R4F and one commercial brand, analyzed on several occasions between 2007 and 2014. Specifically it is shown that statistically significant differences in the yields of selected smoke constituents do not readily translate to differences between products, and that tolerances need to be defined. To this end, two approaches have been proposed in the literature--minimal detectable differences, and the statistical equivalence. It is illustrated how both approaches provide more meaningful comparison outcomes than the statistical t-test for differences. The present study provides considerations relevant for comparative tobacco product assessments both in the scientific and regulatory contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belushkin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - G Jaccard
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Product & Process Quality, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Kondylis
- Philip Morrris Products SA, Product Development, Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Piadé JJ, Jaccard G, Dolka C, Belushkin M, Wajrock S. Differences in cadmium transfer from tobacco to cigarette smoke, compared to arsenic or lead. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:12-26. [PMID: 28962333 PMCID: PMC5598168 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, cadmium and lead levels in tobacco filler and cigarette smoke were determined in a 568-sample worldwide survey. Median tobacco levels for arsenic, cadmium and lead were 237, 769 and 397 ng/g respectively, comparable to those previously reported albeit somewhat lower for lead and cadmium. Median mainstream smoke yields for arsenic, cadmium and lead were <3.75, 18.2, and <12.8 ng/cig. under ISO, and <8.71, 75.1 and <45.7 ng/cig. under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime respectively. In the case of cigarettes with activated carbon, a selective retention of cadmium but not lead or arsenic was observed. This effect was more pronounced under ISO than under HCI smoking regimes. Cadmium selective retention by activated carbon was confirmed by testing specially designed prototype cigarettes and the causes for this selective filtration were investigated. The differences between cadmium, arsenic and lead in terms of their speciation in tobaccos and in cigarette smoke could be related to their distribution in the ash, butt, mainstream (in gas-phase and particulate-phase) and sidestream smoke of a smoked cigarette. The possible formation of organometallic cadmium derivatives in the smoke gas-phase is discussed, the presence of which could adequately explain the observed cadmium selective filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-J. Piadé
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G. Jaccard
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - C. Dolka
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. Belushkin
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - S. Wajrock
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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15
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Dolka C, Piadé JJ, Belushkin M, Jaccard G. Menthol Addition to Cigarettes Using Breakable Capsules in the Filter. Impact on the Mainstream Smoke Yields of the Health Canada List Constituents. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1430-43. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dolka
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - J.-J. Piadé
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. Belushkin
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G. Jaccard
- Philip Morris International, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Piadé JJ, Wajrock S, Jaccard G, Janeke G. Formation of mainstream cigarette smoke constituents prioritized by the World Health Organization--yield patterns observed in market surveys, clustering and inverse correlations. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:329-47. [PMID: 23357567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The WHO TobReg proposed mandating ceilings on selected smoke constituents determined from the market-specific median of nicotine-normalized yield distributions. Data validating this regulatory concept were obtained from essentially single-blend surveys. This process is strongly impacted by inverse correlations among yields. In the present study, 18 priority WHO smoke constituent yields (nicotine-normalized) were determined (using two smoking regimens) from 262 commercial brands including American, Virginia and local blends from 13 countries. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify yields patterns, clustering of blend types and the inverse correlations causing these clusters. Three principal components explain about 75% of total data variability. PC1 was sensitive to the relative levels of gas- and particle-phase compounds. PC2 and PC3 cluster American- and Virginia-blends, revealing inverse correlations: Nitrogen oxides and amino- or nitroso-aromatic compounds inversely correlate to either formaldehyde and acrolein, or benzo(a)pyrene and di-hydroxybenzenes. These results can be explained by reviewing the processes determining each components smoke delivery. Regulatory initiatives simultaneously targeting selected smoke constituents in markets with mixed blend styles will be strongly impacted by the inverse correlations described. It is difficult to predict the ultimate impact of such regulations on public health, considering the complex chemistry of cigarette smoke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Piadé
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Moeschlin S, Jaccard G, Bosshard M. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Therapie der Tuberkulose durch Kombination von Streptomycin mit PAS oder Sulfon-N-azetat. Respiration 2010. [DOI: 10.1159/000191154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Jaccard G. Beobachtungen über die Wirkung von Tuberkulin auf die Leukozyten tuberkulinempfindlicher Menschen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000228272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Bovet F, Brun R, Jaccard G, Kullet E, Favre F. L’interprétation des résultats de la réaction d’hémagglutination dans la tuberculose. Respiration 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000191519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wissler H, Jaccard G. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Verlauf der pulmonalen Primärtuberkulose bei Kindern und Erwaehsenen. Respiration 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000191184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Gloor H, Jaccard G. Statistische Beiträge zur Nierentuberkulose. Respiration 2008. [DOI: 10.1159/000191139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Anton K, Bach M, Berger C, Walch F, Jaccard G, Carlier Y. From Potential to Practice: Relevant Industrial Applications of Packed-Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/32.10.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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23
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Jaccard G, Wimperis S, Bodenhausen G. Observation of 2izsz order in NMR relaxation studies for measuring cross-correlation of chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar interactions. Chem Phys Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(87)80133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Jaccard G, Wimperis S, Bodenhausen G. Multiple‐quantum NMR spectroscopy ofS=3/2 spins in isotropic phase: A new probe for multiexponential relaxation. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.451458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Rhomberg F, Bächtold H, Danczkay I, Hugentobler F, Jaccard G, Kälin R, Pugatsch I, Stauffenegger M, Veraguth F, Waldvogel W. [Pindolol in benign essential hypertension. A group study by 12 Zürich internists]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1979; 109:990-4. [PMID: 462166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Löffler W, Jaccard G. Zur Klinik der hämatogenen tuberkulosen Streuphasen. Respiration 1952. [DOI: 10.1159/000191454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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