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Uno K, Rastegar B, Jansson C, Durand G, Valind A, Chattopadhyay S, Bertolotti A, Ciceri S, Spreafico F, Collini P, Perotti D, Mengelbier LH, Gisselsson D. A Gradual Transition Toward Anaplasia in Wilms Tumor Through Tolerance to Genetic Damage. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100382. [PMID: 37951357 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Wilms tumor (WT) in general have excellent survival, but the prognosis of patients belonging to the subgroup of WT with diffuse anaplasia (DA) is poor due to frequent resistance to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that DA WT cells might undergo changes, such as acquiring a persistent tolerance to DNA damage and copy number aberrations (CNAs), which could eventually lead to their resistance to chemotherapy treatment. Tissue sections from chemotherapy-treated DA WTs (n = 12) were compared with chemotherapy-treated nonanaplastic WTs (n = 15) in a tissue microarray system, enabling analysis of 769 tumor regions. All regions were scored for anaplastic features and immunohistochemistry was used to quantify p53 expression, proliferation index (Ki67), and DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX). CNAs were assessed by array-based genotyping and TP53 mutations using targeted sequencing. Proliferation index and the frequency of DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX dot expression) increased with higher anaplasia scores. Almost all (95.6%) areas with full-scale anaplasia had TP53 mutations or loss of heterozygosity, along with an increased amount of CNAs. Interestingly, areas with wild-type TP53 with loss of heterozygosity and only one feature of anaplasia (anaplasia score 1) also had significantly higher proliferation indices, more DNA double-strand breaks, and more CNAs than regions without any anaplastic features (score 0); such areas may be preanaplastic cell populations under selective pressure for TP53 mutations. In conclusion, we suggest that chemoresistance of DA WTs may be partly explained by a high proliferative capability of anaplastic cells, which also have a high burden of double-stranded DNA breaks and CNAs, and that there is a gradual emergence of anaplasia in WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Uno
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Bahar Rastegar
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Valind
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Now with Childhood Cancer Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Subhayan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessia Bertolotti
- Diagnostic and Molecular Research Lab, Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Spreafico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Soft Tissue Tumor Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perotti
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Oncology-Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Skåne Healthcare Region, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Ou Y, Yang Y, Yu H, Zhang X, Liu M, Wu Y. The prognostic significance of single-nucleotide polymorphism array-based whole-genome analysis and uniparental disomy in myelodysplastic syndrome. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:1062-1069. [PMID: 33650312 PMCID: PMC8518839 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of heterogeneous hematological diseases characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplastic morphology. Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A)‐based whole genome analysis has a much higher resolution for chromosomal alterations when compared with conventional cytogenetic tools. In the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic value and prognostic significance of SNP‐A in MDS patients with normal karyotypes. Methods A total of 127 patients with MDS and myeloproliferative neoplasms or acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia‐related changes were included in our study. The advantages and disadvantages of SNP‐A were compared with those of traditional metaphase cytogenetic analysis (MC). The Kaplan‐Meier analysis and COX regression analysis were used to investigate the prognostic value of SNP‐A and uniparental disomy (UPD) in MDS patients with normal karyotype. Furthermore, the chromosomal abnormalities detected by SNP‐A in patients with specific gene mutations were explored. Results SNP‐A was more sensitive toward meaningful chromosomal aberrations (58.2% vs 36.9%; P < .05) than MC. Among the patients with normal karyotype, those who were detected with new chromosomal abnormalities via SNP‐A presented with inferior survival compared with those without the abnormalities (P = .003). Additionally, the presence of UPD was an independent prognostic factor in patients with normal karyotype (P = .01). TP53 and RUNX1 mutations often occurred with abnormalities in chromosomes 17p and 21q, respectively. Conclusions Compared with MC, SNP‐A capable of detecting UPD can offer more diagnostic and prognostic information; TP53 and RUNX1 gene mutations are often accompanied by abnormalities in their chromosomes (17p, 22q).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Pancreatic duct ligation reduces premalignant pancreatic lesions in a Kras model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18344. [PMID: 33110094 PMCID: PMC7591874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) in the murine model has been described as an exocrine pancreatic atrophy-inducing procedure. However, its influence has scarcely been described on premalignant lesions. This study describes the histological changes of premalignant lesions and the gene expression in a well-defined model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by PDL. Selective ligation of the splenic lobe of the pancreas was performed in Ptf1a-Cre(+/ki); K-ras LSLG12Vgeo(+/ki) mice (PDL-Kras mice). Three experimental groups were evaluated: PDL group, controls and shams. The presence and number of premalignant lesions (PanIN 1–3 and Atypical Flat Lesions—AFL) in proximal (PP) and distal (DP) pancreas were studied for each group over time. Microarray analysis was performed to find differentially expressed genes (DEG) between PP and PD. Clinical human specimens after pancreaticoduodenectomy with ductal occlusion were also evaluated. PDL-Kras mice showed an intense pattern of atrophy in DP which was shrunk to a minimal portion of tissue. Mice in control and sham groups had a 7 and 10-time increase respectively of risk of high-grade PanIN 2 and 3 and AFL in their DP than PDL-Kras mice. Furthermore, PDL-Kras mice had significantly less PanIN 1 and 2 and AFL lesions in DP compared to PP. We identified 38 DEGs comparing PP and PD. Among them, several mapped to protein secretion and digestion while others such as Nupr1 have been previously associated with PanIN and PDAC. PDL in Ptf1a-Cre(+/ki); K-ras LSLG12Vgeo(+/ki) mice induces a decrease in the presence of premalignant lesions in the ligated DP. This could be a potential line of research of interest in some cancerous risk patients.
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Jasek M, Gondek LP, Bejanyan N, Tiu R, Huh J, Theil KS, O'Keefe C, McDevitt MA, Maciejewski JP. TP53 mutations in myeloid malignancies are either homozygous or hemizygous due to copy number-neutral loss of heterozygosity or deletion of 17p. Leukemia 2009; 24:216-9. [PMID: 19759556 PMCID: PMC2806506 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fujii K, Miyashita K, Yamada Y, Eguchi T, Taguchi KI, Oda Y, Oda S, Yoshida MA, Tanaka M, Tsuneyoshi M. Simulation-based analyses reveal stable microsatellite sequences in human pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 189:5-14. [PMID: 19167606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic analysis using tissue samples is an essential approach in cancer genetics. However, technical and biological limits exist in this approach. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is frequently observed in human tumors. MSI assays are now prevalent and regarded as commonplace. However, several technical problems have been left unsolved in the conventional assay technique. Indeed, the reported frequencies of MSI differ widely in each malignancy. An example is pancreatic cancer. Using a unique fluorescent technique, we found that MSI is extremely infrequent in this malignancy, despite the relatively high frequencies in some reports. In a series of simulations, we have demonstrated that the extremely low frequency was derived neither from less sensitive assays nor from a scarcity of cancer cells in tissue samples. Furthermore, analyzing laser-capture microdissection (LCM)-processed cell populations of a microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116, we have shown that MSI can be detected only when comparing two cell populations that have grown independently to a sufficiently large size. When MSI is not detected in analyses using tissue samples, LCM is not advisable. We therefore did not extend our study to LCM of tissue specimens. We conclude that microsatellite sequence alterations are not detectable in human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujii
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Wynter CVA. The dialectics of cancer: A theory of the initiation and development of cancer through errors in RNAi. Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:612-35. [PMID: 16359827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent discoveries of the RNA-mediated interference system in cells could explain all of the known features of human carcinogenesis. A key, novel idea, proposed here, is that the cell has the ability to recognise a mutated protein and/or mRNA. Secondly, the cell can generate its own short interfering RNA (siRNA) using an RNA polymerase to destroy mutated mRNA, even when only a single base pair in the gene has mutated. The anti-sense strand of the short RNA molecule (called sicRNA), targets the mutated mRNA of an oncogene or a tumour suppressor. The resulting double stranded RNA, using the RNA-induced silencing complex in the cytoplasm dices the mutated mRNA. In cancer-prone tissues, during cell mitosis, the sicRNA complex can move into the nucleus to target the mutated gene. The sicRNA, possibly edited by dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase, converting adenosines to inosines, can be retained in the nucleus, with enhanced destructive capability. The sicRNA triggers the assembly of protein complexes leading to epigenetic modification of the promoter site of the mutant gene, specifically methylation of cytosines. In some instances, instead of methylation, the homologous DNA is degraded, leading to loss of heterozygosity. The factors controlling these two actions are unknown but the result is gene silencing or physical destruction of the mutant gene. The cell survives dependent on the functioning of the single, wild-type allele. An error in RNAi defence occurs when the sicRNA enters the nucleus and targets the sense strand of the wrong DNA. The sicRNA, because of the similarity of its short sequence and relaxed stringency, can target other RNAs, which are being transcribed. This can result in the methylation of the wrong promoter site of a gene or LOH of that region. In the vast majority of these cases, the aberrant hybridisations will have no effect on cell function or apoptosis eliminates non-viable cells. On a rare occasion, a preneoplastic cell is initiated when aberrant hybridisations switches on/off a gene involved in apoptosis, as well as a gene involved in cell proliferation and DNA damage surveillance. Genetic instability results when the sicRNA competes for a repeat sequence in the centromere or telomere, leading to gross chromosomal rearrangements. A malignancy develops when the sicRNAs fortuitously targets a microRNA (miRNA) or activates a transcription factor, resulting in the translation of a large number of new genes, alien to that tissue. This leads to dedifferentiation of the tissue, a resculpting of the histone code, chromosomal rearrangements, along a number of specific pathways, the gain of immortality and the dissemination of a metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral V A Wynter
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Kramata P, Lu YP, Lou YR, Singh RN, Kwon SM, Conney AH. Patches of mutant p53-immunoreactive epidermal cells induced by chronic UVB Irradiation harbor the same p53 mutations as squamous cell carcinomas in the skin of hairless SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3577-85. [PMID: 15867351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of SKH-1 hairless mice with UVB (30 mJ/cm(2)) twice a week for 20 weeks results in the formation of cellular patches, long before the appearance of tumors, that are visualized in epidermal sheets with an antibody (PAb240) recognizing mutated p53 protein. Direct sequencing analysis of the whole coding region of the p53 gene (exons 2-11) detected one or two mutations in 64.4% of 104 analyzed patches and no mutations in nonstained adjacent normal controls. Homozygous mutation was detected in 22.4% of the mutant patches. Except for two nonsense mutations, all others were missense (exons 4-9) and mostly (95.5%) at the DNA-binding domain. Primer extension analysis of cloned PCR fragments found three of four double-mutated patches harboring different mutations in separate alleles. All mutation hotspots reported earlier in UVB-induced mouse squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) at codons 270 (Arg --> Cys), 149 (Pro --> Ser), 275 (Pro --> Leu and Pro --> Ser), and 176 (His --> Tyr) with a frequency of 32.1%, 7.1%, 14.7%, and 3.2% were detected in epidermal patches at a frequency 47.7%, 9.1%, 4.5%, and 2.3%, respectively. Mutations at codons 210 and 191 found in patches at respective frequencies of 8.0% and 4.5% were not previously detected in UVB-induced mouse SCC. In summary, (a) the p53 mutation profile of UVB-induced skin patches and SCC was very similar suggesting that patches are precursor lesions for SCC, (b) a small number of patches harbored mutations that were not before observed in SCC from UVB-treated mice, and (c) about 36% of the patches did not harbor a p53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kramata
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA.
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Beetz C, Hartmann A, Kiehntopf M, Wölfl S, Kalff R, Deufel T, Patt S. Rapid generation of detailed loss of heterozygosity profiles for routine diagnosis of gliomas. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42:595-601. [PMID: 15259374 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in the genomes of gliomas seem to correlate well with clinical parameters. Pertinent studies, however, rely on highly sophisticated methods, they require large amounts of high-quality sample material and/or they demand profound analytical expertise. Consequently, molecular tumour analysis has not yet been widely implemented in routine laboratory applications. We have developed an easy-to-perform approach for the rapid derivation of a detailed loss-of-heterozygosity profile from individual gliomas. DNA of PCR quality is extracted in a one-step procedure from routinely obtained material. A microsatellite-based marker set is used to detect the deletion status of genomic regions (i) with established diagnostic relevance, (ii) recurrently found deleted in gliomas, or (iii) generally associated with tumour suppressor activity. The complete profile comprises 25 regions and is generated from 64 markers multiplexed into 18 reactions. Illustratively, we present findings from an anaplastic oligodendroglioma; the molecular data for this tumour allow refined diagnostic and prognostic statements that could not be derived from histology alone. Our approach should prove useful in the routine diagnosis of gliomas. Simultaneously, research data for many highly relevant regions are generated in a comparatively simple and inexpensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beetz
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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Pantalone D, Pelo E, Minuti B, Giotti I, Mazza E, Falchini M, Neri B, Nesi G, Roberta Girardi L, Pulli R, Credi G, Torricelli F. p53 and DPC4 alterations in the bile of patients with pancreatic carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2004; 88:210-6. [PMID: 15565642 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is still predominantly diagnosed in advanced stages, and 85%-90% of patients are not eligible for surgery at diagnosis. This is mainly due to the great difficulty in detecting the tumour at an early stage and presently no satisfactory results have been obtained to overcome this problem. Studies on molecular genetic profile of pancreatic cancer may represent an important approach. This study was focused on the mutations of p53 and DPC4 detectable in the bile of patients with histologically proven pancreatic cancers. MATERIALS AND PATIENTS We analysed specimens of bile collected through percutaneous transhepatic biliary catheters, placed to treat malignant biliary obstruction in 25 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A percentage of mutation was obtained of 43 % for the microsatellite D17S945 (p53), 54% and 50 % for D18S46 and D18S474 (DPC4), respectively. The percentage of amplification was 67%, 93,6%, and 80%. CONCLUSION We consider the results encouraging enough to decide to enlarge the number of patients examined. The aim is to determine if a test for DPC4 and p53 mutations is eligible for introduction in clinical routine use. More sets of samples are required to satisfactorily answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Pantalone
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Department of Critical Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Surgery and Surgical Disciplines, Firenze, Italy.
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Miller BJ, Wang D, Krahe R, Wright FA. Pooled analysis of loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer: a genome scan provides comparative evidence for multiple tumor suppressors and identifies novel candidate regions. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:748-67. [PMID: 13680524 PMCID: PMC1180599 DOI: 10.1086/378522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2003] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been widely reported in breast cancer as a means of identifying putative tumor-suppressor genes. However, individual studies have rarely spanned more than a single chromosome, and the varying criteria used to declare LOH complicate efforts to formally differentiate regions of consistent versus sporadic (random) loss. We report here the compilation of an extensive database from 151 published LOH studies of breast cancer, with summary data from >15,000 tumors and primary allelotypes from >4,300 tumors. Allelic loss was evaluated at 1,168 marker loci, with large variation in the density of informative observations across the genome. Using studies in which primary allelotype information was available, we employed a likelihood-based approach with a formal chromosomal instability and selection model. The approach seeks direct evidence for preferential loss at each locus compared with nearby loci, accounts for heterogeneity across studies, and enables the direct comparison of candidate regions across the genome. Striking preferential loss was observed (in descending order of significance) in specific regions of chromosomes 7q, 16q, 13q, 17p, 8p, 21q, 3p, 18q, 2q, and 19p, as well as other regions, in many cases coinciding with previously identified candidate genes or known fragile sites. Many of these observations were not possible from any single LOH study, and our results suggest that many previously reported LOH results are not systematic or reproducible. Our approach provides a comparative framework for further investigation of regions exhibiting LOH and identifies broad genomic regions for which there exist few data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Program in Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biostatistics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Daolong Wang
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Program in Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biostatistics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Ralf Krahe
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Program in Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biostatistics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Fred A. Wright
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Program in Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Department of Biostatistics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Butz J, Wickstrom E, Edwards J. Characterization of mutations and loss of heterozygosity of p53 and K-ras2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines by immobilized polymerase chain reaction. BMC Biotechnol 2003; 3:11. [PMID: 12877750 PMCID: PMC183853 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of known mutations in a cell population is important for clinical applications and basic cancer research. In this work an immobilized form of the polymerase chain reaction, referred to as polony technology, was used to detect mutations as well as gene deletions, resulting in loss of heterozygosity (LOH), in cancer cell lines. Specifically, the mutational hotspots in p53, namely codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273, and 282, and K-ras2, codons 12, 13 and 61, were genotyped in the pancreatic cell line, Panc-1. In addition LOH analysis was also performed for these same two genes in Panc-1 by quantifying the relative gene copy number of p53 and K-ras2. RESULTS Using polony technology, Panc-1 was determined to possess only one copy of p53, which possessed a mutation in codon 273, and two copies of K-ras2, one wildtype and one with a mutation in codon 12. To further demonstrate the general approach of this method, polonies were also used to detect K-ras2 mutations in the pancreatic cell lines, AsPc-1 and CAPAN-1. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have developed an assay that can detect mutations in hotspots of p53 and K-ras2 as well as diagnose LOH in these same genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Butz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric Wickstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jeremy Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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12
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Soldini D, Gugger M, Burckhardt E, Kappeler A, Laissue JA, Mazzucchelli L. Progressive genomic alterations in intraductal papillary mucinous tumours of the pancreas and morphologically similar lesions of the pancreatic ducts. J Pathol 2003; 199:453-61. [PMID: 12635136 DOI: 10.1002/path.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous tumours (IPMTs) of the pancreas are rare neoplasms characterized by a prominent intraductal component, and by malignant potential. Little data exists concerning numerical chromosome aberrations in IPMTs. The biological significance of mucinous epithelial changes (mucinous hyperplasia) in small branching ducts adjacent to IPMTs also remains unclear. From a series of 12 IPMTs, we investigated by interphase cytogenetics 22 foci with mucinous hyperplasia, 27 foci with borderline lesions, and 11 samples with either intraductal (CIS) or invasive carcinoma. Chromosome 6 loss was detected in areas with mucinous hyperplasia (36.3%), borderline lesions (96.3%), and CIS/invasive carcinoma (100%). Similar losses, indicating clonal progression, were found for chromosome 17 (18.2%, 81.5%, and 100%), and for chromosome 18 (0%, 18.5%, and 100%). Quantitative analysis showed a significant intraductal expansion of cell clones harbouring these numerical aberrations within the spectrum of IPMTs. Mucinous epithelial changes in 11 resection samples with chronic pancreatitis showed monosomy 6 (36%) and monosomy 17 (27%). Conversely, areas with low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN-1), obtained from eight surgical specimens with ductal adenocarcinoma, showed monosomies for chromosome 6, 17, and 18 (100%, 87%, and 50%, respectively). We conclude that monosomies, as defined by FISH analysis, are frequent in both IPMTs and mucinous hyperplasia of pancreatic ducts adjacent to IPMTs. Monosomy 6 may represent an early event in the stepwise accumulation of genomic mutations necessary for the neoplastic transformation of pancreatic duct epithelia, whereas loss of chromosome 18 may be implicated in the progression of borderline to malignant IPMT. The detection of complex chromosomal aberrations in mucinous epithelial changes, and the quantitative expansion of monosomic cell clones in pancreatic ducts, provide evidence for a continuum between hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelial changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Soldini
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Hiroyasu M, Ozeki M, Kohda H, Echizenya M, Tanaka T, Hiai H, Toyokuni S. Specific allelic loss of p16 (INK4A) tumor suppressor gene after weeks of iron-mediated oxidative damage during rat renal carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:419-24. [PMID: 11839561 PMCID: PMC1850668 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative tissue damage has been shown to be associated with carcinogenesis. In human cancers p16(INK4A) is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes. The present study used the ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced rat renal carcinogenesis model to determine whether oxidative damage can cause specific allelic loss of p16 (INK4A). By the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization in combination with imprint cytology at single-cell resolution, we found that the number of renal tubular cells with aneuploidy (1 or 3 signals) at the p16(INK4A) locus was significantly and specifically increased (1 week, 37.2 +/- 2.3%; 3 weeks, 37.8 +/- 1.3% vs control, 22.5 +/- 1.9%; mean +/- SE, N = 8; P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) after repeated intraperitoneal administration of 5 to10 mg of iron/kg in the form of Fe-NTA for 3 weeks. No increase in aneuploidy was observed at the loci of either the p53 or vhl tumor suppressor gene. Furthermore, the increase in the cells with 3 signals was followed by a continuous increase in those with 1 signal. Therefore, the p16 (INK4A) locus is specifically vulnerable to oxidative damage, leading to its allelic loss within weeks, presumably due to a deficiency in the replication of both the alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hiroyasu
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Thiagalingam S, Foy RL, Cheng KH, Lee HJ, Thiagalingam A, Ponte JF. Loss of heterozygosity as a predictor to map tumor suppressor genes in cancer: molecular basis of its occurrence. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14:65-72. [PMID: 11790983 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200201000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High frequency of chromosomal deletions elicited as losses of heterozygosity is a hallmark of genomic instability in cancer. Functional losses of tumor suppressor genes caused by loss of heterozygosity at defined regions during clonal selection for growth advantage define the minimally lost regions as their likely locations on chromosomes. Loss of heterozygosity is elicited at the molecular or cytogenetic level as a deletion, a gene conversion, single or double homologous and nonhomologous mitotic recombinations, a translocation, chromosome breakage and loss, chromosomal fusion or telomeric end-to-end fusions, or whole chromosome loss with or without accompanying duplication of the retained chromosome. Because of the high level of specificity, loss of heterozygosity has recently become invaluable as a marker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. The molecular defects for the occurrence of loss of heterozygosity are derived from disabled caretaker genes, which protect the integrity of DNA, or chromosome segregator genes, which mediate faithful chromosome disjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Thiagalingam
- Genetics & Molecular Medicine Programs and Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
The human genome sequence provides the framework for understanding the biology of human cell function. The next step is to intensify the investigation of protein function in the context of complex biological systems. Cellular functions are carried out by molecular complexes acting in concert rather than by single molecules or single reactions. Parallels have been drawn between scale-free nonbiologic networks and functionally interconnected metabolic pathways in the cell. Modeling of metabolic networks, in which functional modules or subnetworks represent individual related pathways, will lead to the prediction of protein function in the larger context of a complex system. Depending on the robustness of these metabolic networks, single-gene defects alone or in combination with other gene defects and the environment have the potential for invoking a spectrum of alterations in the integrity of a given network. The overall purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of simple heterozygosity for one pathogenic mutation or combinatorial heterozygosity for two or more mutations within or between individual genes in altering the stability of metabolic networks. Several forms of heterozygosity are considered, e.g., intra- and interallelic heterozygosity and double heterozygosity. The concepts of synergistic heterozygosity, loss of heterozygosity, and mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy also are discussed in relation to the quantitative effects of coexisting mutations on the phenotypic expression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Vladutiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 936 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA.
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