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Cevallos González FM, Dos Santos Araújo EM, Lorenzetti Simionato MR, Kfouri Siriani L, Armas Vega ADC, Studart Medeiros I, Bona Matos A. Effects of theobromine addition on chemical and mechanical properties of a conventional glass ionomer cement. Prog Biomater 2019; 8:23-29. [PMID: 30725401 PMCID: PMC6424986 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-019-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro effect of 1% theobromine addition on the physical and chemical properties of conventional glass ionomer (GIC) cement was investigated. Conventional GIC (GIC-C) and 1% theobromine added to GIC (GIC-THEO) specimens were compared regarding the microhardness (n = 10), sorption (n = 5), solubility (n = 5), color change (n = 10), fluoride release in saliva (n = 10) and the amount of biofilm deposition (n = 20). Compared against conventional GIC, adding 1% theobromine increased microhardness (p < 0.05), while its sorption, solubility, color and fluoride release to saliva (p > 0.05) remained unchanged. On the other hand, Streptococcus mutans biofilm amount deposited on its surface decreased statistically when theobromine was added to GIC (p < 0.05). Based on the results, it could be concluded that 1% theobromine addition to GIC can be a good strategy as it keeps some of its properties and improves microhardness and biofilm deposits strengthening its role in the preventive approach of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Marcelo Cevallos González
- Inter Institutional PhD Program at School of Dentistry of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Luciana Kfouri Siriani
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Studart Medeiros
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bona Matos
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Nakamoto T, Falster AU, Simmons WB. Theobromine: A Safe and Effective Alternative for Fluoride in Dentifrices. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakamoto
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
Dental caries is considered as the most common polymicrobial oral disease in the world. With the aim of developing alternative approaches to reduce or prevent the decay, numerous papers showed the potential anticaries activity of a number of natural products. The natural products with anticaries effects are selected from e.g. food, beverages, flowers or traditional herbs. Most of the effective components are proven to be polyphenol compounds. Many of the natural products are studied as antibacterial agents, while some of them are found to be effective in shifting the de-/remineralization balance. However, the mechanisms of the anticaries effects are still unclear for most of the natural products. In the future, more efforts need to be made to seek novel effective natural products via in vitro experiment, animal study and in situ investigations, as well as to enhance their anticaries effects with the help of novel technology like nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Spratt DA, Daglia M, Papetti A, Stauder M, O'Donnell D, Ciric L, Tymon A, Repetto B, Signoretto C, Houri-Haddad Y, Feldman M, Steinberg D, Lawton S, Lingström P, Pratten J, Zaura E, Gazzani G, Pruzzo C, Wilson M. Evaluation of plant and fungal extracts for their potential antigingivitis and anticaries activity. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:510198. [PMID: 22500094 PMCID: PMC3303561 DOI: 10.1155/2012/510198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between diet and health has lead to the promotion of functional foods which can enhance health. In this study, the oral health benefits of a number of food homogenates and high molecular mass and low molecular mass fractions were investigated. A comprehensive range of assays were performed to assess the action of these foods on the development of gingivitis and caries using bacterial species associated with these diseases. Both antigingivitis and anticaries effects were investigated by assays examining the prevention of biofilm formation and coaggregation, disruption of preexisting biofilms, and the foods' antibacterial effects. Assays investigating interactions with gingival epithelial cells and cytokine production were carried out to assess the foods' anti- gingivitis properties. Anti-caries properties such as interactions with hydroxyapatite, disruption of signal transduction, and the inhibition of acid production were investigated. The mushroom and chicory homogenates and low molecular mass fractions show promise as anti-caries and anti-gingivitis agents, and further testing and clinical trials will need to be performed to evaluate their true effectiveness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Spratt
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Gazzani G, Daglia M, Papetti A. Food components with anticaries activity. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 23:153-9. [PMID: 22030309 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Caries is the most common oral infectious disease in the world. Its development is influenced also by diet components that interfere with pathogen mutans group Streptococci (MGS) activity. A very active research to identify functional foods and their components that are generally recognised as safe has been ongoing, with the aim of developing alternative approaches, to the use of synthetic chlorhexidine, and at the reduction or prevention of caries. Until now convincing evidence exists only for green tea as a functional food for oral health, partly owing to its high content of catechins, especially epigallocatechin-gallate. A number of other foods showed potential anticaries activity. Some other foods able to act against MGS growth and/or their virulence factors in in vitro tests are: apple, red grape seeds, red wine (proanthocyanidins), nutmeg (macelignan), ajowan caraway (nafthalen-derivative), coffee (trigonelline, nicotinic and chlorogenic acids, melanoidins), barley coffee (melanoidins), chicory and mushroom (quinic acid). In vivo anticaries activity has been shown by cranberry (procyanidins), glycyrrhiza root (glycyrrhizol-A), myrtus ethanolic extract, garlic aqueous extract, cocoa extracts (procyanidins), and propolis (apigenin, tt-farnesol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gazzani
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pavia University, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Daglia M, Papetti A, Mascherpa D, Grisoli P, Giusto G, Lingström P, Pratten J, Signoretto C, Spratt DA, Wilson M, Zaura E, Gazzani G. Plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:274578. [PMID: 22013381 PMCID: PMC3196265 DOI: 10.1155/2011/274578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the content in macronutrients, free sugars, polyphenols, and inorganic ions, known to exert any positive or negative action on microbial oral disease such as caries and gingivitis, of seven food/beverages (red chicory, mushroom, raspberry, green and black tea, cranberry juice, dark beer). Tea leaves resulted the richest material in all the detected ions, anyway tea beverages resulted the richest just in fluoride. The highest content in zinc was in chicory, raspberry and mushroom. Raspberry is the richest food in strontium and boron, beer in selenium, raspberry and mushroom in copper. Beer, cranberry juice and, especially green and black tea are very rich in polyphenols, confirming these beverages as important sources of such healthy substances. The fractionation, carried out on the basis of the molecular mass (MM), of the water soluble components occurring in raspberry, chicory, and mushroom extracts (which in microbiological assays revealed the highest potential action against oral pathogens), showed that both the high and low MM fractions are active, with the low MM fractions displaying the highest potential action for all the fractionated extracts. Our findings show that more compounds that can play a different active role occur in these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dora Mascherpa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giusto
- DIP.TE.RIS., University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Götegborg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Pratten
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Caterina Signoretto
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Diagnostica, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - David A. Spratt
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Gazzani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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An in vitro study on the dental caries preventing effect of oligomeric procyanidins in sorghum episperm. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hirao C, Nishimura E, Kamei M, Ohshima T, Maeda N. Antibacterial Effects of Cocoa on Periodontal Pathogenic Bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Petti S, Scully C. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. J Dent 2009; 37:413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Percival RS, Devine DA, Duggal MS, Chartron S, Marsh PD. The effect of cocoa polyphenols on the growth, metabolism, and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:343-8. [PMID: 16911106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if cocoa polyphenols could interfere with biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus sanguinis, and reduce acid production from sucrose by S. mutans. The antimicrobial activity of cocoa polyphenols was assessed against cariogenic (S. mutans) and health-associated (S. sanguinis) species by minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Cocoa polyphenol dimer, tetramer, and pentamer inhibited the growth of S. sanguinis, whereas the growth of S. mutans was unaffected. However, pretreatment of surfaces with cocoa polyphenol pentamer (35 microM) reduced biofilm formation by S. mutans at 4 and 24 h, whereas the effects on S. sanguinis were less consistent. In contrast, brief exposure of preformed biofilms to pentamer either had no significant effect or resulted in increased counts of S. mutans under certain conditions. Cocoa polyphenol pentamer (500 microM) significantly reduced the terminal pH, and inhibited the rate of acid production by S. mutans at pH 7.0. In conclusion, cocoa polyphenols can reduce biofilm formation by S. mutans and S. sanguinis, and inhibit acid production by S. mutans.
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Polaquini SRB, Svidzinski TIE, Kemmelmeier C, Gasparetto A. Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:482-90. [PMID: 16412377 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Azadirachta indica, a Meliaceae family tree, has been used in India for many years in the treatment of several diseases in medicine and dentistry. Current research analyses the effects of the leaf aqueous extract from Azadirachta indica (Neem) on the adhesion, cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation, which may affect the colonisation by Candida albicans. METHODS Azadirachta indica extract was tested in vitro on strains of Candida albicans 12A and 156B. Changes in hydrophobicity were reported in assays of yeast adhesion to hydrocarbons, in biofilm formation with glucose and in the adhesion of the microorganisms on light cured composite resin. Assays involved enumeration of candidal colony-forming units together with scintillation counting of radiolabelled Candida and compared to a solution of chlorhexidine digluconate 0.125% widely used in dentistry. RESULTS Yeast growth in Neem extract was not inhibited in concentrations ranging from 0.1mg/ml. A statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in cell surface hydrophobicity was evident for the two strain tested and there was also an associated increase in biofilm formation after contact with Neem extract in concentration 0.01 g/ml. Decrease in adhesion capacity of cells to composite resin was also recorded. CONCLUSION An anti-adhesive mechanism of action by Azadirachta indica is proposed based on the results observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila R B Polaquini
- Dentistry Department, University Center of Maringá, Avenida Guedner 1610, 87050-390 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Matsui N, Ito R, Nishimura E, Yoshikawa M, Kato M, Kamei M, Shibata H, Matsumoto I, Abe K, Hashizume S. Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism. Nutrition 2005; 21:594-601. [PMID: 15850966 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously found that ingested cocoa decreased visceral adipose tissue weight in rat. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of that effect, we carried out experiments aimed at analyzing biochemical parameters and gene expression profiles. METHODS Rats were fed either of two high-fat diets, differing only in supplementation with real or mimetic cocoa. On day 21, body weights, mesenteric white adipose tissue weights, and concentrations of serum triacylglycerol were measured. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of cocoa on lipid metabolism and triacylglycerol accumulation, we examined gene expression profiles in liver and mesenteric white adipose tissues using the GeneChip microarray system. RESULTS Final body weights and mesenteric white adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in rats fed the real cocoa diet than in those fed the mimetic cocoa diet (P<0.05), and serum triacylglycerol concentrations tended to be lower in rats fed the real cocoa diet (P=0.072). DNA microarray analysis showed that cocoa ingestion suppressed the expression of genes for enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in liver and white adipose tissues. In white adipose tissue, cocoa ingestion also decreased the expression of genes for fatty acid transport-relating molecules, whereas it upregulated the expression of genes for uncoupling protein-2 as a thermogenesis factor. CONCLUSIONS Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating lipid metabolism, especially by decreasing fatty acid synthesis and transport systems, and enhancement of part of the thermogenesis mechanism in liver and white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Matsui
- Research Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
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Kim KH, Lee KW, Kim DY, Park HH, Kwon IB, Lee HJ. Extraction and fractionation of glucosyltransferase inhibitors from cacao bean husk. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ono K, Takahashi T, Kamei M, Mato T, Hashizume S, Kamiya S, Tsutsumi H. Effects of an aqueous extract of cocoa on nitric oxide production of macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. Nutrition 2003; 19:681-5. [PMID: 12831959 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(03)00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages are the primary targets of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects of cocoa extract on production of nitric oxide (NO) by murine J774.1 macrophages activated by LPS and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were examined. METHODS Cocoa was suspended in heated water and centrifuged, and the supernatant was then filtered. Nitrite was measured as a quantitative indicator of NO by spectrophotometry. LPS (1.0 mg/mL) and IFN-gamma (100 U/mL) were added to cultured macrophages with 0.05% cocoa extract, 0.25% cocoa extract, or pure water. NO synthesis by macrophages was significantly inhibited by cocoa extract (P < 0.01). RESULTS The inhibitory effect increased with concentration of the extract (P < 0.01). IFN-gamma (100 U/mL) and, later, LPS (100 microgram/mL) were added, together with 2.0% cocoa or pure water, to cultured macrophages. An inhibitory effect on NO production was observed on addition of only IFN-gamma, but more significant effects were obtained with addition of LPS (P < 0.01) and addition of both was most effective (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that cocoa extract contains a suppressor of NO production in murine macrophages activated by LPS and IFN-gamma. This effect does not appear to be caused merely by neutralization of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ono
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan.
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Abstract
Promotion of sound dietary practices is an essential component of caries management, along with fluoride exposure and oral hygiene practices. Scientific discoveries have lead to better understanding of the caries process, the ever-expanding food supply, and the interaction between the two. Fermentable carbohydrates interact dynamically with oral bacteria and saliva, and these foods will continue to be a major part of a healthful diet. Dental health professionals can serve their patients and the public by providing comprehensive oral health care and by promoting lifestyle behaviors to improve oral and general health within the time constraints of their practice. Dietary advice given should not contradict general health principles when providing practical guidance to reduce caries risk. The following principles should guide messages: * Encourage balanced diets based on moderation and variety as depicted by the Food Guide Pyramid and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to provide a sound approach. Avoid references to "bad" foods and focus on "good" diets that include a variety of foods. * Give examples of how combining and sequencing foods can enhance mastication, saliva production, and oral clearance at each eating occasion. Combining dairy foods with sugary foods, raw foods with cooked, and protein-rich foods with acidogenic foods are all good examples. Suggest that eating and drinking be followed by cariostatic foods such as xylitol chewing gum. * Drink water to satisfy thirst and hydration needs as often as possible. Restrict consumption of sweetened beverages to meal and snack times when they can be combined with other cariostatic foods. * When a patient reports excessive dietary intake of a fermentable carbohydrate to the point of displacing other important foods in the diet, identify alternatives that will help the patient maintain or achieve a healthy body weight, oral health status, and a nutrient-dense intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C Mobley
- Department of Community Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School, Mail Code 7917 7703, Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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