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Hutchens TW, Li CM, Besch PK. Proteins associated with untransformed estrogen receptor in vitro. Perturbation of hydrophobic interactions induces alterations in quaternary structure and exposure of the DNA-binding site. Biochemistry 1987; 26:5608-16. [PMID: 3676272 DOI: 10.1021/bi00392a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors from calf uteri have been analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, chromatofocusing, and DNA affinity chromatography using conditions designed to evaluate the relative contribution of hydrophobic interactions between the steroid-binding subunit and other receptor-associated proteins. The single large (untransformed) species of soluble estrogen-receptor consistently (n = 9) found in calf uteri displayed a rapid change in Stokes radius from 8.0 to 3.5 nm upon exposure to elevated ionic strengths (0.4 M KCl). However, equilibration of the estrogen-receptor complex into urea (up to 6 M) did not dissociate the untransformed receptor into the 3.5-nm receptor form (subunit) observed in hypertonic (0.4 M KCl) buffers. Exposure to 6 M urea did result in conversion of the untransformed receptor (8.0 nm) to a 6.0-6.5-nm receptor form not previously observed in either hypotonic or hypertonic buffers. In the presence of both 6 M urea and 0.4 M KCl, the untransformed estrogen-receptor complex was converted to a smaller receptor form intermediate in apparent size (4.5-5.0 nm) to that observed in 6 M urea or 0.4 M KCl alone. The formation of this 4.5-5.0-nm receptor form was partially estrogen dependent as determined by parallel analyses of unliganded receptor in urea/KCl buffer. The urea-induced change in apparent size (8 nm to 6.0-6.5 nm) at low ionic strength was accompanied by little or no detectable change in net surface charge as determined by chromatofocusing but a complete exposure of the DNA-binding site as evidenced by nearly quantitative interaction with DNA-agarose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Hutchens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Baskevitch PP, Rochefort H. A cytosol protease from the estrogen-resistant C3H mammary carcinoma increases the affinity of the estrogen receptor for DNA in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 146:671-8. [PMID: 3882420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown, in the estrogen-unresponsive C3H mouse mammary tumor that the affinity of the estrogen receptor (ER) for calf thymus DNA in vitro is four-times higher than that of uterine ER [Baskevitch, P. P., Vignon, F., Bousquet, C. and Rochefort, H. (1983) Cancer Res. 43, 2290]. By mixing cytosols from this tumor and uterus, we describe a tumor factor capable of increasing ER affinity for DNA, as assayed by DNA-cellulose chromatography and saturation studies. The activity of this factor was inhibited by alpha-chymotrypsin-inhibitors such as N-tosylphenylalanylchloromethane and chymostatin. Using the fluorogenic substrate glutarylglycylglycylphenylalanyl-N-naphthylamide, we assayed such a protease in the C3H mammary tumor cytosol. This protease and the factor altering ER-DNA binding were eluted together from chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, AcA 44, and carboline-agarose and were sensitive to the same inhibitors. The partially purified factor decreases the molecular mass of the estrogen receptor as seen by denaturing electrophoresis after covalent labelling of the ER with [3H]tamoxifen aziridine. We suggest that the increase of ER affinity for DNA and the decrease of ER molecular size are due to the same protease with an alpha-chymotrypsin-like specificity.
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Baskevitch PP, Rochefort H. Isopycnic banding in metrizamide of the uterine cytosol and nuclear estradiol receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1981; 22:195-210. [PMID: 7239002 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(81)90091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the cytosol and the nuclear estrogen receptors (RE) of immature lamb uterus and their complexes formed with DNA and chromatin by using metrizamide isopycnic gradients. In low salt, the cytosol RE had a density of 1.238 +/- 0.002 g/cm3. This density was increased by Ca2+-activated proteolysis (1.275 g/cm3) and heat transformation of the receptor (1.257 g/cm3) and lowered by trypsin treatment (1.20 g/cm3), DNA binding (1.20 g/cm3) or molybdate treatment. In high salt (0.5 M KCl) both the native and the heat-"transformed" cytosol RE banded at the same density of 1.26 g/cm3. The 8S RE had the same density when bound to E2 or to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen. Endometrial nuclei purified after nuclear translocation of RE were digested by micrococcal nuclease to solubilize the nuclear RE under low salt conditions. The majority of the extracted nuclear RE had a density similar to that of the 8S cytosol RE (1.239 +/- 0.002) and thus was different from the proteolyzed and heat "transformed" forms. Conversely, after a slight digestion of the nuclei, RE banded with chromatin at 1.208 +/- 0.001 g/cm3. In low salt, both forms of the nuclear RE, but not the trypsin proteolyzed nuclear RE, were displaced by naked DNA added in vitro. We conclude that the cytosol RE and the free nuclear RE have, in low salt, the same density and DNA-binding ability and that metrizamide isopycnic analysis is a good method for quantifying the interactions of the receptor with DNA and chromatin.
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Hughes MR, Compton JG, Schrader WT, O'Malley BW. Interaction of the chick oviduct progesterone receptor with deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1981; 20:2481-91. [PMID: 7236615 DOI: 10.1021/bi00512a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purified DNA binding component (receptor A) of the chick oviduct progesterone receptor has been analyzed for its ability to bind to the cloned ovalbumin gene and to plasmid DNA of various structural compositions. The rapid equilibrium filter adsorption assay of Riggs et al. [Riggs, A. D., Suzuki, H., & Bourgeois, S. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48, 67] has been used to demonstrate high affinity binding of the protein to DNA (Kdiss = 10(-10) M at 50 mM KCl, pH 7.2). Studies of association rates are consistent with equilibrium measurements (t 1/2 = 40-80 min). Association of purified receptor with DNA and the kinetics of the interaction have been verified independently by velocity sedimentation techniques. Direct binding assays were performed with the ovalbumin structural gene (cDNA), the entire natural ovalbumin gene containing seven intervening sequences, and various ovalbumin gene fragments coding for the 5' end of the nuclear precursor RNA, intron-exon junctions, and the 3'-noncoding region of the gene. No DNA-sequence specificity was identified for the binding of the receptor protein to any region of ovalbumin gene DNA. In contrast, the structural integrity of the DNA template greatly affected receptor binding. The poorest affinity was to supercoiled DNA and to blunt end, linear duplex gene fragments. The receptor bound saturably to DNA containing limited nicks but became nonsaturable as nicks were increased. Binding of the protein to double-stranded DNA increased susceptibility of the DNA to digestion by the enzyme S1, a single strand specific nuclease. On the basis of preferential receptor binding to single-stranded DNA, a possible mechanism involving DNA helix destabilization is discussed.
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Eagon PK, Fisher SE, Imhoff AF, Porter LE, Stewart RR, Van Thiel DH, Lester R. Estrogen-binding proteins of male rat liver: influences of hormonal changes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 201:486-99. [PMID: 7190370 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Erdos T, Friès J. The endometrial nuclear estradiol receptor of the pregnant cow has a molecular weight of 53,000 in 6 M guanidine-HCl. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1979; 13:203-9. [PMID: 446882 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(79)90020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell nuclei isolated from the endometrium of the 3 months pregnant cow were dialysed against 6 M guanidine-HCl + 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The resulting material (after eliminating the bulk of DNA by centrifugation) was filtered on a Sepharose 6/b column equilibrated in the above denaturing solvent. The molecular weight of the denatured "nuclear" estradiol receptor, estimated by a method described previously (T. Erdos and J. Fries (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 932-939), was about 53,000. This value is similar to that of the cytoplasmic receptor (55,000) but dissimilar to that of the cytoplasmic receptor transformed by the action of the Receptor Transforming Factor (35,000) estimated under the same experimental conditions, suggesting that the latter form of the receptor is not the biological precursor of the "nuclear" receptor. However, according to indirect estimates, probably not more than 10% of the "nuclear" receptor has been renatured in these experiments. Therefore the alternative that the results obtained are not representative for the "nuclear" receptor, cannot be excluded.
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Coty WA, Schrader WT, O'Malley BW. Purification and characterization of the chick oviduct progesterone receptor A subunit. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:1-12. [PMID: 229346 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(79)90134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Simons SS. Factors influencing association of glucocorticoid receptor-steroid complexes with nuclei, chromatin, and DNA: interpretation of binding data. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:161-87. [PMID: 386084 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to reconstruct, in a test tube, the steroid-hormone system of a responsive cell are fraught with enumerable difficulties. In this chapter I have attempted to point out some of the factors that affect receptor-steroid complexes and their interactions with acceptors. In most cases there is a quantitative influence of these factors on the level of steroid complex binding to acceptors. In some cases, selected experimental designs that neglect these factors and methods of presenting the observed data may lead to artifactual conclusions. Several of these problems should disappear when the prospect of pure receptor-steroid complexes [127, 147, 150, 181, 247, 248] becomes a common occurrence. Nevertheless much has already been learned about the interactions of complexes with acceptors, which in turn have been used to help formulate models of steroid-hormone action.
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Charreau EH, Baldi A. Binding of estradiol receptor complexes to isolated human breast chromatin. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 16:79-86. [PMID: 887094 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of estradiol-receptor complexes and isolated human breast tumor chromatin was studied under equilibrium conditions. The estradiol-receptor complexes bound specifically to the chromatin of hormone dependent tumors and showed a single class of binding sites with a Ka of 0.96 X 10(10) M-1 and a binding capacity of 1.5 pmoles/mg DNA. The binding was a temperature-dependent process and involved a "transformation" of the receptor protein. The heat-activated hormone-receptor complex was more active than the 8S form in the binding phenomenon. The specific interaction of estradiol-receptor complex with isolated chromatin was saturable and sensitive to conditions of temperature and ionic strength. Furthermore under optimal conditions no acceptor sites were detected in chromatin of hormone independent tumors.
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Puca GA, Nola E, Sica V, Bresciani F. Estrogen binding proteins of calf uterus. Molecular and functional characterization of the receptor transforming factor: A Ca2+-activated protease. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Synthesis of an estrogen affinity adsorbent containing a disulfide linkage between the steroid and stationary matrix permitted facile purification of high affinity estrogen binding proteins. Following affinity chromatography of either antibody directed against estrone 17-carboxymethyloxime - bovine serum albumin or immature calf uterine cytoplasmic estrogen receptor proteins, the specifically bound mercaptoethanol. Crude antibody and uterine cytosol was 10(-3) to 10(-2)M cystamine (S-S) to block SH-containing proteins, in order to protect the adsorbent against protein-mediated S-S in equilibrium SH exchange. Cystamine was found to markedly stabilize crude cytosol receptor protein by 200-300% compared with preparations obtained under ordinary conditions. Disulfide affinity adsorbents are versatile in that they can be used either under conventional conditions of specific protein recovery, or with 2-mercaptoethanol which removes the ligand and bound protein from the stationary matrix quantitatively.
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Schrader WT, Kuhn RW, O'Malley BW. Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Receptor B subunit protein purified to apparent homogeneity from laying hen oviducts. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kuhn RW, Schrader WT, Coty WA, Conn M, O'Malley BW. Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. Biochemical characterization of purified oviduct progesterone receptor B subunit. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Vallet-Strouve C, Rat L, Sala-Trepat JM. Limited proteolysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear uterine estradiol receptors yields identical estradiol-binding fragments. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 66:327-37. [PMID: 181252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limited tryptic hydrolysis of the estradiol cytoplasmic receptor from calf uterus has been demonstrated to yield in a high-salt buffer a stable estradiol-binding molecule with the following characteristics: sedimentation coefficient 4.0 +/- 0.1 S; Stokes radius 3.5 +/- 0.05 nm; molecular weight 60000 (for an assumed v value of 0.73 ml g-1) and frictional ratio 1.36. Nuclear KCl extracts, prepared from uteri preincubated at 37 degrees C with labeled estradiol, were analysed by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The following molecular parameters were found for the estradiol-receptor complex: sedimentation coefficient 4.4 +/- 0.1 S; Stokes radius 4.12 +/- 0.02 nm; molecular weight 77000 and frictional ratio 1.47 (v = 0.73 ml g-1). Limited tryptic proteolysis of this extract gave an estradiol-binding fragment with molecular characteristics identical to the trypsin-modified cytoplasmic receptor. In addition, mild tryptic digestion of whole labeled nuclei allowed us to solubilize almost quantitatively the nuclear [3H]estradiol in a macromolecular bound form. The molecule thus obtained showed molecular parameters very similar to the 60000-dalton trypsin fragments obtained from high-salt cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts. These molecules were undistinguishable by gel electrophoresis analysis at six different acrylamide concentrations. These results in conjunction with those derived from dissociation kinetics experiments and ligand specificity studies indicate the cytosolic protein is a functional part of the nuclear receptor. Based upon these and other studies we suggest that proteolytic cleavage of the estradiol-receptor complex, which results in the removal of the estradiol-binding sites from the nuclear recognition sites of the molecule, could play a role in the inactivation of the estradiol receptor in vivo.
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Baulieu EE, Atger M, Best-Belpomme M, Corvol P, Courvalin JC, Mester J, Milgrom E, Robel P, Rochefort H, De Catalogne D. Steroid hormone receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1976; 33:649-736. [PMID: 180682 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Buller RE, O'Malley BW. The biology and mechanism of steroid hormone receptor interaction with the eukaryotic nucleus. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1-12. [PMID: 175801 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sweet F, Adair NK. Synthesis of an affinity chromatography column designed for recovery of labile proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 63:99-105. [PMID: 164861 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rat RL, Vallet-Strouve C, Erdos T. The properties of a uterine oestradiol-receptor after limited proteolysis. Biochimie 1975; 56:1387-94. [PMID: 4377532 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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