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Dorenkamp MA, Waldron-Perrine B, Hanks R. Influence of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Core Processes on Anxiety and Stress in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-sectional Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 104:612-618. [PMID: 36481262 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the core Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) processes (mindfulness, self as context, acceptance, defusion, values, and committed action) and anxiety and stress in a sample of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Variance accounted for by ACT on anxiety and stress as outcome variables was examined using multiple linear regression. SETTING Study measures were completed via online survey. PARTICIPANTS 159 participants with a SCI completed self-report study measures relevant to the ACT core processes as well as measures of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included the Spinal Cord Injury-Quality of Life Anxiety subdomain and the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS Higher reported engagement with acceptance (β=0.238, P=.004), pursuit of values (β=0.187, P<.008), and defusion (β=0.351, P<.001) related to less anxious distress. Perceived stress was predicted by depression (β = 0.230, P=.038) and the ACT core processes as a whole (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that considerable variance in anxiety and stress in individuals with SCI is accounted for by the core processes of ACT. Lower levels of anxiety and stress were predicted by the ACT components as a whole. Anxiety was uniquely predicted by pursuit of values, acceptance, and defusion, indicating these 3 components of ACT may be particularly beneficial in the treatment of anxiety in SCI. These results may provide targeted treatment opportunities via tailored ACT-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Dorenkamp
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Brigid Waldron-Perrine
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Robin Hanks
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Yang SH, Mu PF, Huang WC. Cognitive behaviour therapy in adults with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Pract 2022:e13078. [PMID: 35770855 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to report on the extent and range of the research evaluating cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in adults with spinal cord injury. BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury is a devastating event that can lead to permanent neurologic deficit. Compared with the average person, spinal cord injury (SCI) patients are at twice the risk of developing mood disorders, highlighting vulnerability of SCI patients' mental states which can be easily hurt. CBT is the most commonly used psychosocial intervention. DESIGN This was a scoping review. REVIEW METHOD Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Airiti Library) were searched for articles published between 1990 and 2021. Google Scholar was utilized to search additional articles listed in the reference lists of included articles. RESULTS Overall, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria, with the majority reporting on CBT, that focused on psychological distress and neuropathic pain. The core concept of intervention included disease identification, cognitive distortion/modification and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS There were significant knowledge gaps on the interventions' content and effectiveness for psychological distress of persons with SCI. Development of multifaceted cognitive behaviour interventions, especially to strengthen self-identity and to inspire patients' hope, is needed. Further research is required to investigate the long-term effectiveness of CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fan Mu
- Department of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Evidence Based Practice Center: A JBI Centre of Excellence, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jeyathevan G, Jaglal SB, Hitzig SL, Linassi G, Mills S, Noonan VK, Anzai K, Clarke T, Wolfe D, Bayley M, Aslam L, Farahani F, Alavinia SM, Omidvar M, Craven BC. Conception and development of Self-Management indicators to advance the quality of spinal cord injury rehabilitation: SCI-High Project. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:S94-S117. [PMID: 34779736 PMCID: PMC8604486 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1961054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Although self-management is linked to reduced secondary health complications (SHCs) and enhanced overall quality of life post-spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D), it is poorly integrated into the current rehabilitation process. Promoting self-management and assuring equity in care delivery is critical. Herein, we describe the selection of Self-Management structure, process and outcome indicators for adults with SCI/D in the first 18 months after rehabilitation admission. METHODS Experts in self-management across Canada completed the following tasks: (1) defined the Self-Management construct; (2) conducted a systematic search of available outcomes and their psychometric properties; and (3) created a Driver diagram summarizing available evidence related to Self-Management. Facilitated meetings allowed development and selection following rapid-cycle evaluations of proposed structure, process and outcome indicators. RESULTS The structure indicator is the proportion of staff with appropriate education and training in self-management principles. The process indicator is the proportion of SCI/D inpatients who have received a self-management assessment related to specific patient self-management goal(s) within 30 days of admission. The outcome indicator is the Skill and Technique Acquisition, and Self-Monitoring and Insight subscores of the modified Health Education Impact Questionnaire. CONCLUSION The structure indicator will heighten awareness among administrators and policy makers regarding the need to provide staff with ongoing training related to promoting self-management skill acquisition. Successful implementation of the Self-Management process and outcome indicators will promote self-management education and skill acquisition as a rehabilitation priority, allow for personalization of skills related to the individual's self-management goal(s), and empower individuals with SCI/D to manage their health and daily activities while successfully integrating into the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaya Jeyathevan
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan B. Jaglal
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sander L. Hitzig
- St. John’s Rehab Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Linassi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sandra Mills
- Brain and Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Karen Anzai
- GF Strong Rehab Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Dalton Wolfe
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada,School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Bayley
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Brain and Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lubna Aslam
- Spinal Cord Injury Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farnoosh Farahani
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Mohammad Alavinia
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Omidvar
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B. Catharine Craven
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Brain and Spinal Cord Rehabilitation Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence to: B. Catharine Craven, KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, 206-H 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, ON, M4G3V9, Canada; Ph: 416-597-3422x6122.
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Swinney MJ, Sepehri A, Stokic DS. Perception and predictors of health locus of control at rehabilitation discharge and 1 year after traumatic spinal cord injury. Int J Rehabil Res 2021; 44:370-376. [PMID: 34678844 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study examined the perception and predictors of health locus of control (LOC) in 71 individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation (average age 39 years, 77% male, 54% black, 51% cervical SCI, 51% incomplete SCI and average time post-SCI 20 days). We also determined if health LOC beliefs and predictors change over the 1st year after SCI in a representative subsample of 36 individuals. The participants completed surveys regarding the health LOC, self-esteem and depression whereas demographic and SCI information were retrieved from medical records. At inpatient discharge, 55% of SCI individuals endorsed the doctor LOC category compared to internal (14%), other people (6%), chance (3%) or multiple LOC categories (22%). A similar pattern was found at 1-year postinjury (doctor LOC 44% and non-doctor LOC combined 56%). A backward stepwise regression revealed that white race (P = 0.093), >12 years of education (P = 0.001) and cervical level of SCI (P = 0.033) were significant predictors of the doctor LOC category at inpatient discharge (overall classification accuracy 76%). Similarly, >12 years of education (P = 0.055), cervical level of SCI at inpatient discharge (P = 0.033) and higher self-esteem at 1-year post-SCI (P = 0.113) were significant predictors of the doctor LOC category at 1-year post-SCI (overall classification accuracy 78%). We conclude that health LOC remains stable over the 1st year after SCI with the majority of individuals believing that the control over outcomes of their health is in the hands of doctors. These findings have implications for the provision of rehabilitation services after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Sepehri
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dobrivoje S Stokic
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Regaining A Sense Of Me: a single case study of SCI adjustment, applying the appraisal model and coping effectiveness training. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33574230 PMCID: PMC7878027 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-020-00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) has been shown to impose a significant physical and psychological challenge with threat to quality of life (QOL). Duff & Kennedy provide a SCI explanation of appraisals and the two-stage process of an individual's primary assessment of their experience, and their secondary appraisal of their perceived coping resource being key facilitators of adjustment and fundamental to longer term adaptation. King & Kennedy designed a group coping effectiveness training (CET) intervention with a framework of coping strategy selection fit to reduce use of threat appraisals/avoidance coping, and to promote development of challenge appraisals with consequent stress reduction and adjustment. CASE PRESENTATION This CET approach was applied within individual psychological therapy with a 74-year old woman who presented with symptoms of anxiety, reactivated PTSD, mood disturbance and difficulty adjusting after sustaining SCI. Psychological adjustment treatment enabled resolution of post-trauma symptoms, re-evaluation of appraisals and perceived loss of identity, and development of positive coping strategies, and promoted a new conceptualisation of independence. DISCUSSION Case studies of psychological treatment are rare within the SCI literature. This paper provides a detailed application of primary appraisals and coping strategy selection fit in individual therapy. Attention is drawn to the important impact appraisals have on long-term rehabilitation outcomes and the necessity of a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) approach to achieve optimal psychological and physical adjustment following SCI. Finally, the paper highlights the need for community education to reduce negative perceptions/taboo of disability.
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McIntyre A, Marrocco SL, McRae SA, Sleeth L, Hitzig S, Jaglal S, Linassi G, Munce S, Wolfe DL. A Scoping Review of Self-Management Interventions Following Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2020; 26:36-63. [PMID: 32095066 PMCID: PMC7015175 DOI: 10.1310/sci2601-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To conduct a scoping review to identify what components of self-management are embedded in self-management interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: In accordance with the approach and stages outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), a comprehensive literature search was conducted using five databases. Study characteristics were extracted from included articles, and intervention descriptions were coded using Practical Reviews in Self-Management Support (PRISMS) (Pearce et al, 2016), Barlow et al (2002), and Lorig and Holman's (2003) taxonomy. Results: A total of 112 studies were included representing 102 unique self-management programs. The majority of the programs took an individual approach (52.0%) as opposed to a group (27.4%) or mixed approach (17.6%). While most of the programs covered general information, some provided specific symptom management. Peers were the most common tutor delivering the program material. The most common Barlow components included symptom management (n = 44; 43.1%), information about condition/treatment (n = 34; 33.3%), and coping (n = 33; 32.4%). The most common PRISMS components were information about condition and management (n = 85; 83.3%), training/rehearsal for psychological strategies (n = 52; 51.0%), and lifestyle advice and support (n = 52; 51.0%). The most common Lorig components were taking action (n = 62; 60.8%), resource utilization (n = 57; 55.9%), and self-tailoring (n = 55; 53.9%). Conclusion: Applying self-management concepts to complex conditions such as SCI is only in the earliest stages of development. Despite having studied the topic from a broad perspective, this review reflects an ongoing program of research that links to an initiative to continue refining and testing self-management interventions in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McIntyre
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Lindsay Sleeth
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sander Hitzig
- St. John's Rehab Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Jaglal
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Linassi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah Munce
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto
| | - Dalton L. Wolfe
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Health Sciences, Western University, Ontario, Canada
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Depression in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Referred to the Specialized Centers in Tehran, Iran. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.66718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ikkos G, Gall A, Smyth C. The Stanmore Nursing Assessment of Psychological Status (SNAPS): not just for spinal cord injury rehabilitation? Pain Manag 2018; 8:5-8. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2017-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is an uncommon condition, potentially causing a wide range of consequences and requiring specialist rehabilitation to optimize health, activity and participation. Early psychological response to injury and relations with staff, as well as family, may set the foundations for long-term emotional adjustment, healthcare utilization and quality of life. The Stanmore Nursing Assessment of Psychological Status has been developed at the London Spinal Cord Injury Centre to empower nurses to adopt a consistently empathic approach to patient care, as part of a comprehensive range of rehabilitation team skills. Its use in other spinal cord injury centers and a broader range of clinical environments (hospital and community) should therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ikkos
- London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- Health & Social Care Department, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Angela Gall
- London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Carol Smyth
- London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
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Gopinath B, Craig A, Kifley A, Liew G, Bloffwitch J, Vu KV, Joachim N, Cummins R, Heraghty J, Broady T, Hayes A, Mitchell P. Implementing a multi-modal support service model for the family caregivers of persons with age-related macular degeneration: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018204. [PMID: 28780563 PMCID: PMC5724127 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness and low vision among older adults. Previous research shows a high prevalence of distress and disruption to the lifestyle of family caregivers of persons with late AMD. This supports existing evidence that caregivers are 'hidden patients' at risk of poor health outcomes. There is ample scope for improving the support available to caregivers, and further research should be undertaken into developing services that are tailored to the requirements of family caregivers of persons with AMD. This study aims to implement and evaluate an innovative, multi-modal support service programme that aims to empower family caregivers by improving their coping strategies, enhancing hopeful feelings such as self-efficacy and helping them make the most of available sources of social and financial support. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A randomised controlled trial consisting of 360 caregiver-patient pairs (180 in each of the intervention and wait-list control groups). The intervention group will receive the following: (1) mail-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy designed to improve psychological adjustment and adaptive coping skills; (2) telephone-delivered group counselling sessions allowing caregivers to explore the impacts of caring and share their experiences; and (3) education on available community services/resources, financial benefits and respite services. The cognitive behavioural therapy embedded in this programme is the best evaluated and widely used psychosocial intervention. The primary outcome is a reduction in caregiver burden. Secondary outcomes include improvements in caregiver mental well-being, quality of life, fatigue and self-efficacy. Economic analysis will inform whether this intervention is cost-effective and if it is feasible to roll out this service on a larger scale. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the University of Sydney human research ethics committee. Study findings will be disseminated via presentations at national/international conferences and peer-reviewed journal articles. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial registration number is ACTRN12616001461482; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamini Gopinath
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Sydney Medical School, Kolling Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashley Craig
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Sydney Medical School, Kolling Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Annette Kifley
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Sydney Medical School, Kolling Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaye Bloffwitch
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Van Vu
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Sydney Medical School, Kolling Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nichole Joachim
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rob Cummins
- Macular Disease Foundation Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Alison Hayes
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li Y, Bressington D, Chien WT. Systematic Review of Psychosocial Interventions for People With Spinal Cord Injury During Inpatient Rehabilitation: Implications for Evidence-Based Practice. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2017; 14:499-506. [DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Doctoral candidate, School of Nursing; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Daniel Bressington
- Assistant Professor, School of Nursing; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wai Tong Chien
- Professor and Associate Head, School of Nursing; the Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong SAR China
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Shem K, Karasik D, Carufel P, Kao MC, Zheng P. Seated Tai Chi to alleviate pain and improve quality of life in individuals with spinal cord disorder. J Spinal Cord Med 2016; 39:353-8. [PMID: 26914968 PMCID: PMC5073764 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1148895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous research studies have confirmed therapeutic physical and psychological benefits of Tai Chi for both the able-bodied and disabled populations. However, given the limited availability of seated Tai Chi, there have not been any studies to date that have examined the effectiveness of seated Tai Chi in individuals with spinal cord disorder (SCD). We designed a customized seated Tai Chi program to meet the need for improved exercise options for individuals with SCD. FINDINGS Twenty-six participants were enrolled in a 12-week seated Tai Chi course consisting of weekly sessions. After each Tai Chi session, patients reported improved visual analog scale (VAS) monitoring pain (P) (3.18 v 2.93; P 1.63E-03), emotional sense of well-being (EWB) (2.61 vs 2.04; P 2.86E-07), mental distraction (MD) (3.13 v 2.29; P 9.36E-08), physical sense of well-being (PWB) (2.84 v 2.25; p 7.38E-08), and sense of spiritual connection (SC) (3.28 v 2.50; P 6.46E-08). In our limited follow-up of 9 participants who completed half of the sessions and the long term surveys after the 12-week course, there were no detectable differences in weekly P, EWB, MD, PWB, and SC before each session. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Individuals with SCD demonstrated benefits in pain, emotional sense of well-being, mental distraction, physical sense of well-being, and sense of spiritual connection immediately after seated Tai Chi exercise sessions in our pilot study. More research in a larger population would be needed to study the long-term impact of seated Tai Chi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Shem
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Kazuko Shem, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 South Bascom Ave., San Jose, CA 95128, USA.
| | | | - Paul Carufel
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Chih Kao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Zheng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Outcomes and Lessons Learned From a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Health Care Utilization During the First Year After Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: Telephone Counseling Versus Usual Care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97:1793-1796.e1. [PMID: 27039058 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the outcomes and lessons learned from a trial of telephone counseling (TC) to reduce medical complications and health care utilization and to improve psychosocial outcomes during the first year after spinal cord injury rehabilitation. DESIGN Single-site, single-blind, randomized (1:1) controlled trial comparing usual care plus TC with usual care (UC). SETTING Two inpatient rehabilitation programs. PARTICIPANTS Adult patients (N=168) discharged between 2007 and 2010. INTERVENTIONS The TC group (n=85, 51%) received up to eleven 30- to 45-minute scheduled telephone calls to provide education, resources, and support. The UC group (n=83, 49%) received indicated referrals and treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was a composite of self-reported health care utilization and medical complications. Secondary outcomes were depression severity, current health state, subjective health, and community participation. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between TC and UC groups in the primary or secondary psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study had a number of strengths, but included potential design weaknesses. Intervention studies would benefit from prescreening participants to identify those with treatable problems, those at high risk for poor outcomes, or those with intentions to change target behaviors. Interventions focused on treatment goals and designed to work in collaboration with the participant's medical care system may lead to improved outcomes.
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Bombardier CH, Adams LM, Fann JR, Hoffman JM. Depression Trajectories During the First Year After Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 97:196-203. [PMID: 26525525 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the number and type of longitudinal depression trajectories during the first year after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to identify baseline predictors of these trajectories. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Rehabilitation and postacute community settings. PARTICIPANTS Of 168 consecutive admissions to inpatient rehabilitation for acute SCI, 141 (115 men, 26 women) patients were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial telephone follow-up intervention, which showed no outcome differences, and completed assessments on at least 2 of the 4 follow-up occasions (3, 6, 9, and 12 months after SCI). Participants were on average 41 years old, most were non-Hispanic (96%) and white (86%), and 61.7% had tetraplegia. INTERVENTIONS Data were drawn from the ineffective randomized controlled trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS Unconditional linear latent class growth analysis models of PHQ-9 total scores revealed an optimal 3-class solution: stable low depression (63.8%), mild to moderate depression (29.1%), and persistent moderate to severe depression (7.1%). Preinjury mental health history and baseline pain, quality of life, and grief predicted class membership. CONCLUSIONS The modal response to SCI was stable low depression, whereas persistent moderate to severe depression primarily represented a continuation or relapse of preinjury depression. This line of research has the potential to improve identification of subgroups destined for poor outcomes and to inform early intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Bombardier
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
| | | | - Jesse R Fann
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeanne M Hoffman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Return to Work Practices and Research with Spinal Cord Injury: An Australian Perspective. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION COUNSELLING 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/jrc.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-injury return to work (RTW) is an important rehabilitation outcome regardless of injury type. With Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), the odds of successful RTW are lower than for the general population of work-injured. Australians living with a SCI have a higher RTW rate than many other developed countries, including the United States. Important influences on relatively higher post-injury RTW rates in the Australian context include its universal disability care policy, Australia's suite of no-fault accident insurance systems that allow for multi-faceted rehabilitation services to be provided to eligible individuals in addition to appropriate rewards for rehabilitation service providers. A combination of these systemic factors is important when delivering comprehensive rehabilitation services to those with catastrophic injuries, such as SCI. The empirical evidence on drivers of successful RTW post SCI is, however, limited in comparison to the evidence on interventions for enhanced coping following SCI. Future studies could consider the relative merits of specific RTW interventions with SCI contrasting policy and capitation systems as well as utilising study designs that take into account pre-morbid work participation and secondary health conditions.
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Conti A, Garrino L, Montanari P, Dimonte V. Informal caregivers' needs on discharge from the spinal cord unit: analysis of perceptions and lived experiences. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 38:159-67. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1031287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Conti
- City Hospital Health and Science of the City of Turin, Turin, Italy,
| | - Lorenza Garrino
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, and
| | | | - Valerio Dimonte
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, and
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Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Wilson CS, Heinemann AW, Richards JS, Warren AM, Brooks L, Warms CA, Temkin NR, Tate DG. A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine XR for major depressive disorder after spinal cord injury: Methods and lessons learned. J Spinal Cord Med 2014; 37:247-63. [PMID: 24090228 PMCID: PMC4064574 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE We describe the rationale, design, methods, and lessons learned conducting a treatment trial for major depressive disorder (MDD) or dysthymia in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN A multi-site, double-blind, randomized (1:1) placebo controlled trial of venlafaxine XR for MDD or dysthymia. Subjects were block randomized and stratified by site, lifetime history of substance dependence, and prior history of MDD. SETTING Six SCI centers throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS Across participating centers, 2536 subjects were screened and 133 were enrolled into the trial. Subjects were 18-64 years old and at least 1 month post-SCI. Interventions Twelve-week trial of venlafaxine XR versus placebo using a flexible titration schedule. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was improvement in depression severity at 12 weeks. The secondary outcome was improvement in pain. RESULTS This article includes study methods, modifications prompted by a formative review process, preliminary data on the study sample and lessons learned. We describe common methodological and operational challenges conducting multi-site trials and how we addressed them. Challenges included study organization and decision making, staff training, obtaining human subjects approval, standardization of measurement and treatment, data and safety monitoring, subject screening and recruitment, unblinding and continuity of care, database management, and data analysis. CONCLUSIONS The methodological and operational challenges we faced and the lessons we learned may provide useful information for researchers who aim to conduct clinical trials, especially in the area of medical treatment of depression in people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Bombardier
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Epidemiology (Fann), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse R. Fann
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Epidemiology (Fann), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Allen W. Heinemann
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J. Scott Richards
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Larry Brooks
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catherine A. Warms
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Epidemiology (Fann), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Denise G. Tate
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Perkes SJ, Bowman J, Penkala S. Psychological therapies for the management of co-morbid depression following a spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Health Psychol 2013; 19:1597-612. [PMID: 23988680 DOI: 10.1177/1359105313496445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence about psychological therapies used to manage co-morbid depression after a spinal cord injury is presented here. A comprehensive search of five electronic databases identified nine studies (participants, n = 591) meeting inclusion criteria. Pooled statistical analyses were conducted in combination with narrative synthesis. Overall, multimodal cognitive behavioural therapy was found to be moderately effective (standardised mean difference = -0.52; 95% confidence interval = -0.85, -0.19). Activity scheduling, psychoeducation, problem solving and cognitive therapy may be particularly beneficial therapies within cognitive behavioural therapy. Further high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed to better substantiate these findings.
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Squires LA, Rush F, Hopkinson A, Val M. The physical and psychological impact of using a computer-based environmental control system: a case study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2013; 8:434-43. [DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2012.749427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Migliorini C, Tonge B, Sinclair A. Developing and PilotingePACT: A Flexible Psychological Treatment for Depression in People Living With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/bech.28.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAccessibility, stigma and adverse effects of self-reliance can hinder the receipt of psychological treatments, especially in people living with chronic illness or disability. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a flexible online psychological treatment using CBT and positive-psychology based techniques, for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who also lived with depression or both depression and anxiety. A multiple case study approach provided in-principle evidence of the acceptability of the Electronic Personal Administration of Cognitive Therapy:ePACT. Three adults living with SCI completed pre- and post-intervention interviews and multiple modules ofePACT. The interviews used the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID/-N/P) for diagnosis and the standardised survey instruments: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale — short version (DASS-21), Personal Wellbeing Index 4th edition (PWI) and the Spinal Cord Lesion Emotional Wellbeing Questionnaire (SCL EWQ v1 Australia). The results indicated that the online program was acceptable, and they all showed some improvement in symptoms. All participants indicated that they would not have sought face-to-face therapy for reasons of access and stigma. They all had a strong sense of independence and felt this would have been questioned if they sought therapy.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Review. OBJECTIVES To review literature on subjective well-being (SWB; mental health and life satisfaction) and on psychological and social support factors associated with these outcomes in people with spinal cord injury (SCI), in order to identify gaps in scientific knowledge and recommend research priorities. SETTING Non applicable. METHODS Narrative review of the SCI literature on life satisfaction and mental health (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress syndrome) outcomes in people with SCI. Further, reviews were performed of the SCI literature on psychological and social support variables associated with SWB and on psychosocial interventions aimed to improve SWB. RESULTS People with SCI experience, on average, higher levels of distress and lower levels of life satisfaction compared with the general population. Individual differences, however, are large, and most people with SCI adapt well to their condition. A set of psychological and social support factors is strongly related to SWB. Intervention studies on cognitive behavioural therapy or coping effectiveness training to improve SWB show promising results, but suffer from methodological weaknesses (for example, lack of randomization and small sample size). CONCLUSION There is a need for cohort studies with sufficient sample size, which include people early after onset of SCI in order to enhance our understanding of the course of mental health and well-being after SCI. Cohort studies could also identify which people are at risk for long-term impairment of SWB. Finally, intervention studies on psychosocial interventions are needed to identify which interventions may improve SWB of people with SCI.
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Wegener ST, Adams LL, Rohe D. Promoting optimal functioning in spinal cord injury: the role of rehabilitation psychology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:297-314. [PMID: 23098721 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation includes attention to the psychological needs of individuals with SCI and their families. This chapter is designed to familiarize neurologists and other practitioners with psychological issues and care in SCI. While psychologists play a key role, attention to psychosocial health is a responsibility shared by all members of the rehabilitation team, beginning with the patient and family, and including clinicians who are not formally identified as mental health providers. Treatment planning for a person with SCI begins with a thorough assessment of the cognitive, emotional, personality, and social factors that influence functioning and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation psychologists use a mixture of assessment tools, including clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and a wide range of standardized test instruments. Psychological interventions can involve direct intervention with the patient, in individual, family or group-based therapies. Other psychological strategies involve assistance through less direct methods - consultation and training to other rehabilitation team members or facilitating peer role-modeling and support groups. The chapter provides an overview of core clinical issues (emotional responses, substance use, pain, cognitive deficits, sexuality and vocational rehabilitation), delineates the process of psychological assessment and intervention, and provides guidance on incorporation of rehabilitation psychology into SCI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Wegener
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Livneh H, Antonak RF. Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability: A Primer for Counselors. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Psychological resources in spinal cord injury: a systematic literature review. Spinal Cord 2011; 50:188-201. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dickson A, O'Brien G, Ward R, Flowers P, Allan D, O'Carroll R. Adjustment and coping in spousal caregivers following a traumatic spinal cord injury: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. J Health Psychol 2011; 17:247-57. [PMID: 21708870 DOI: 10.1177/1359105311411115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 spousal caregivers to people with a traumatic spinal cord injury and were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Here, we present two inter-related master themes: (1) coping with the spousal caregiver role; and (2) putting the pieces back together again. Within these, the analysis describes how regular venting of emotion, social support and focusing on the positive aspects of the situation all promoted coping. Adjustment was reportedly hindered by the introduction of paid caregivers as this represented a loss of privacy and power for the participants. The findings are discussed in relation to the wider literature and recommendations for future caregiver support are highlighted.
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Hoffman JM, Bombardier CH, Graves DE, Kalpakjian CZ, Krause JS. A longitudinal study of depression from 1 to 5 years after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 92:411-8. [PMID: 21353823 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe rates of probable major depression and the development and improvement of depression and to test predictors of depression in a cohort of participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) assessed at 1 and 5 years after injury. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING SCI Model System. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=1035) who completed 1- and 5-year postinjury follow-up interviews from 2000 to 2009. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Probable major depression, defined as Physician Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. RESULTS Probable major depression was found in 21% of participants at year 1 and 18% at year 5. Similar numbers of participants had improvement (25%) or worsening (20%) of symptoms over time, with 8.7% depressed at both 1 and 5 years. Increased pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.10), worsening health status (OR, 1.39), and decreasing unsafe use of alcohol (vs no unsafe use of alcohol; OR, 2.95) are risk factors for the development of depression at 5 years. No predictors of improvement in depression were found. CONCLUSION In this sample, probable major depression was found in 18% to 21% of participants 1 to 5 years after injury. To address this high prevalence, clinicians should use these risk factors and ongoing systematic screening to identify those at risk for depression. Worsening health problems and lack of effective depression treatment in participants with SCI may contribute to high rates of chronic or recurrent depression in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Hoffman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, Aubut JAL, Hitzig SL, Legassic M, Teasell RW. An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol 2011; 56:15-25. [PMID: 21401282 PMCID: PMC3206089 DOI: 10.1037/a0022743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for improving psychosocial outcomes in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) were searched for studies published between 1990 and October 2010. Randomized control trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized control trials (non-RCTs) utilizing a CBT intervention to improve psychosocial outcomes (depressive symptomatology, anxiety, coping, and adjustment to disability) in outpatient persons with SCI were included for review. Levels of evidence were assigned to each study using a modified Sackett scale. Effect size calculations for the interventions were provided where possible. RESULTS Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies reviewed included two RCTs, six prospective controlled trials (PCTs) and one cohort study. All studies examined at least two groups. There is Level 1 and Level 2 evidence supporting the use of specialized CBT protocols in persons with SCI for improving outcomes related to depression, anxiety, adjustment, and coping. CONCLUSIONS CBT holds promise as an effective approach for persons with SCI experiencing depression, anxiety, adjustment, and coping problems. As CBT may involve many different components, it is important in the future to determine which of these elements alone or in combination is most effective in treating the emotional consequences of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mehta
- Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London ON
- St. Joseph’s Parkwood Hospital, London ON
| | | | | | - Jo-Anne L. Aubut
- Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London ON
- St. Joseph’s Parkwood Hospital, London ON
| | | | - Matthew Legassic
- Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London ON
- St. Joseph’s Parkwood Hospital, London ON
| | - Robert W. Teasell
- Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London ON
- St. Joseph’s Parkwood Hospital, London ON
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON
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Tran Y, Thuraisingham R, Craig A, Tomlinson E, Davis GM, Middleton J, Nguyen H. Changes in blood volume pulse during exercise recovery in activity-based therapy for spinal cord injury. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2011:693-696. [PMID: 22254404 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of cardiovascular changes that occur during a novel rehabilitation strategy called activity based therapy (ABT). Blood volume pulse (BVP) signals were measured during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) persons and results were compared to a passive cycling task and able-bodied controls performing normal cycling. BVP signals were compared during three conditions, a baseline pre-exercise condition, 5 minutes after exercise and after 30-minutes rest following exercise. Exercise recovery was evaluated using normalized inner products values in BVP signals. The results showed that FES-induced cycling in SCI participants resulted in a significantly greater peripheral resistance level and longer time to recover from exercise compared with passive cycling and normal cycling in able-bodied controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tran
- Key University Research Centre in Health Technologies, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Dorstyn D, Mathias J, Denson L. Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the management of psychological outcomes following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. J Health Psychol 2010; 16:374-91. [PMID: 20978150 DOI: 10.1177/1359105310379063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis evaluated the impact of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on the psychological adjustment of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). A comprehensive search of six electronic databases identified 10 studies (424 participants) that met the inclusion criteria. Pre- and post-data for participants who received CBT were pooled and analyzed. Large and significant group differences were noted for measures of assertiveness, coping, self-efficacy, depression and quality of life. These data suggest that CBT has a significant positive impact on short-term psychological outcomes following SCI. However, further research is needed to establish the long-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dorstyn
- Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, South Australia, Australia
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Psychological intervention during spinal rehabilitation: a preliminary study. Spinal Cord 2009; 48:756-61. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2009.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: now and in the future. Spinal Cord 2008; 47:352-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2008.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A systematic review of the literature concerning the nature of the psychological morbidity in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES SCI is believed to place the individual at a high risk of psychological morbidity. The objective of this paper was to examine systematically the prevalence of negative psychological states in people with SCI, as well as to explore mediating and contextual factors. METHODS Search engines such as Medline and PsycInfo were systematically searched using specific key words, such as SCI, depression, anxiety and so on. Only studies that fulfilled certain criteria such as the use of valid measures in assessing psychological morbidity were used in the review process. RESULTS The systematic review revealed that clarification is still needed concerning the psychological consequences of people with SCI. However, findings suggest that approximately 30% of people with SCI are at risk of having a depressive disorder although in rehabilitation, and approximately 27% are at risk of having raised depressive symptoms when living in the community. The review also established that people with SCI have higher comparative risks of anxiety disorder, elevated levels of anxiety, feelings of helplessness and poor quality of life (QOL). CONCLUSION People with SCI have an increased risk of suffering debilitating levels of psychological morbidity. Future research needs to clarify the extent and nature of psychological morbidity following SCI by conducting prospective and comprehensive research in large heterogeneous samples of people with SCI during the rehabilitation phase and following reintegration into the community.
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Craig A. Clinical Psychology and Neurological Disability: Psychological Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/13284200008521067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Edelman S. Group therapy with metastatic cancer patients. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/13284209908521042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Edelman
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, University Of Technology , Sydney
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Que JC, Siddall PJ, Cousins MJ. Pain Management in a Patient With Intractable Spinal Cord Injury Pain: A Case Report and Literature Review. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1462-73, table of contents. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000282804.25682.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wrigley P, Siddall P. Pharmacological Interventions for Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury: An Update. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2007. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1302-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wollaars MM, Post MWM, van Asbeck FWA, Brand N. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: The Influence of Psychologic Factors and Impact on Quality of Life. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:383-91. [PMID: 17515736 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0b013e31804463e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine chronic pain prevalence in a spinal cord injury (SCI) population, and to determine the influence of psychologic factors on SCI pain and impact of SCI pain on quality of life. METHODS Five hundred seventy-five persons with SCI were asked to participate in the study. Demographic, SCI, and pain characteristics were obtained. The Chronic Pain Grade, anger items of the Profile of Mood States, Illness Cognition Questionnaire, Pain Coping and Cognition List, and Patient Health Questionnaire were used. General health and well-being were assessed with 0-10 scales. The influence of psychologic factors was assessed with regression analyses controlling for person and injury characteristics and pain intensity. RESULTS Response rate was 49%. SCI pain prevalence was high (77.1%). More internal pain control and coping, less catastrophizing, higher level of lesion, and nontraumatic SCI cause were associated with less pain intensity. More pain was associated with higher pain-related disability. Lower catastrophizing was related to better health. Less SCI helplessness and catastrophizing, greater SCI acceptance and lower anger levels were related to higher well-being. Higher levels of SCI helplessness, catastrophizing, and anger were related to higher depression levels. Pain intensity showed no independent relationships with health, well-being, and depression in the regression analyses. DISCUSSION Chronic SCI pain and quality of life were both largely associated with several psychologic factors of which pain catastrophizing and SCI helplessness were most important. Psychologic intervention programs may be useful for persons suffering from chronic SCI pain to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M Wollaars
- Rehabilitation Centre De Hoogstraat, Rembrandtkade 10, 3583 TM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Machado LAC, Azevedo DC, Capanema MB, Neto TN, Cerceau DM. Client-centered therapy vs exercise therapy for chronic low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial in Brazil. PAIN MEDICINE 2007; 8:251-8. [PMID: 17371412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological interventions targeting maladaptive pain behaviors and depressive symptoms are commonly used in the management of chronic pain. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of psychotherapy, based on client-centered therapy, and exercise for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (LBP). SETTING Outpatient physiotherapy and psychotherapy departments within a Brazilian academic institution. DESIGN Thirty-three patients with chronic nonspecific LBP were recruited and randomized to receive client-centered therapy (N = 16) or exercise (N = 17) for 9 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES AND DATA ANALYSIS: Pain and disability were measured at baseline, 9 weeks, and 6 months by a 10-cm visual analog scale and by the Brazilian Roland-Morris Questionnaire, respectively. Depression was measured at baseline and 9 weeks by the Beck Depression Inventory. Multiple regression analyses with baseline scores as covariates were used to determine the effects of treatment on outcomes. RESULTS For all outcomes at each time point, the exercise group showed greater improvements than psychotherapy. The difference between groups was statistically and clinically significant for disability at 9 weeks (-4.9 points, 95% CI -9.08 to -0.72). CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to investigate the effects of client-centered therapy and exercise for patients with chronic LBP. Our results showed that client-centered therapy is less effective than exercise in reducing disability at short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A C Machado
- Back Pain Research Group, School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Chen HY, Boore JRP. Considering the physiological and psychological consequences of spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.12968/bjnn.2005.1.5.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yu Chen
- Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Republic of China, and
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Siddall PJ, Middleton JW. A proposed algorithm for the management of pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2005; 44:67-77. [PMID: 16116488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Review. OBJECTIVES To review published articles on the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) and to synthesise evidence from these materials to formulate and propose a systematic approach to management. METHODS Relevant articles regarding the treatment of pain were identified from electronic databases using the search terms (('spinal cord injury' or 'spinal cord injuries') and 'pain') and both ('treatment') and ('randomised controlled trials'). Relevant articles were also identified through citations in indexed journal publications and book chapters on this topic. RESULTS Review of the literature indicates that there are a large variety of treatments used in the management of pain following SCI with a small number supported by strong evidence for effectiveness. A treatment algorithm is proposed based on identification of underlying pain contributors and application of appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION Although there are relatively few studies clearly indicating efficacy in this population, an algorithm for the management of pain following SCI might assist to maximise our effectiveness in the treatment of this condition. It is recognised that choice of treatment is also determined by factors such as medication availability, cost and side effects as well as the preferences and characteristics of the person being treated. Nevertheless, an algorithm is proposed as a way to synthesise our current level of knowledge, identify gaps for further study and aid in the management of this difficult problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Siddall
- Pain Management Research Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Elliott TR, Kennedy P. Treatment of Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: An Evidence-Based Review. Rehabil Psychol 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/0090-5550.49.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Craig A, Moses P, Tran Y, McIsaac P, Kirkup L. The effectiveness of a hands-free environmental control system for the profoundly disabled. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83:1455-8. [PMID: 12370885 DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a hands-free environmental control system (ECS) that allows profoundly disabled persons to activate and control electric devices in their home by using consciously controlled changes in their brain signals. DESIGN A cohort study with a field trial testing of the ECS on 3 occasions. SETTING Participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS Ten profoundly disabled persons (mean age, 42.9 y), all of whom had very limited movement from the neck downward. Six had spinal cord injury with lesions ranging from C2 to C5-6. The other 4 had profound disability (1 each from polio, spinal muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy). INTERVENTIONS Participants performed tasks on each of 3 test occasions. The tasks consisted of turning a television on at the beginning of the trial, changing channels (up, down), changing volume, and turning it off at the conclusion of each trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time participants took to select the correct option and number of errors made in selecting the correct option. Measures were taken for each trial, so that any improvement in switching could be detected. RESULTS All participants effectively used the ECS to operate their television sets. Selecting a correct option took about 30 seconds (with the majority of this time attributed to machine cycling time), with an error rate of 1.8 per 5 options selected. The time taken to operate the ECS reduced slightly over the 3 trials and selection errors reduced by around 50% (to less than 1 error per 5 options). CONCLUSIONS With minimal training, profoundly disabled persons were able to use an ECS that uses changes in brain wave signals. This result demonstrates the efficacy of an additional and novel ECS in an area in which few switches are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Craig
- Department of Health Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Hart S, Brucker B, Field T, Burman I. Spinal cord patients benefit from massage therapy. Int J Neurosci 2002; 112:133-42. [PMID: 12325402 DOI: 10.1080/00207450212023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of massage therapy on depression, functionality, upper body muscle strength and range of motion on spinal cord injury patients. Twenty C5 through C7 spinal cord injury individuals recruited from a University outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to a massage therapy group or an exercise group. Patients in the massage therapy group received two 40-min massage therapy sessions per week for 5 weeks. Patients in the control group practiced a range of motion exercise routine targeting the arms, neck, shoulders, and back 2 times per week for 5 weeks. Although both the massage and exercise group appeared to benefit from treatment, only the massage group showed lower anxiety and depression scores and significantly increased their muscle strength and wrist range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Diego
- Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016820, 1601 N.W. 12th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Galvin LR, Godfrey HP. The impact of coping on emotional adjustment to spinal cord injury (SCI): review of the literature and application of a stress appraisal and coping formulation. Spinal Cord 2001; 39:615-27. [PMID: 11781857 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article reviews literature examining the psychological adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and illustrates the applicability of a Stress Appraisal and Coping model (SAC) for rehabilitation of this population. METHOD Articles concerning psychological adjustment to SCI from the previous three decades have been reviewed and critiqued. When possible the articles have been discussed in a SAC framework. RESULTS The literature indicates that psychological adjustment to SCI is largely predictable from psychological variables including coping, appraisal and psychosocial resources. Recent literature has suggested psychological intervention can promote positive psychological adjustment following SCI for those individuals at risk of developing clinical levels of depression. CONCLUSION The SAC model provides a comprehensive formulation to incorporate the heterogeneity of populations with SCI. Suggestions for future research include developing assessment and treatment regimes specifically tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of an individual as highlighted in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Galvin
- Psychology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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45
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional questionnaire. OBJECTIVES To assess the degree of post traumatic stress symptomatology and its correlates amongst a group of new spinal cord injured patients. SETTING The National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital NHS Trust. METHOD Eighty-five participants with an average age of 32.6 years were assessed between 6 and 24 weeks post injury. Seventeen participants were female. Seventy per cent had complete lesions. Forty per cent had paraplegia and 60% had tetraplegia. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury followed by falls and then sporting accidents. The Impact of Event Scale was used to measure the experience of intrusive thoughts about the trauma and avoidance of trauma related stimuli. Anxiety (SAI), depression (BDI) and dependency (FIM) were also measured. RESULTS High levels of distress were evident in 14% of the sample. Trauma-related distress was significantly higher in female patients or patients with high levels of anxiety or depression. CONCLUSION In this sample, the rates of trauma-related distress following spinal cord injury were comparable to those found following other traumas and are of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Bucks, UK
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Abstract
Chronic pain is an important problem following spinal cord injury (SCI) and is a major impediment to effective rehabilitation. The reported prevalence of chronic SCI pain is variable but averages 65% with around one third of these people rating their pain as severe. The mechanisms responsible for the presence of pain are poorly understood. However, evidence from clinical observations and the use of animal models of SCI pain suggests that a number of processes may be important. These include functional and structural plastic changes in the central nervous system following injury, with changes in receptor function and loss of normal inhibition resulting in an increased neuronal excitability. A number of specific types of SCI pain can be distinguished based on descriptors, location and response to treatment. Nociceptive pain can arise from musculoskeletal structures and viscera and neuropathic pain can arise from spinal cord and nerve damage. The role of psychological and environmental factors also needs to be considered. Accurate identification of these pain types will help in selecting appropriate treatment approaches. Current treatments employ a variety of pharmacological, surgical, physical and psychological approaches. However, evidence for many of the treatments in use is still limited. It is hoped that future research will identify effective treatment strategies that accurately target specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Siddall
- Pain Management and Research Centre, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review critically the measures used to screen for depression for disability outcomes research and to recommend measures and needed research. DATA SOURCES Review of literature pertaining to the development, testing, and use of depression measures for outcomes research. STUDY SELECTION English language literature from scientists from a broad range of disciplines and research settings, focusing mainly on the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Center for Epidemiology Study-Depression scale. DATA EXTRACTION A literature review was completed through MEDLINE. Based on the review, instruments were selected according to their use among people with disability and the reliability and validity of the instrument. Two instruments were selected for a complete review, and 5 instruments were selected for a brief review. DATA SYNTHESIS A critical review of measures that have been and may be used to measure depressive symptomatology among people with disability. CONCLUSIONS Screening measures of depression are easy to administer and score. Almost all have low respondent burden and good face validity, thereby contributing to a high participation rate for most studies. Some problems exist with the application of these instruments to people with disability (ie, overlap of symptoms of depression and indicators of physical impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Vahle
- Department of Community Health, Saint Louis University School of Public Health, MO 63108, USA.
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Abstract
This article provides a substantive review and synthesis of major areas of emphasis in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. Comprehensive examination of the current status and future implications for SCI research includes consideration of investigations from the following arenas: epidemiology, functional classification and prediction, neurophysiologic testing, models of injury and recovery, psychosocial considerations, surgical strategies, animal laboratory research, economic implications, life expectancy, complication rates, gender differences, pharmacological management, and prevention. Synthesis of these research conclusions from a broad spectrum of laboratory, clinical, and scientific domains provides opportunity for improving SCI prevention, treatment, and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sullivan
- Thomas Jefferson University & Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Craig AR, Hancock K, Chang E, Dickson H. Immunizing against depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79:375-7. [PMID: 9552101 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further report on the effectiveness of early psychological intervention in reducing anxiety and depressive mood in persons with spinal cord injury 2 years after injury. DESIGN A nonrandomized, longitudinal, controlled trial. SETTING, OUTCOME MEASURES, AND INTERVENTION: Twenty-eight spinal cord injured persons participated in group cognitive behavior therapy during hospital rehabilitation. They were assessed for depressive mood and anxiety before, immediately after, and 12 and 24 months after treatment. The intervention group's responses on the measures were compared with a control group of 31 spinal cord injured persons who only received traditional rehabilitation services during their hospitalization. RESULTS Subjects in the treatment group with high depression and anxiety scores before treatment were significantly less depressed and reduced their anxiety to a greater extent 2 years after the injury in comparison with similar persons in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Group cognitive behavior therapy for spinal cord injured persons who are abnormally depressed and anxious appears to reduce depressive mood and anxiety in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Craig
- Department of Health Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Craig A, Hancock K, Chang E, Dickson H. The effectiveness of group psychological intervention in enhancing perceptions of control following spinal cord injury. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998; 32:112-8. [PMID: 9565192 DOI: 10.3109/00048679809062717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research investigated the effects of a structured psychological intervention, delivered during hospital rehabilitation, on the perceptions of control in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD A longitudinal study was designed to assess perceptions of control (using an objective measure of locus of control) in SCI persons who participated in specialised group cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) during hospital rehabilitation. The treatment SCI group's responses on locus of control were compared with a control group of SCI persons who only received traditional rehabilitation services during their hospitalisation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Mean locus of control scores were not high (i.e. external) for both groups and there were no overall group differences on locus of control responses across time in comparison to the control group. However, subjects in both groups who initially perceived life as externally controlled were extracted to form subgroups. The members of the subgroup who received CBT were significantly more likely to feel in control of themselves 2 years post injury compared to similar persons in the control group. Furthermore, an external locus of control was significantly but mildly associated with depressive mood 2 years after the injury. This research suggests that the provision of a structured psychological program in the rehabilitation stage will be beneficial for many SCI persons who feel that they have little control over their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Craig
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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