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The Effect of a Peptide Substrate Containing an Unnatural Branched Amino Acid on Chymotrypsin Activity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) is a low molecular weight fluorescent probe that can be attached to a peptide to enable the detection of specific proteases, such as chymotrypsin, expressed in certain diseases. Because this detection depends on the specificity of the protease toward the peptidyl AMC, the development of specific substrates is required. To investigate the specificity of chymotrypsin, peptidyl AMC compounds incorporating four different amino acid residues were prepared by liquid-phase synthesis. Two unnatural amino acids, 2-amino-4-ethylhexanoic acid (AEH) and cyclohexylalanine (Cha), were used to investigate the substrate specificity as these amino acids have structures different from natural amino acids. AEH was synthesized using diethyl acetamidemalonate as a starting material. The substrate containing Cha had high hydrophobicity and showed a high reaction velocity with chymotrypsin. Although the AEH substrate with a branched side chain had high hydrophobicity, it showed a low reaction velocity. The substrate containing the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine was less hydrophobic than the Cha and AEH substrates, but chymotrypsin showed the highest specificity for this compound. These results demonstrated that the substrate specificity of chymotrypsin is not only affected by the hydrophobicity and aromaticity, but also by the structural expanse of amino acid residues in the substrate.
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Calpain Activation by Ca2+ and Its Role in Phagocytosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:129-151. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kiely AP, Miners JS, Courtney R, Strand C, Love S, Holton JL. Exploring the putative role of kallikrein-6, calpain-1 and cathepsin-D in the proteolytic degradation of α-synuclein in multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:347-360. [PMID: 29993134 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is evidence that accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) results from impaired removal of α-syn rather than its overproduction. Kallikrein-6 (KLK6), calpain-1 (CAPN1) and cathepsin-D (CTSD) are among a small number of proteases that cleave α-syn and are dysregulated in PD and DLB. Our aim in this study was to determine whether protease activity is altered in another α-synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy (MSA), and might thereby modulate the regional distribution of α-syn accumulation. METHODS mRNA and protein level and/or activity of KLK6, CAPN1 and CTSD were measured and assessed in relation to α-syn load in multiple brain regions (posterior frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, occipital cortex, pontine base and cerebellar white matter), in MSA (n = 20) and age-matched postmortem control tissue (n = 20). RESULTS CTSD activity was elevated in MSA in the pontine base and cerebellar white matter. KLK6 and CAPN1 levels were elevated in MSA in the putamen and cerebellar white matter. However, the activity or level of these proteolytic enzymes did not correlate with the regional distribution of α-syn. CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of α-syn in MSA is not due to reduced activity of the proteases we have studied. We suggest that their upregulation is likely to be a compensatory response to increased α-syn in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kiely
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - J S Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R Courtney
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Love
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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An easy-to-use FRET protein substrate to detect calpain cleavage in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Niederhafner P, Šafařík M, Brichtová E, Šebestík J. Rapid acidolysis of benzyl group as a suitable approach for syntheses of peptides naturally produced by oxidative stress and containing 3-nitrotyrosine. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1087-1098. [PMID: 26767371 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (Nit) belongs to products of oxidative stress and could probably influence conformation of neurodegenerative proteins. Syntheses of peptides require availability of suitable synthon for introduction of Nit residue. Common phenolic protection groups are more acid labile, when they are attached to Nit residue. We have found that Fmoc-Nit(Bn)-OH is a good building block for syntheses of Nit containing peptides by Fmoc/tBu strategy. Interestingly, the peptides containing multiple Nit residues can be available solely by use of Fmoc-Nit(Bn)-OH synthon. Bn is removed rapidly with ca 80 % trifluoroacetic acid in dark. The cleavage of Bn from Fmoc-Nit(Bn)-OH proceeds via pseudo-first order mechanism with activation barrier 32 kcal mol(-1) and rate k = 15.3 s(-1) at 20 °C. This rate is more than 2,000,000 times faster than that for cleavage of benzyl from Tyr(Bn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Niederhafner
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šafařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Brichtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Adams SE, Robinson EJ, Miller DJ, Rizkallah PJ, Hallett MB, Allemann RK. Conformationally restricted calpain inhibitors. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6865-6871. [PMID: 28757975 PMCID: PMC5508670 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidised α-mercaptoacrylic acid derivatives are potent conformationally restricted calpain-I inhibitors that mimic the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin.
The cysteine protease calpain-I is linked to several diseases and is therefore a valuable target for inhibition. Selective inhibition of calpain-I has proved difficult as most compounds target the active site and inhibit a broad spectrum of cysteine proteases as well as other calpain isoforms. Selective inhibitors might not only be potential drugs but should act as tools to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of calpain-I. α-Mercaptoacrylic acid based calpain inhibitors are potent, cell permeable and selective inhibitors of calpain-I and calpain-II. These inhibitors target the calcium binding domain PEF(S) of calpain-I and -II. Here X-ray diffraction analysis of co-crystals of PEF(S) revealed that the disulfide form of an α-mercaptoacrylic acid bound within a hydrophobic groove that is also targeted by a calpastatin inhibitory region and made a greater number of favourable interactions with the protein than the reduced sulfhydryl form. Measurement of the inhibitory potency of the α-mercaptoacrylic acids and X-ray crystallography revealed that the IC50 values decreased significantly on oxidation as a consequence of the stereo-electronic properties of disulfide bonds that restrict rotation around the S–S bond. Consequently, thioether analogues inhibited calpain-I with potencies similar to those of the free sulfhydryl forms of α-mercaptoacrylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - E J Robinson
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - D J Miller
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
| | - P J Rizkallah
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - M B Hallett
- Institute of Infection & Immunology , School of Medicine , Heath Campus , Cardiff , UK CF14 4XN
| | - R K Allemann
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , UK CF10 3AT . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 29 2087 9014
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Active calpain in phagocytically competent human neutrophils: electroinjection of fluorogenic calpain substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:341-6. [PMID: 25576867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calpain has been implicated in the apparent expansion of neutrophil plasma membrane that accompanies cell spreading and phagocytosis. In order to test this hypothesis, an internally quenched fluorescent peptide substrate of calpain-1 which increased in fluorescence on cleavage, was micro-electroinjected into neutrophils. The fluorescence intensity increased in a significant number of neutrophils, including those which appeared to be in a morphologically resting (spherical) state. In order to test whether calpain was activated by an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) during the injection, Ca(2+) chelators were added to the injectate and cytosolic free Ca(2+) in the receiving neutrophil was simultaneously monitored. It was shown that this approach could be used without raising Ca(2+) within the injected cell. Despite this, approximately 75% of individual neutrophils had calpain activity which consumed the substrate within approx. 100 s. It was found that all neutrophils had elevated calpain activity were phagocytically competent; whereas neutrophils with low or undetectable calpain activity failed to undergo phagocytosis. This association was consistent with the hypothesis that calpain activity within neutrophils was necessary for them to undergo efficient phagocytosis.
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Miners JS, Renfrew R, Swirski M, Love S. Accumulation of α-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies is associated with decline in the α-synuclein-degrading enzymes kallikrein-6 and calpain-1. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:164. [PMID: 25476568 PMCID: PMC4271448 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-6 and calpain-1 are amongst a small group of proteases that degrade α-synuclein. We have explored the possibility that reduction in the level or activity of these enzymes contributes to the accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy body diseases. We measured calpain-1 activity by fluorogenic activity assay, kallikrein-6 level by sandwich ELISA, and levels of α-synuclein and α-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (α-synuclein-P129), in post-mortem brain tissue in pure dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 12), Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 20) and age-matched controls (n = 19). Calpain-1 activity was significantly reduced in DLB within the cingulate and parahippocampal cortex, regions with highest α-synuclein and α-synuclein-P129 load, and correlated inversely with the levels of α-synuclein and α-synuclein-P129. Calpain-1 was unaltered in the thalamus and frontal cortex, regions with less α-synuclein pathology. Kallikrein-6 level was reduced in the cingulate cortex in the DLB cohort, and correlated inversely with α-synuclein and α-synuclein-P129. Kallikrein-6 was also reduced in DLB in the thalamus but not in relation to α-synuclein or α-synuclein-P129 load and was unaltered in the frontal and parahippocampal cortex. In SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing wild-type α-synuclein there was partial co-localisation of kallikrein-6 and calpain-1 with α-synuclein, and siRNA-mediated knock-down of kallikrein-6 and calpain-1 increased the amount of α-synuclein in cell lysates. Our results indicate that reductions in kallikrein-6 and calpain-1 may contribute to the accumulation of α-synuclein in DLB.
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Lomiwes D, Hurst S, Dobbie P, Frost D, Hurst R, Young O, Farouk M. The protection of bovine skeletal myofibrils from proteolytic damage post mortem by small heat shock proteins. Meat Sci 2014; 97:548-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lewis KJ, Masterman B, Laffafian I, Dewitt S, Campbell JS, Hallett MB. Minimal impact electro-injection of cells undergoing dynamic shape change reveals calpain activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1182-7. [PMID: 24607452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neutrophils to rapidly change shape underlies their physiological functions of phagocytosis and spreading. A major problem in establishing the mechanism is that conventional microinjection of substances and indicators interferes with this dynamic cell behaviour. Here we show that electroinjection, a "no-touch" point-and-shoot means of introducing material into the cell, is sufficiently gentle to allow neutrophils to be injected whilst undergoing chemokinesis and spreading without disturbing cell shape change behaviour. Using this approach, a fluorogenic calpain-1 selective peptide substrate was introduced into the cytosol of individual neutrophils undergoing shape changes. These data showed that (i) physiologically elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations were sufficient to trigger calpain-1 activation, blockade of Ca(2+) influx preventing calpain activation and (ii) calpain-1 activity was elevated in spreading neutrophil. These findings provide the first direct demonstration of a physiological role for Ca(2+) elevation in calpain-1 activation and rapid cell spreading. Electroinjection of cells undergoing dynamic shape changes thus opens new avenues of investigation for defining the molecular mechanism underlying dynamic cell shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Lewis
- Neutrophil Signalling Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Benjamin Masterman
- Neutrophil Signalling Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iraj Laffafian
- Neutrophil Signalling Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jennie S Campbell
- Neutrophil Signalling Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Maurice B Hallett
- Neutrophil Signalling Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Yusop RM, Unciti-Broceta A, Bradley M. A highly sensitive fluorescent viscosity sensor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5780-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Kushida Y, Hanaoka K, Komatsu T, Terai T, Ueno T, Yoshida K, Uchiyama M, Nagano T. Red fluorescent scaffold for highly sensitive protease activity probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3908-11. [PMID: 22607681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel red fluorescent dye, 2Me SiR600 (λ(em)=613 nm), in which the O atom of Rhodamine Green at the 10 position of the xanthene moiety is replaced with a Si atom, as a scaffold for probes to detect protease activity with extremely high S/N ratio. As proof of concept, we designed and synthesized probes for caspase-3 activity (Z-DEVD-SiR600) and leucine aminopeptidase activity (Leu-SiR600). Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of Z-DEVD-SiR600 resulted in a large bathochromic shift (93 nm) of the absorption maximum and a 432-fold fluorescence enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kushida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113 0033, Japan
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Kim CJ, Lee DI, Lee CH, Ahn IS. A dityrosine-based substrate for a protease assay: Application for the selective assessment of papain and chymopapain activity. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 723:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Adams SE, Parr C, Miller DJ, Allemann RK, Hallett MB. Potent inhibition of Ca2+-dependent activation of calpain-1 by novel mercaptoacrylates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jung SH, Kong DH, Park SW, Kim YM, Ha KS. Quantitative kinetics of proteolytic enzymes determined by a surface concentration-based assay using peptide arrays. Analyst 2012; 137:3814-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Reinecke JB, DeVos SL, McGrath JP, Shepard AM, Goncharoff DK, Tait DN, Fleming SR, Vincent MP, Steinhilb ML. Implicating calpain in tau-mediated toxicity in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23865. [PMID: 21858230 PMCID: PMC3157467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies are characterized by the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Several laboratories have identified a 17 kD proteolytic fragment of tau in degenerating neurons and in numerous cell culture models that is generated by calpain cleavage and speculated to contribute to tau toxicity. In the current study, we employed a Drosophila tauopathy model to investigate the importance of calpain-mediated tau proteolysis in contributing to tau neurotoxicity in an animal model of human neurodegenerative disease. We found that mutations that disrupted endogenous calpainA or calpainB activity in transgenic flies suppressed tau toxicity. Expression of a calpain-resistant form of tau in Drosophila revealed that mutating the putative calpain cleavage sites that produce the 17 kD fragment was sufficient to abrogate tau toxicity in vivo. Furthermore, we found significant toxicity in the fly retina associated with expression of only the 17 kD tau fragment. Collectively, our data implicate calpain-mediated proteolysis of tau as an important pathway mediating tau neurotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Reinecke
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. DeVos
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James P. McGrath
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Shepard
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dustin K. Goncharoff
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Don N. Tait
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samantha R. Fleming
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Vincent
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Steinhilb
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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Welser K, Adsley R, Moore BM, Chan WC, Aylott JW. Protease sensing with nanoparticle based platforms. Analyst 2010; 136:29-41. [PMID: 20877821 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00429d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate systems in various unique configurations are highly effective at detecting protease activity both in vivo and in vitro. In this article, we have summarised the conventional modern methods for monitoring protease activity, and critically appraised recent advances in protease-responsive nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Welser
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD
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Lathia US, Ornatsky O, Baranov V, Nitz M. Multiplexed protease assays using element-tagged substrates. Anal Biochem 2010; 408:157-9. [PMID: 20849809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)-based assays lend themselves to multiplexing due to the high resolution between mass channels, the sensitivity, and the reliability of the technique. Here the potential of ICP-MS-based protease assays is demonstrated with a quadruplex assay of cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. Four orthogonal peptide substrates were synthesized for the proteases calpain-1, caspase-3, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), and a disintegrin and metalloprotease-10 (ADAM10). Each substrate carries a biotin tag at the C terminus and a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-based lanthanide complex at the N terminus. The results demonstrate that this is a simple and reproducible analysis technique with excellent correlation between the single and multiplex assay formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja S Lathia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xu L, Heinze T, Pogge A, Slikker W, Schmued L. Isolation and Characterization of Fluoro‐Jade B, a Selective Histochemical Stain for Neuronal Degeneration. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120034096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA/USA , HFT132, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson , Arakansas , 72079 , USA
| | - Tom Heinze
- b Division of Chemistry , National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA/USA , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Amy Pogge
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA/USA , HFT132, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson , Arakansas , 72079 , USA
| | - William Slikker
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA/USA , HFT132, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson , Arakansas , 72079 , USA
| | - Larry Schmued
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA/USA , HFT132, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson , Arakansas , 72079 , USA
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Kang DH, Jun KY, Lee JP, Pak CS, Na Y, Kwon Y. Identification of 3-Acetyl-2-aminoquinolin-4-one as a Novel, Nonpeptidic Scaffold for Specific Calpain Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3093-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8014734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kang
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeon Jun
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
| | - Chwang Siek Pak
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
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23
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Spatial learning impairment, enhanced CDK5/p35 activity, and downregulation of NMDA receptor expression in transgenic mice expressing tau-tubulin kinase 1. J Neurosci 2009; 28:14511-21. [PMID: 19118186 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3417-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau-tubulin kinase-1 (TTBK1) is involved in phosphorylation of tau protein at specific Serine/Threonine residues found in paired helical filaments, suggesting its role in tauopathy pathogenesis. We found that TTBK1 levels were upregulated in brains of human Alzheimer' disease (AD) patients compared with age-matched non-AD controls. To understand the effects of TTBK1 activation in vivo, we developed transgenic mice harboring human full-length TTBK1 genomic DNA (TTBK1-Tg). Transgenic TTBK1 is highly expressed in subiculum and cortical pyramidal layers, and induces phosphorylated neurofilament aggregation. TTBK1-Tg mice show significant age-dependent memory impairment as determined by radial arm water maze test, which is associated with enhancement of tau and neurofilament phosphorylation, increased levels of p25 and p35, both activators of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (CDK5), enhanced calpain I activity, and reduced levels of hippocampal NMDA receptor types 2B (NR2B) and D. Enhanced CDK5/p35 complex formation is strongly correlated with dissociation of F-actin from p35, suggesting the inhibitory mechanism of CDK5/p35 complex formation by F-actin. Expression of recombinant TTBK1 in primary mouse cortical neurons significantly downregulated NR2B in a CDK5- and calpain-dependent manner. These data suggest that TTBK1 in AD brain may be one of the underlying mechanisms inducing CDK5 and calpain activation, NR2B downregulation, and subsequent memory dysfunction.
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24
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Mizukami S, Tonai K, Kaneko M, Kikuchi K. Lanthanide-Based Protease Activity Sensors for Time-Resolved Fluorescence Measurements. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14376-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Mizukami
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tonai
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneko
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Bánóczi Z, Alexa A, Farkas A, Friedrich P, Hudecz F. Novel Cell-Penetrating Calpain Substrate. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1375-81. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800021y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánóczi
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest, 112 Hungary, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 7, 1518 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány P. S 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Alexa
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest, 112 Hungary, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 7, 1518 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány P. S 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest, 112 Hungary, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 7, 1518 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány P. S 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Friedrich
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest, 112 Hungary, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 7, 1518 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány P. S 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, 1518 Budapest, 112 Hungary, Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Science, P.O. Box 7, 1518 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány P. S 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of new 5-oxazolone derivatives containing an N-phenyl-aza-15-crown-5 moiety. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpains are intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases that play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Calpain regulation is complex and activity is poorly correlated with calpain protein levels. Therefore a full understanding of calpain function requires robust methods for measuring activity. METHODS We describe and characterize a flow cytometric method for measuring calpain activity in live cells. This method uses the BOC-LM-CMAC reagent that readily diffuses into cells where it reacts with free thiols to enhance retention. RESULTS We show that the reagent is cleaved specifically by calpains and follows saturation kinetics. We use the assay to measure calpain activation following PDGF stimulation of rat fibroblasts. We also show that the calpain inhibitor PD150606 inhibits calpain with a K(i) of 12.5 muM and show that Mek inhibitors PD89059 and U0126 also suppress calpain activity. We also show that the assay can measure calpain activity in subpopulations of cells present in unfractionated cord blood or in HL60 human myelomonocytic leukemia cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that this assay is a reliable and useful method for measuring calpain activity in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Niapour
- Arthritis and Immune Disorder Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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28
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Polster BM, Arze R, Lyttle MH, Nicholls DG, Hudson D. Solid Phase Synthesis of Dual Labeled Peptides: Development of Cell Permeable Calpain Specific Substrates. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006; 13:83-91. [PMID: 32214925 PMCID: PMC7088158 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A step-by-step evaluation of dual-labeled FRET substrates for the protease calpain is reported. The study led to cell permeable selections, with optimized specificity and effectiveness for the target enzyme, and improved stability to non-specific degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Polster
- 2Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945 USA
| | - Rafael Arze
- 1Biosearch Technologies Inc, 81 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949 USA
| | - Matthew H Lyttle
- 1Biosearch Technologies Inc, 81 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949 USA
| | - David G Nicholls
- 2Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945 USA
| | - Derek Hudson
- 1Biosearch Technologies Inc, 81 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949 USA
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29
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Pandey KC, Singh N, Arastu-Kapur S, Bogyo M, Rosenthal PJ. Falstatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum, facilitates erythrocyte invasion. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e117. [PMID: 17083274 PMCID: PMC1630708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytic malaria parasites utilize proteases for a number of cellular processes, including hydrolysis of hemoglobin, rupture of erythrocytes by mature schizonts, and subsequent invasion of erythrocytes by free merozoites. However, mechanisms used by malaria parasites to control protease activity have not been established. We report here the identification of an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum, falstatin, based on modest homology with the Trypanosoma cruzi cysteine protease inhibitor chagasin. Falstatin, expressed in Escherichia coli, was a potent reversible inhibitor of the P. falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and falcipain-3, as well as other parasite- and nonparasite-derived cysteine proteases, but it was a relatively weak inhibitor of the P. falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain-1 and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 1. Falstatin is present in schizonts, merozoites, and rings, but not in trophozoites, the stage at which the cysteine protease activity of P. falciparum is maximal. Falstatin localizes to the periphery of rings and early schizonts, is diffusely expressed in late schizonts and merozoites, and is released upon the rupture of mature schizonts. Treatment of late schizionts with antibodies that blocked the inhibitory activity of falstatin against native and recombinant falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 dose-dependently decreased the subsequent invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites. These results suggest that P. falciparum requires expression of falstatin to limit proteolysis by certain host or parasite cysteine proteases during erythrocyte invasion. This mechanism of regulation of proteolysis suggests new strategies for the development of antimalarial agents that specifically disrupt erythrocyte invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Pandey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Naresh Singh
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shirin Arastu-Kapur
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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30
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Wahlroos R, Toivonen J, Tirri M, Hänninen P. Two-photon excited fluorescence energy transfer: a study based on oligonucleotide rulers. J Fluoresc 2006; 16:379-86. [PMID: 16791502 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-006-0084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of two-photon excitation of fluorescence for detection of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was studied for a selected fluorescent donor-acceptor pair. A method based on labeled DNA was developed for controlling the distance between the donor and the acceptor molecules. The method consists of hybridization of fluorescent oligonucleotides to a complementary single-stranded target DNA. As the efficiency of FRET is strongly distance dependent, energy transfer does not occur unless the fluorescent oligonucleotides and the target DNA are hybridized. A high degree of DNA hybridization and an excellent FRET efficiency were verified with one-photon excited fluorescence studies. Excitation spectra of fluorophores are usually wider in case of two-photon excitation than in the case of one-photon excitation. This makes the selective excitation of donor difficult and might cause errors in detection of FRET with two-photon excited fluorescence. Different techniques to analyze the FRET efficiency from two-photon excited fluorescence data are discussed. The quenching of the donor fluorescence intensity turned to be the most consistent way to detect the FRET efficiency. The two-photon excited FRET is shown to give a good response to the distance between the donor and the acceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Wahlroos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, P.O. Box 123, 20521 Turku, Finland.
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31
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Fara MA, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Bradley M. Microwave-assisted coupling with DIC/HOBt for the synthesis of difficult peptoids and fluorescently labelled peptides—a gentle heat goes a long way. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Cuerrier D, Moldoveanu T, Davies PL. Determination of Peptide Substrate Specificity for μ-Calpain by a Peptide Library-based Approach. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40632-41. [PMID: 16216885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506870200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are proteases that catalyze the limited cleavage of target proteins in response to Ca(2+) signaling. Because of their involvement in pathological conditions such as post-ischemic injury and Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, calpains form a class of pharmacologically significant targets for inhibition. We have determined the sequence preference for the hydrolysis of peptide substrates of the ubiquitous mu-calpain isoform by a peptide library-based approach using the proteolytic core of mu-calpain (muI-II). The approach, first described by Turk et al. (Turk, B. E., Huang, L. L., Piro, E. T., and Cantley, L. C. (2001) Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 661-667), involved the digestion of an N-terminally acetylated degenerate peptide library in conjunction with Edman sequencing to determine the specificity for residues found at primed positions. The cleavage consensus for these positions was then used to design a second, partially degenerate library, to determine specificity at unprimed positions. We have improved upon the original methodology by using a degenerate peptide dendrimer for determination of specificity at unprimed positions. By using this modified approach, the complete cleavage specificity profile for muI-II was determined for all positions flanking the cleaved peptide. A previously known preference of calpains for hydrophobic amino acids at unprimed positions was confirmed. In addition, a novel residue specificity for primed positions was revealed to highlight the importance of these sites for substrate recognition. The optimal primed site motif (MER) was shown to be capable of directing cleavage to a specific peptide bond. Accordingly, we designed a fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based substrate with optimal cleavage motifs on the primed and non-primed sides (PLFAER). The mu-calpain core shows a far greater turnover rate for our substrate than for those based on the cleavage site of alpha-spectrin or the proteolytic sequence consensus compiled from substrate alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Cuerrier
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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33
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Frade VH, Gonçalves MST, Moura JC. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of side-chain carboxylated 5,9-diaminobenzo[a]phenoxazinium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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O'Riordan TC, Hynes J, Yashunski D, Ponomarev GV, Papkovsky DB. Homogeneous assays for cellular proteases employing the platinum(II)–coproporphyrin label and time-resolved phosphorescence. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:111-9. [PMID: 15958187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent platinum(II) coproporphyrin label (PtCP) is evaluated for the detection of cellular proteases by time-resolved fluorescence in homogeneous format. An octameric peptide containing the recognition motif for the caspase-3 enzyme was dual labeled with a new maleimide derivative of PtCP and with the dark quencher dabcyl. Following photophysical characterization, the quenched substrate was employed in cleavage assays for caspase-3 using Jurkat and HL60 cell lines treated with proapoptotic stimuli performed on a commercial plate reader. Dose-response and time course assays for the drug camptothecin were obtained for comparison with conventional fluorometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás C O'Riordan
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Bioanalysis, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
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35
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Chen S, Chen LL, Luo HB, Sun T, Chen J, Ye F, Cai JH, Shen JK, Shen X, Jiang HL. Enzymatic activity characterization of SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease by fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:99-106. [PMID: 15659121 PMCID: PMC7091904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize enzymatic activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and its four site-directed mutants. Methods: Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) principle using 5-[(2′-aminoethyl)-amino] naphthelenesulfonic acid (EDANS) and 4-[[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl] azo] benzoic acid (Dabcyl) as the energy transfer pair, one fluorogenic substrate was designed for the evaluation of SARS-CoV 3CLpro proteolytic activity. Results: The kinetic parameters of the fluorogenic substrate have been determined as Km=404 μmol·L−1, kcat=1.08 min−1, and kcat/Km=2.7 mmol−1·L·min−1. SARS-CoV 3CLpro showed substantial pH and temperature-triggered activity switches, and site-directed mutagenesis analysis of SARS-CoV 3CLpro revealed that substitutions of His41, Cys145, and His163 resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity, while replacement of Met162 with Ala caused strongly increased activity. Conclusion: This present work has provided valuable information for understanding the catalytic mechanism of SARS-CoV 3CLpro. This FRET-based assay might supply an ideal approach for the exploration SARS-CoV 3CLpro putative inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Li-li Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hai-bin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Tao Sun
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Fei Ye
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jian-hua Cai
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jing-kang Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xu Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hua-liang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
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36
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Chen S, Chen L, Tan J, Chen J, Du L, Sun T, Shen J, Chen K, Jiang H, Shen X. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like proteinase N terminus is indispensable for proteolytic activity but not for enzyme dimerization. Biochemical and thermodynamic investigation in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:164-73. [PMID: 15507456 PMCID: PMC7982548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408211200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus is a novel human coronavirus and is responsible for SARS infection. SARS coronavirus 3C-like proteinase (SARS 3CLpro) plays key roles in viral replication and transcription and is an attractive target for anti-SARS drug discovery. In this report, we quantitatively characterized the dimerization features of the full-length and N-terminal residues 1–7 deleted SARS 3CLpros by using glutaraldehyde cross-linking SDS-PAGE, size-exclusion chromatography, and isothermal titration calorimeter techniques. Glutaraldehyde cross-linking SDS-PAGE and size-exclusion chromatography results show that, similar to the full-length SARS 3CLpro, the N-terminal deleted SARS 3CLpro still remains a dimer/monomer mixture within a wide range of protein concentrations. Isothermal titration calorimeter determinations indicate that the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the N-terminal deleted proteinase dimer (262 μm) is very similar to that of the full-length proteinase dimer (227 μm). Enzymatic activity assay using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer method reveals that N-terminal deletion results in almost complete loss of enzymatic activity for SARS 3CLpro. Molecular dynamics and docking simulations demonstrate the N-terminal deleted proteinase dimer adopts a state different from that of the full-length proteinase dimer, which increases the angle between the two protomers and reduces the binding pocket that is not beneficial to the substrate binding. This conclusion is verified by the surface plasmon resonance biosensor determination, indicating that the model substrate cannot bind to the N-terminal deleted proteinase. These results suggest the N terminus is not indispensable for the proteinase dimerization but may fix the dimer at the active state and is therefore vital to enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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37
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Tompa P, Buzder-Lantos P, Tantos A, Farkas A, Szilágyi A, Bánóczi Z, Hudecz F, Friedrich P. On the sequential determinants of calpain cleavage. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20775-85. [PMID: 14988399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural clues of substrate recognition by calpain are incompletely understood. In this study, 106 cleavage sites in substrate proteins compiled from the literature have been analyzed to dissect the signal for calpain cleavage and also to enable the design of an ideal calpain substrate and interfere with calpain action via site-directed mutagenesis. In general, our data underline the importance of the primary structure of the substrate around the scissile bond in the recognition process. Significant amino acid preferences were found to extend over 11 residues around the scissile bond, from P(4) to P(7)'. In compliance with earlier data, preferred residues in the P(2) position are Leu, Thr, and Val, and in P(1) Lys, Tyr, and Arg. In position P(1) ', small hydrophilic residues, Ser and to a lesser extent Thr and Ala, occur most often. Pro dominates the region flanking the P(2)-P(1)' segment, i.e. positions P(3) and P(2)'-P(4)'; most notable is its occurrence 5.59 times above chance in P(3)'. Intriguingly, the segment C-terminal to the cleavage site resembles the consensus inhibitory region of calpastatin, the specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Further, the position of the scissile bond correlates with certain sequential attributes, such as secondary structure and PEST score, which, along with the amino acid preferences, suggests that calpain cleaves within rather disordered segments of proteins. The amino acid preferences were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of the autolysis sites of Drosophila calpain B; when amino acids at key positions were changed to less preferred ones, autolytic cleavage shifted to other, adjacent sites. Based on these preferences, a new fluorogenic calpain substrate, DABCYLTPLKSPPPSPR-EDANS, was designed and synthesized. In the case of micro- and m-calpain, this substrate is kinetically superior to commercially available ones, and it can be used for the in vivo assessment of the activity of these ubiquitous mammalian calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 7, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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