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Webb EK, Carter SE, Ressler KJ, Fani N, Harnett NG. The neurophysiological consequences of racism-related stressors in Black Americans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105638. [PMID: 38522814 PMCID: PMC11081835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Racism-related stressors, from experiences of both implicit and explicit racial discrimination to systemic socioeconomic disadvantage, have a cumulative impact on Black Americans' health. The present narrative review synthesizes peripheral (neuroendocrine and inflammation markers), psychophysiological (heart-rate variability, skin conductance), and neuroimaging (structural and functional) findings that demonstrate unique associations with racism-related stress. Emerging evidence reveals how racism-related stressors contribute to differential physiological and neural responses and may have distinct impacts on regions involved with threat and social processing. Ultimately, the neurophysiological effects of racism-related stress may confer biological susceptibility to stress and trauma-related disorders. We note critical gaps in the literature on the neurophysiological impact of racism-related stress and outline additional research that is needed on the multifactorial interactions between racism and mental health. A clearer understanding of the interactions between racism-related stress, neurophysiology, and stress- and trauma-related disorders is critical for preventative efforts, biomarker discovery, and selection of effective clinical treatments for Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kate Webb
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sierra E Carter
- Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Hong JS, Lee D, Han DH, Sim M. Development and validation of the trauma-specific emotional counting Stroop paradigm for fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:118-124. [PMID: 38163567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emotional-counting Stroop (ecStroop) is a cognitive task to evaluate emotional information processing. This study aimed to develop a trauma-specific ecStroop protocol for firefighters and assess its validity as a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation paradigm. METHODS To develop the ecStroop protocol, trauma-related words for firefighters were selected from previous studies, and general negative and neutral words were matched corresponding to the number of letters and syllables, parts of speech, and frequency in the Korean language. The negative emotional valence of whole words was investigated in 520 healthy participants. To compare brain activation between three categories, 25 healthy individuals underwent fMRI during the ecStroop task. RESULTS Eight trauma-related words, eight general negative words, and sixteen neutral words were selected by emotional valence scores. The general negative words were related to increased activation in the right inferior and middle temporal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus compared to the neutral words. When exposed to the trauma-related words, participants' brain activation was increased in the right inferior temporal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and left inferior frontal gyrus as compared to when exposed to the neutral words. LIMITATIONS The fact that all participants in the phase 2 fMRI study were male could limit generalization to all genders. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the ecStroop paradigm successfully activated the brain regions for emotional processing. This paradigm could be valuable in assessing the trauma-specific neural changes in firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Lee
- National Center for Disaster and Trauma, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minyoung Sim
- National Center for Disaster and Trauma, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Hinojosa CA, VanElzakker MB, Kaur N, Felicione JM, Charney ME, Bui E, Marques L, Summergrad P, Rauch SL, Simon NM, Shin LM. Pre-treatment amygdala activation and habituation predict symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1198244. [PMID: 37492481 PMCID: PMC10363634 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1198244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma-focused psychotherapy approaches are the first-line treatment option for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, up to a third of patients remain symptomatic even after completion of the treatment. Predicting which patients will respond to a given treatment option would support personalized treatments and improve the efficiency of healthcare systems. Although previous neuroimaging studies have examined possible pre-treatment predictors of response to treatment, the findings have been somewhat inconsistent, and no other study has examined habituation to stimuli as a predictor. In this study, 16 treatment-seeking adults (MAge = 43.63, n = 10 women) with a primary diagnosis of PTSD passively viewed pictures of emotional facial expressions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). After scanning, participants rated facial expressions on both valence and arousal. Participants then completed eight weekly sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. PTSD symptom severity was measured before and after treatment. Overall, participants showed symptomatic improvement with PE. Consistent with hypotheses, lesser activation in the amygdala and greater activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during the presentation of fearful vs. happy facial expressions, as well as a greater decline in amygdala activation across blocks of fearful facial expressions at baseline, were associated with greater reduction of PTSD symptoms. Given that the repeated presentation of emotional material underlies PE, changes in brain responses with repeated stimulus presentations warrant further studies as potential predictors of response to exposure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A. Hinojosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael B. VanElzakker
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Julia M. Felicione
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Meredith E. Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric Bui
- Normandie Univ, University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN), L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NEUROPRESAGE Team, (Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Luana Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul Summergrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Naomi M. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lisa M. Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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4
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Bouras NN, Mack NR, Gao WJ. Prefrontal modulation of anxiety through a lens of noradrenergic signaling. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1173326. [PMID: 37139472 PMCID: PMC10149815 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1173326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million individuals annually. Anxiety is an adaptive response to a stressful or unpredictable life event. Though evolutionarily thought to aid in survival, excess intensity or duration of anxiogenic response can lead to a plethora of adverse symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. A wealth of data has implicated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of anxiety. Norepinephrine (NE) is a crucial neuromodulator of arousal and vigilance believed to be responsible for many of the symptoms of anxiety disorders. NE is synthesized in the locus coeruleus (LC), which sends major noradrenergic inputs to the mPFC. Given the unique properties of LC-mPFC connections and the heterogeneous subpopulation of prefrontal neurons known to be involved in regulating anxiety-like behaviors, NE likely modulates PFC function in a cell-type and circuit-specific manner. In working memory and stress response, NE follows an inverted-U model, where an overly high or low release of NE is associated with sub-optimal neural functioning. In contrast, based on current literature review of the individual contributions of NE and the PFC in anxiety disorders, we propose a model of NE level- and adrenergic receptor-dependent, circuit-specific NE-PFC modulation of anxiety disorders. Further, the advent of new techniques to measure NE in the PFC with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution will significantly help us understand how NE modulates PFC function in anxiety disorders.
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Simhal AK, Carpenter KLH, Kurtzberg J, Song A, Tannenbaum A, Zhang L, Sapiro G, Dawson G. Changes in the geometry and robustness of diffusion tensor imaging networks: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial of young autistic children receiving an umbilical cord blood infusion. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1026279. [PMID: 36353577 PMCID: PMC9637553 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1026279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used as an outcome measure in clinical trials for several psychiatric disorders but has rarely been explored in autism clinical trials. This is despite a large body of research suggesting altered white matter structure in autistic individuals. The current study is a secondary analysis of changes in white matter connectivity from a double-blind placebo-control trial of a single intravenous cord blood infusion in 2-7-year-old autistic children (1). Both clinical assessments and DTI were collected at baseline and 6 months after infusion. This study used two measures of white matter connectivity: change in node-to-node connectivity as measured through DTI streamlines and a novel measure of feedback network connectivity, Ollivier-Ricci curvature (ORC). ORC is a network measure which considers both local and global connectivity to assess the robustness of any given pathway. Using both the streamline and ORC analyses, we found reorganization of white matter pathways in predominantly frontal and temporal brain networks in autistic children who received umbilical cord blood treatment versus those who received a placebo. By looking at changes in network robustness, this study examined not only the direct, physical changes in connectivity, but changes with respect to the whole brain network. Together, these results suggest the use of DTI and ORC should be further explored as a potential biomarker in future autism clinical trials. These results, however, should not be interpreted as evidence for the efficacy of cord blood for improving clinical outcomes in autism. This paper presents a secondary analysis using data from a clinical trial that was prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT02847182).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish K. Simhal
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kimberly L. H. Carpenter
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Marcus Center for Cellular Cures, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allen Song
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guillermo Sapiro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Alcohol- and non-alcohol-related interference: An fMRI study of treatment-seeking adults with alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 235:109462. [PMID: 35462263 PMCID: PMC9106927 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) have difficulty diverting attention away from alcohol-related stimuli and towards non-alcohol-related goals (i.e., alcohol-related attention interference). It remains unclear whether regulatory brain function differs during alcohol and non-alcohol-related interference. This study compares brain reactivity during the alcohol and classic Stroop and whether such brain function relates to AUD severity. METHODS 46 participants with AUD completed alcohol and classic color-word Stroop tasks during fMRI. Brain activity was compared during alcohol and classic Stroop interference in the rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices (rACC and dACC) and correlated with self-reported AUD severity. Exploratory whole-brain analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Behavioral interference (i.e., slower reaction times) was observed during alcohol and classic Stroop. rACC activity was significantly higher during the alcohol > neutral contrast versus the incongruent > congruent contrast. dACC activity did not differ between the Stroop tasks. dACC activity during incongruent > congruent was positively associated with AUD severity. CONCLUSIONS Activity in ACC subregions differed during alcohol and non-alcohol interference. Increased alcohol-related activity in the rACC, a region linked to emotional conflict resolution, suggests an interfering effect of self-relevant alcohol cues on non-alcohol-related processing. AUD severity was related to greater dACC reactivity during classic Stroop interference, suggesting that non-drug-related cognitive control impairments are more pronounced in those with more problematic alcohol use.
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Fynes-Clinton S, Sherwell C, Ziaei M, York A, O'Connor ES, Forrest K, Flynn L, Bower J, Reutens D, Carroll A. Neural activation during emotional interference corresponds to emotion dysregulation in stressed teachers. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:5. [PMID: 35444214 PMCID: PMC9021303 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Teacher stress and burnout has been associated with low job satisfaction, reduced emotional wellbeing, and poor student learning outcomes. Prolonged stress is associated with emotion dysregulation and has thus become a focus of stress interventions. This study examines emotional interference effects in a group of teachers suffering from high stress and to explore how individual differences in cognitive control, emotion dysregulation, and emotion recognition related to patterns of neural activation. Forty-nine teachers suffering moderate-high stress participated in an emotional counting Stroop task while their brain activity was imaged using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants viewed general or teacher specific words of either negative or neutral valence and were required to count the number of words on screen. Behavioural and neuroimaging results suggest that teachers are able to control emotional responses to negative stimuli, as no evidence of emotional interference was detected. However, patterns of neural activation revealed early shared engagement of regions involved in cognitive reappraisal during negative task conditions and unique late engagement of the hippocampus only while counting teacher-specific negative words. Further, we identified that greater emotion dysregulation was associated with increased activation of regions involved in cognitive control processes during neutral word trials. Teachers who showed slower emotion recognition performance were also found to have greater activation in regions associated with visual and word processing, specifically during the teacher specific negative word condition of the task. Future research should explore emotion regulation strategy use in teachers and utilise temporally sensitive neuroimaging techniques to further understand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fynes-Clinton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Chase Sherwell
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashley York
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Kylee Forrest
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Libby Flynn
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie Bower
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Annemaree Carroll
- School of Education, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Lerman I, Klaming R, Spadoni A, Baker DG, Simmons AN. Non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation effects on reaction time and valence image anticipation response. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:946-956. [PMID: 35738468 PMCID: PMC9721369 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norepinephrine (NE) driven noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS), which improves attention and reduces reaction time, augments learning. Equally important, endogenous NE mediated arousal is highly dependent on the valence (positive or negative) of the exogenous stimulus. But to date, no study has measured valence specific effects of nVNS on both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) anticipation task response and reaction time in healthy individuals. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to assess whether nVNS vs sham modulates valence cortical anticipation task response and reaction time in a normative sample. METHODS Participants received right sided transcutaneous cervical nVNS (N = 12) or sham (N = 12) stimulation during a 3T fMRI scan. Subjects first performed a continuous performance task (CPT) and then a cued anticipation task to images of positively and negatively valenced events during fMRI. Reaction times to cues and Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response were examined over phase to identify effects of nVNS/sham over time. RESULTS nVNS reduced reaction time for all valenced image anticipation trials. With the fMRI anticipation task, we observed a valence-specific effect; nVNS increased responsivity to images with negative valence and decreased responsivity to images with positive valence, whereas sham showed an inverse valence response. CONCLUSIONS nVNS was linked to reduced reaction time during the anticipation task. In tandem, nVNS consistently enhanced responsivity to negatively valenced images and diminished responsivity to positively valenced images, suggesting specific nVNS driven endogenous neurotransmitter signaling may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanuel Lerman
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Ruth Klaming
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Spadoni
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan N Simmons
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Sheena MK, Jimmy J, Burkhouse KL, Klumpp H. Anterior cingulate cortex activity during attentional control corresponds with rumination in depression and social anxiety. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111385. [PMID: 34563988 PMCID: PMC8559256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rumination and worry are transdiagnostic perseverative cognitions that have overlapping and distinct characteristics. While the mechanisms of perseverative cognitions remain incomplete, limited data indicate anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as it relates to top-down functions contributes to perseverative cognitions in internalizing conditions. The current study extends this work in patients with major depression (n = 39) or social anxiety (n = 42). During fMRI, participants viewed images comprising letter strings superimposed on task-irrelevant threatening or neutral faces. To moderate task difficulty, there was a low perceptual load condition where the target letter was in a string of identical letters and high load condition with the target letter in a mixed letter string increasing task difficulty. Regions of interest (ROI) comprised dorsal ACC and rostral ACC. Bilateral amygdala was also examined. Results showed diagnostic groups had similar levels of rumination and worry. Exploratory hierarchical regression analysis comprising clinical measures, task performance, and the 4 ROIs revealed significantly less dorsal ACC engagement during low (vs. high) load to task-irrelevant faces corresponded with more rumination, but not worry, regardless of diagnostic status. However, the ACC finding did not survive Bonferroni correction. Preliminary results suggest dorsal ACC response during attentional control may serve as a transdiagnostic mechanism of rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sheena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Rm 457, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Jagan Jimmy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Rm 457, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Rm 457, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Rm 457, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Feng C, Gu R, Li T, Wang L, Zhang Z, Luo W, Eickhoff SB. Separate neural networks of implicit emotional processing between pictures and words: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of brain imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:331-344. [PMID: 34562542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Both pictures and words are frequently employed as experimental stimuli to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms of emotional processing. However, it remains unclear whether emotional picture processing and emotional word processing share neural underpinnings. To address this issue, we focus on neuroimaging studies examining the implicit processing of affective words and pictures, which require participants to meet cognitive task demands under the implicit influence of emotional pictorial or verbal stimuli. A coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was conducted on these studies, which revealed no common activation maximum between the picture and word conditions. Specifically, implicit negative picture processing (35 experiments, 393 foci, and 932 subjects) engages the bilateral amygdala, left hippocampus, fusiform gyri, and right insula, which are mainly located in the subcortical network and visual network associated with bottom-up emotional responses. In contrast, implicit negative word processing (34 experiments, 316 foci, and 799 subjects) engages the default mode network and fronto-parietal network including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, indicating the involvement of top-down semantic processing and emotion regulation. Our findings indicate that affective pictures (that intrinsically have an affective valence) and affective words (that inherit the affective valence from their object) modulate implicit emotional processing in different ways, and therefore recruit distinct brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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11
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The neural basis of decision-making during time-based inter-role conflict. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108186. [PMID: 34487806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-based inter-role conflict is a type of conflict in which individuals are faced with simultaneous role pressures from different role domains. Some researchers have applied a decision-making perspective to investigate inter-role conflict; however, the neural basis of inter-role decision-making has rarely been discussed. In the current study, a collection of inter-role conflict scenarios with high/low levels of conflict were selected, and sixty college students were recruited to make choices between the conflicting student and family/friend demands in each scenario while their brain activities were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Blood oxygen level-dependent conjunction analysis found that making decisions in inter-role conflict activated brain areas, including the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), bilateral temporoparietal conjunction (TPJ), bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and bilateral anterior temporal lobe. Direct comparisons between high versus low conflict situations showed increased activation of the left dorsal anterior cingulate. A generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis further showed enhanced connectivity among the mPFC, PCC, and bilateral TPJ in high conflict versus low conflict situations. Our study improved understanding of the relationship between brain and inter-role decision-making and provided an empirical examination on the psychological process propositions.
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Longitudinal grey matter changes following first episode mania in bipolar I disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:198-208. [PMID: 34049189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While widespread grey matter (GM) changes are seen in bipolar I disorder (BD-I), it is unclear how early in the illness such changes emerge. To date there has been little synthesis of findings regarding longitudinal grey matter changes early in the course of BD-I. We conducted a systematic review to examine the evolution of GM changes in BD-I patients following the first episode of mania (FEM). METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of studies examining longitudinal changes in GM volume (GMV), cortical thickness and/or surface area in BD-I patients following FEM. We qualitatively synthesized results regarding longitudinal GM changes in BD-I patients. RESULTS Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria, all examining GMV changes. Longitudinal ACC volume decrease following FEM was the most replicated finding, but was only reported in 4 out of 7 studies that examined this region as part of a whole brain/region of interest analysis, with 2 of these positive studies using an overlapping patient sample. The impact of episode recurrence, medications, and other clinical factors was inconsistently examined. LIMITATIONS The literature regarding GM changes early in BD-I is highly inconsistent, likely due to heterogeneity in participant characteristics, imaging methodology/analysis and duration of follow up. CONCLUSIONS Though there was some suggestion that structural ACC changes may represent a marker for neuroprogression following FEM, results were too inconsistent to draw any conclusions. Larger longitudinal studies examining cortical thickness/surface area, and the influence of relevant clinical factors, are needed to better understand neuroprogression in early BD-I.
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Hofman S, Wieser MJ, van der Veen FM. Acetaminophen does not affect cardiac and brain responses to social rejection but seems to attenuate behavioral adaptation in a social judgment task. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:362-374. [PMID: 33952155 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1924260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of Acetaminophen on the painful experience of social rejection by examining brain, cardiac and behavioral measures reflecting different aspects of social feedback processing. Healthy students (N = 72), after ingesting either Acetaminophen or a placebo, performed a social judgment paradigm (SJP), in which they could be expectedly or unexpectedly rejected or accepted. During the task, cardiac and brain responses to different types of feedback were measured, as well as expectancies relating to the given feedback. Enhanced cardiac deceleration was found after unexpected social rejection as compared to all other conditions. Larger mean P3 amplitude was found after expected positive and negative feedback stimuli as compared to unexpected stimuli. While cardiac deceleration and P3 were not affected by Acetaminophen, behavioral responses were. While in the control group the percentage of acceptance predictions decreased over the experiment (learning from negative feedback), the Acetaminophen group did not adjust their positive prediction bias over time. The unexpected effect of Acetaminophen on prediction behavior suggests that Acetaminophen might indeed play a role in social pain perception. The normally observed social pain-based learning effect seems to disappear when participants ingest Acetaminophen, which can be interpreted as a reduced pain perception after Acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hofman
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias J Wieser
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik M van der Veen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Huang WL, Liao SC, Gau SSF. Association between Stroop tasks and heart rate variability features in patients with somatic symptom disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:246-255. [PMID: 33621910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) may have declined parasympathetic activity and selective attention to negative information. We combined Stroop tasks and heart rate variability (HRV) measurements to explore the brain mechanism of SSD. METHODS 104 SSD patients (64 women) and 100 healthy adults (76 women) received three Stroop tasks (the "cognitive" color-word Stroop, "emotional" emotion Stroop, and "cognitive and emotional" face-word Stroop) with low and high interference conditions. The key HRV indexes included high-frequency power (HF) and standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals (SDNN). The generalized estimating equation model was used to examine the effects of SSD on three Stroop tasks performance (accuracy and reaction time) and HRV (HF and SDNN) controlling for sex, age, body mass index, and the levels of anxiety and depression. RESULTS For Stroop tasks, the significant group difference in emotion Stroop task with the high level of interference (SSD patients had lower accuracy than healthy ones) was only found in women. As for HRV, only men during color-word Stroop, women during emotion Stroop revealed significant between-group differences; SDNN in SSD men was higher than healthy men, and HF in SSD women was lower than healthy women controlling for the confounding factors. The significantly longer reaction time in SSD women than in healthy women diminished in the adjusted analysis. CONCLUSION Emotion Stroop task and HRV helps distinguish SSD patients from healthy adults, particularly in women. Sex-specific measures for early detection and intervention for SSD are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Liu M, Yang H, Qin J, Yao Q, Yang G, Li J. Changes in the regional homogeneity of resting-state magnetic resonance imaging in perimenopausal women. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:39. [PMID: 33509177 PMCID: PMC7842067 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a noticeable lack of systematic researches on evaluating the correlation between serum estrogen levels and changes in brain functional areas of perimenopausal women.The aim of this study is to investigate the regional spontaneous brain activity changes in perimenopausal women. Methods Based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets acquired from 25 perimenopausal women and 20 healthy women of reproductive age, a two-sample t-test was performed on individual normalized regional homogeneity (ReHo) maps. Relationships between abnormal ReHo values and the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), the self-rating depression scale (SDS) were investigated with Pearson correlation analysis. We also investigated the correlation between abnormal ReHo values and serum estrogen level. Results In the perimenopausal group, we found increased ReHo in the right posterior cerebellum (region 2), left middle frontal gyrus and left middle cingulate gyrus (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P<0.05$$\end{document}P<0.05). Additionally, the ReHo values in left middle frontal gyrus and leftt middle cingulate gyrus showed positively significant correlation with the SAS, SDS scores. On the contrary, there was no significant correlation between the ReHo value in right posterior cerebellum and SDS, SAS scores. In the perimenopausal group, the ReHo values in the left middle frontal gyrus and left middle cingulate gyrus were negatively correlated with the serum estrogen level (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P<0.05$$\end{document}P<0.05). Conclusion The results of this preliminary study have suggested that abnormal spontaneous activities of multiple brain regions during resting state was already altered in perimenopausal women. Alterative activities might be related to emotional regulation deficits and cognitive impairment, and might potentially represent the neural mechanism underlying perimenopausal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Guihua Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Framorando D, Moses E, Legrand L, Seeck M, Pegna AJ. Rapid processing of fearful faces relies on the right amygdala: evidence from individuals undergoing unilateral temporal lobectomy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:426. [PMID: 33432073 PMCID: PMC7801587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions of emotions have been shown to modulate early ERP components, in particular the N170. The underlying anatomical structure producing these early effects are unclear. In this study, we examined the N170 enhancement for fearful expressions in healthy controls as well as epileptic patients after unilateral left or right amygdala resection. We observed a greater N170 for fearful faces in healthy participants as well as in individuals with left amygdala resections. By contrast, the effect was not observed in patients who had undergone surgery in which the right amygdala had been removed. This result demonstrates that the amygdala produces an early brain response to fearful faces. This early response relies specifically on the right amygdala and occurs at around 170 ms. It is likely that such increases are due to a heightened response of the extrastriate cortex that occurs through rapid amygdalofugal projections to the visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4068, Australia
| | - Eleanor Moses
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4068, Australia
| | - Lore Legrand
- Unit for Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy, Neurology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Unit for Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy, Neurology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan J Pegna
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4068, Australia.
- Unit for Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy, Neurology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Jiang H, Xu K, Chen X, Wang Q, Yang Y, Fu C, Guo X, Chen X, Yang J. The Neural Underpinnings of Emotional Conflict Control in Pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2020; 91:798-805. [PMID: 33187566 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5618.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Piloting an aircraft is a complex cognitive task. Human error represents a major contributing factor in aviation accidents. Emotion plays an important role in aviation safety. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to explore whether pilots and nonpilots may differ in the neural mechanisms responsible for the processing of conflict emotional information.METHODS: A total of 27 civil aviation pilots and 24 nonpilot controls performed the emotional Stroop task, in which participants were required to identify the facial expressions of the stimuli while ignoring the congruent or incongruent emotional words superimposed on the faces. Neural responses to the stimuli were compared between pilots and controls. Also, a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to explore whether there were differences in effective connectivity between pilots and nonpilots.RESULTS: Behavioral data showed that pilots (21.23 ms) and nonpilots (26.78 ms) had equivalent congruency effects. Nevertheless, their neural activation patterns differed. Compared with pilots, nonpilots exhibited neural activity in the right supramarginal gyrus when processing incongruent stimuli, and more regions were activated in the process of conflict monitoring. The PPI analysis showed greater activity between the right supramarginal gyrus and the right lingual gyrus when nonpilots confronted incongruent vs. congruent stimuli. However, this effective connectivity was not found in pilots.CONCLUSION: These results suggest different mechanisms underlying emotional conflict control between pilots and the general population.Jiang H, Xu K, Chen X, Wang Q, Yang Y, Fu C, Guo X, Chen X, Yang J. The neural underpinnings of emotional conflict control in pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(10):798805.
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Abstract
We review basic science research on neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing in individuals of differing socioeconomic status (SES). We summarise SES differences in response to positive and negative stimuli in limbic and cortical regions associated with emotion and emotion regulation. We discuss the possible relevance of neuroscience to understanding the link between mental health and SES. We hope to provide insights into future neuroscience research on the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders relating to SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Center for Neuroscience & Society, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Center for Neuroscience & Society, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Miedl SF, Rattel JA, Franke LK, Blechert J, Kronbichler M, Spoormaker VI, Wilhelm FH. Neural Processing During Fear Extinction Predicts Intrusive Memories. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:403-411. [PMID: 32111578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient extinction learning has been suggested as an important mechanism involved in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. A key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder, reexperiencing the trauma in form of intrusions, may be linked to deficient extinction learning. This link is investigated in a novel, functional magnetic resonance imaging-compatible fear conditioning procedure that uses trauma films. Based on previous results, we expected deficient fear extinction indexed by exaggerated responding in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to predict subsequent intrusions. METHODS A total of 58 healthy participants underwent acquisition and extinction learning with faces as conditioned stimuli (CS) and highly aversive 16-second films depicting interpersonal violence as unconditioned stimuli. During the subsequent 3 days, participants reported intrusive memories on their smartphone. RESULTS Successful fear acquisition was evidenced by differential (CS+ > CS-) activity (threat cues associated with trauma films > cues paired only with neutral films) of a widespread network, including the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, whereas extinction was characterized exclusively by differential anterior insula activity. Differential conditioned responding during late extinction in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was positively related to intrusive memory frequency independent of unconditioned stimuli responding. Exploratory analysis also revealed intrusion sensitivity of the hippocampus, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, among others. CONCLUSIONS Results support the role of extinction learning in intrusive memory formation; a failure to uncouple conditioned emotional responding from external threat cues was associated with subsequent intrusive memories, representing a potential risk marker for developing posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Miedl
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julina A Rattel
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laila K Franke
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Distinct brain structure and behavior related to ADHD and conduct disorder traits. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3020-3033. [PMID: 30108313 PMCID: PMC7577834 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) exemplify top-down dysregulation conditions that show a large comorbidity and shared genetics. At the same time, they entail two different types of symptomology involving mainly non-emotional or emotional dysregulation. Few studies have tried to separate the specific biology underlying these two dimensions. It has also been suggested that both types of conditions consist of extreme cases in the general population where the symptoms are widely distributed. Here we test whether brain structure is specifically associated to ADHD or CD symptoms in a general population of adolescents (n = 1093) being part of the IMAGEN project. Both ADHD symptoms and CD symptoms were related to similar and overlapping MRI findings of a smaller structure in prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. However, our regions of interest (ROI) approach indicated that gray matter volume (GMV) and surface area (SA) in dorsolateral/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and caudal anterior cingulate cortex were negatively associated to ADHD symptoms when controlling for CD symptoms while rostral anterior cingulate cortex GMV was negatively associated to CD symptoms when controlling for ADHD symptoms. The structural findings were mirrored in performance of neuropsychological tests dependent on prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, showing that while performance on the Stop Signal test was specifically related to the ADHD trait, delayed discounting and working memory were related to both ADHD and CD traits. These results point towards a partially domain specific and dimensional capacity in different top-down regulatory systems associated with ADHD and CD symptoms.
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21
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Huang Y, Su L, Ma Q. The Stroop effect: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis in healthy young adults. Neurosci Lett 2020; 716:134683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Barkley-Levenson E, Xue F, Droutman V, Miller LC, Smith BJ, Jeong D, Lu ZL, Bechara A, Read SJ. Prefrontal Cortical Activity During the Stroop Task: New Insights into the Why and the Who of Real-World Risky Sexual Behavior. Ann Behav Med 2019; 52:367-379. [PMID: 29684132 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research suggests that deficits in both executive functioning and trait impulsivity may play a role in risky sexual behavior. At the neural level, differences in regulation of the prefrontal cortex have been linked to impulsivity, measured neurocognitively and through self-report. The relationship between neurocognitive measures of executive control and trait impulsivity in predicting risky sexual behavior has not been investigated. Purpose To investigate the relationship between neural functioning during the Stroop task and risky sexual behavior, as well as the effect of individual differences in urgent (positive and negative) impulsivity on this relationship. Methods A total of 105 sexually active men who have sex with men completed the Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. They also completed impulsivity inventories and self-reported their risky sexual behavior (events of condomless anal sex in the last 90 days). Results Risky participants had greater activation than safe participants during the color congruent condition of the Stroop task in anterior cingulate cortex/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left frontal pole, and right insula. Across these regions, this neural activation mediated the link between (positive and/or negative) urgent impulsivity and risky sexual behavior. Conclusions Findings suggest that the brains of men who engage in risky sexual behavior may employ a different distribution of cognitive resources during tasks of executive functioning than men who practice safe sex, and that this may relate to differences in the prefrontal cortical/fronto-insular system responsible for impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Barkley-Levenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Vita Droutman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynn C Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin J Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Jeong
- USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Differential Impact of Emotion on Semantic Processing of Abstract and Concrete Words: ERP and fMRI Evidence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14439. [PMID: 31594966 PMCID: PMC6783415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional valence is known to influence word processing dependent upon concreteness. Whereas some studies point towards stronger effects of emotion on concrete words, others claim amplified emotion effects for abstract words. We investigated the interaction of emotion and concreteness by means of fMRI and EEG in a delayed lexical decision task. Behavioral data revealed a facilitating effect of high positive and negative valence on the correct processing of abstract, but not concrete words. EEG data yielded a particularly low amplitude response of the late positive component (LPC) following concrete neutral words. This presumably indicates enhanced allocation of processing resources to abstract and emotional words at late stages of word comprehension. In fMRI, interactions between concreteness and emotion were observed within the semantic processing network: the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Higher positive or negative valence appears to facilitate semantic retrieval and selection of abstract words. Surprisingly, a reversal of this effect occurred for concrete words. This points towards enhanced semantic control for emotional concrete words compared to neutral concrete words. Our findings suggest fine-tuned integration of emotional valence and concreteness. Specifically, at late processing stages, semantic control mechanisms seem to integrate emotional cues depending on the previous progress of semantic retrieval.
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Bremner JD, Fani N, Cheema FA, Ashraf A, Vaccarino V. Effects of a mental stress challenge on brain function in coronary artery disease patients with and without depression. Health Psychol 2019; 38:910-924. [PMID: 31380683 PMCID: PMC6746592 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with comorbid depression show an increase in mortality compared to cardiac patients without depression, but the mechanisms mediating this effect remain obscure. One possible explanation for this finding is that depressed patients with CAD exhibit an increased vulnerability to stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of stress and depression on brain function and to explore its relationship with myocardial ischemia in CAD patients. METHODS Patients with CAD and depression (N = 13) and CAD without depression (N = 15) underwent imaging of the brain with positron emission tomography and [O-15] water and imaging of the heart with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and [Tc-99m] sestamibi under mental stress task and control conditions. RESULTS CAD patients with depression compared to nondepressed showed decreased function with mental stress in the rostral anterior cingulate, the hippocampus, parts of the dorsolateral temporal and parietal cortex, the cerebellum, and the uncus, with increased blood flow in the parahippocampus, visual association cortex, and posterior cingulate. Depressed CAD patients who became ischemic during a mental stress task had relative decreases in the caudal and posterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, and cerebellum, and increased activation in the parietal cortex and precuneus/visual association cortex compared to nonischemic depressed CAD patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with dysfunction in a network of brain regions involved in the stress response in patients with comorbid CAD and depression that has direct and indirect links to the heart, suggesting a pathway by which stress and depression could lead to increased risk of heart disease related morbidity and mortality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - Ali Ashraf
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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25
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Kaldewaij R, Reinecke A, Harmer CJ. A lack of differentiation in amygdala responses to fearful expression intensity in panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 291:18-25. [PMID: 31357097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with panic disorder show abnormalities in threat processing and regulation, both on a behavioural and neural level. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms could help to develop new treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated brain region activation in 18 patients with untreated panic disorder (PD) and 17 healthy controls (HC) during the processing of emotional faces with fearful, happy and neutral expressions, using functional MRI. The intensity of the expressions was either prototypically high, medium or low. PD patients showed significantly increased activity in the dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in response to faces in general and specifically for happy faces. While HC showed a decreased amygdala response to medium/low fearful versus high fearful faces, this effect was not present in PD: amygdala activation was stable across all fearful faces in this group. Psycho-physiological interaction analyses indicated more negative connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas in the PD group during the task. Amygdala activation in panic patients appears to be less sensitive to decreasing intensities of fearful facial expressions and salience monitoring areas were less active during fearful faces in general in this group. This suggests PD patients might avoid more extensive processing of fearful faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Kaldewaij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Currently at Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuro-imaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, United Kingdom
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Bravo F, Cross I, Hopkins C, Gonzalez N, Docampo J, Bruno C, Stamatakis EA. Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex response to systematically controlled tonal dissonance during passive music listening. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:46-66. [PMID: 31512332 PMCID: PMC7268082 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attempted to investigate how the brain codes emotional value when processing music of contrasting levels of dissonance; however, the lack of control over specific musical structural characteristics (i.e., dynamics, rhythm, melodic contour or instrumental timbre), which are known to affect perceived dissonance, rendered results difficult to interpret. To account for this, we used functional imaging with an optimized control of the musical structure to obtain a finer characterization of brain activity in response to tonal dissonance. Behavioral findings supported previous evidence for an association between increased dissonance and negative emotion. Results further demonstrated that the manipulation of tonal dissonance through systematically controlled changes in interval content elicited contrasting valence ratings but no significant effects on either arousal or potency. Neuroscientific findings showed an engagement of the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) while participants listened to dissonant compared to consonant music, converging with studies that have proposed a core role of these regions during conflict monitoring (detection and resolution), and in the appraisal of negative emotion and fear‐related information. Both the left and right primary auditory cortices showed stronger functional connectivity with the ACC during the dissonant portion of the task, implying a demand for greater information integration when processing negatively valenced musical stimuli. This study demonstrated that the systematic control of musical dissonance could be applied to isolate valence from the arousal dimension, facilitating a novel access to the neural representation of negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bravo
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,TU Dresden, Institut für Kunst- und Musikwissenschaft, Dresden, Germany.,Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Cross
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nadia Gonzalez
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Docampo
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Provenza NR, Paulk AC, Peled N, Restrepo MI, Cash SS, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Borton DA, Widge AS. Decoding task engagement from distributed network electrophysiology in humans. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056015. [PMID: 31419211 PMCID: PMC6765221 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab2c58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, our objective was to develop a binary decoder to detect task engagement in humans during two distinct, conflict-based behavioral tasks. Effortful, goal-directed decision-making requires the coordinated action of multiple cognitive processes, including attention, working memory and action selection. That type of mental effort is often dysfunctional in mental disorders, e.g. when a patient attempts to overcome a depression or anxiety-driven habit but feels unable. If the onset of engagement in this type of focused mental activity could be reliably detected, decisional function might be augmented, e.g. through neurostimulation. However, there are no known algorithms for detecting task engagement with rapid time resolution. APPROACH We defined a new network measure, fixed canonical correlation (FCCA), specifically suited for neural decoding applications. We extracted FCCA features from local field potential recordings in human volunteers to give a temporally continuous estimate of mental effort, defined by engagement in experimental conflict tasks. MAIN RESULTS Using a small number of features per participant, we accurately decoded and distinguished task engagement from other mental activities. Further, the decoder distinguished between engagement in two different conflict-based tasks within seconds of their onset. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that network-level brain activity can detect specific types of mental efforts. This could form the basis of a responsive intervention strategy for decision-making deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Provenza
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery Research, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Noam Peled
- MGH/HST Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Maria I Restrepo
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery Research, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Present affiliation: Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David A Borton
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence Medical Center, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Alik S Widge
- Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Present affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Ścigała DK, Zdankiewicz-Ścigała E. The Role in Road Traffic Accident and Anxiety as Moderators Attention Biases in Modified Emotional Stroop Test. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1575. [PMID: 31338054 PMCID: PMC6629883 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction According to the World Health Organisation, road accidents will be the most common cause of premature death by 2020. According to research, one in every five victims of accidents suffers from acute stress disorder and one in every four suffers from psychological problems up to 1 year after the event, including post-traumatic stress disorder. It was assumed that one of the mechanisms responsible for maintaining excessive arousal or anxiety is a dysfunction in cognitive processes occurring under the guise of selective attention disorders or a deficit in executive control. Materials and Methods The research encompassed 157 individuals (a group of victims and perpetrators N = 90; M = 34.1, SD = 10.77; control group N = 67; M = 34.20, SD = 11.16). The participants, tested after road traffic accidents, were patients of Traumatology and Orthopedic wards in Warsaw who had been involved in a road traffic accident up to a month prior to the research. The state of their physical injuries and administered drugs were monitored so that this did not interfere with the tests the participants undertook on computer. In each situation, the decision was made by the doctor responsible for the patient in the hospital ward. The control group comprised people who drive regularly and in 5 years had not been involved in any road traffic incidents. The participants from both groups completed the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire on anxiety as a state and as a trait, as well as a modified computerized emotional Stroop test. This new version of the test enables a study of the process of the depth of coding of the stimuli associated with trauma. Results The hypotheses were tested with the use of a series of correlation analyses, regression analyses with a stepwise method of entering predictors into the model, and mediation analyses with the use of the A. F. Hayes PROCESS macro. Differences were observed in the declarative level of anxiety as a state and the size of the interference effect depending on the person’s status in the accident. It was discovered that in the group of perpetrators, the longer the interference effect, the lower the declared level of anxiety as a state and they were significantly worse at remembering the stimuli associated with trauma. Conclusion Anxiety symptoms in victims and perpetrators of road traffic accidents measured by self-report questionnaires are consistent only among victims. In the case of perpetrators, an accurate measure of disorders is a study with the use of methods enabling the tracking of the functioning of unconscious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Konrad Ścigała
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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Szeszko PR, Yehuda R. Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of psychotherapy treatment response in post-traumatic stress disorder: A role for the salience network. Psychiatry Res 2019; 277:52-57. [PMID: 30755338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The earliest neuroimaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) utilized positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the brain's response to glucocorticoid administration given predominant neurobiological models of the stress response focusing on that neuroendocrine system. This work revealed that the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, which is now considered part of the salience network, play a role in treatment response, and set the stage for subsequent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies focused on understanding the role of the salience network in the neurobiology of treatment response in PTSD. This selective review discusses magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies that have been used to predict treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or prolonged exposure (PE) in PTSD, which have demonstrated abnormalities in processing involving the salience network, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and insula. Increased attention to environmental cues may signal alarm resulting in hypervigilance and overactive action-monitoring for the detection of threatening stimuli and an inability to integrate concomitant emotional and sensory functions in PTSD. Successful psychotherapy treatment response in PTSD appears to involve the ability to downregulate amygdala activity to trauma-related stimuli through improved regulation of attention by the anterior cingulate cortex and concomitant internal emotional states mediated by the insula. In addition, the ability to better modulate (normalize) the salience network following psychotherapy in PTSD may be associated with better crosstalk between untargeted inner thought (i.e., task-negative network) and the ability to focus attention on stimulus-dependent demands (i.e., task positive network).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Szeszko
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Dong M, Xia L, Lu M, Li C, Xu K, Zhang L. A failed top-down control from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence from resting-state fMRI with Granger causality analysis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134314. [PMID: 31163226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), abnormal top-down control from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the amygdala is a widely accepted hypothesis through which an "emotional dysregulation model" may be explained. However, whether and how the PFC directly exerts abnormal top-down control on the amygdala remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the amygdala-based effective connectivity by using Granger causality analysis (GCA). Thirty-five drug-naive patients with GAD and thirty-six healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional MR imaging. We used seed-based Granger causality analysis to examine the effective connectivity between the bilateral amygdala and the whole brain. The amygdala-based effective connectivity was compared between the HC and GAD groups. The results showed that, in the HC group, the left middle frontal gyrus exerted an inhibitory influence on the right amygdala, while in the GAD group, this influence was disrupted (single voxel P < 0.001, Gaussian random field corrected with P < 0.01). Our findings support and advance the "insufficient top-down control" hypothesis by identifying a failed top-down control from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Dong
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Likun Xia
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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31
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Gupta R. Positive emotions have a unique capacity to capture attention. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:23-46. [PMID: 31196436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of the previous research in the area of cognitive psychology or cognitive neuroscience focused on studying negative emotions and argued that the negative emotional stimuli capture attention involuntarily as compared to neutral stimuli. However, in the last decades, researchers started paying attention in studying positive emotions also as positive emotions have evolutionary significance and are essential for many aspects of our life. The theme of this chapter is to present an overview of research in the area of positive emotions, and make a case that positively-valenced stimulus is prioritized over others. Primarily, when attentional resources are not constrained, many studies have shown that similar to negative stimuli, positive stimuli also capture attention automatically irrespective of whether they are relevant or irrelevant to the primary task. It suggests a fundamental prioritization of these stimuli by the cognitive/motivational system. However, when attentional resources are constrained, only positive or high rewarding stimuli win the competition for attentional resources compared to negative or stimuli associated with high punishment. Positive or high rewarding stimuli also receive priority in temporal selection, when attention is constrained. Theoretical implications of these results have been discussed. Possible cognitive and neural mechanisms have been proposed underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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32
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Rattel JA, Miedl SF, Franke LK, Grünberger LM, Blechert J, Kronbichler M, Spoormaker VI, Wilhelm FH. Peritraumatic Neural Processing and Intrusive Memories: The Role of Lifetime Adversity. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:381-389. [PMID: 30773472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological peritraumatic encoding is proposed as a proximal risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with trauma-analog studies linking increased neural processing of trauma films to intrusive trauma recollections, a core symptom of PTSD. Cumulative lifetime adversity is proposed as a more distal risk factor, with research indicating a tipping point at about five events with regard to PTSD development following re-exposure to trauma. Thus, within a diathesis × stress framework, increased peritraumatic neural processing may constitute a specific risk factor for PTSD, particularly in individuals with several lifetime adversities. METHODS Fifty-three healthy women watched highly aversive films depicting severe interpersonal violence versus neutral films during functional magnetic resonance imaging, and they reported involuntary recollections during subsequent days. Moderation analyses tested the interactive relationship between peritraumatic neural processing and lifetime adversity in predicting intrusion load, i.e., the total number of intrusions weighted for their average distress. RESULTS Increased processing of aversive versus neutral films in the amygdala, anterior insula, dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices, and hippocampus predicted increased intrusion load only in participants reporting above five lifetime adversities; for participants reporting few to none, no such relationship was found. This interactive relationship explained ≤59% of variance. Conditioned stimuli preceding film viewing mirrored this pattern. CONCLUSIONS Peritraumatic neural processing in multiple salience network regions and cumulative lifetime adversity interactively predicted PTSD-like symptomatology, representing a diathesis × stress framework that might guide identification of at-risk individuals and potential targets for symptom prevention after traumatic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julina A Rattel
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Stephan F Miedl
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laila K Franke
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa M Grünberger
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry and Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Clinical Stress and Emotion Laboratory, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Schneck N, Tu T, Haufe S, Bonanno GA, GalfaIvy H, Ochsner KN, Mann JJ, Sajda P. Ongoing monitoring of mindwandering in avoidant grief through cortico-basal-ganglia interactions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:163-172. [PMID: 30535245 PMCID: PMC6374603 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An avoidant grief style is marked by repeated and often unsuccessful attempts to prevent thinking about loss. Prior work shows avoidant grief involves monitoring the external environment in order to avoid reminders of the loss. Here we sought to determine whether avoidant grievers also monitor the internal environment in attempts to minimize conscious awareness of loss-related thoughts. Individuals bereaved of a first-degree relative, spouse or partner within the last 14 months participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (N = 29). We first applied machine learning to train neural patterns for attentional control and representation of the deceased (N = 23). The attentional pattern was trained using fMRI data from a modified Stroop task assessing selective attention to reminders of the deceased. The representational pattern was trained using fMRI data from a task presenting pictures and stories of the deceased. We observed spontaneous fluctuations in these processes occurring during a neutral mindwandering fMRI task (N = 27). At higher levels of avoidant grieving, activation of attentional control disrupted the relationship between the representational process and thoughts of loss. These findings show that avoidant grief involves attentional control to reduce the likelihood that deceased-related representations reach full conscious awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Schneck
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Machine Learning Group, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanga GalfaIvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Sajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Pozuelos JP, Mead BR, Rueda MR, Malinowski P. Short-term mindful breath awareness training improves inhibitory control and response monitoring. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:137-163. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ochi G, Kanazawa Y, Hyodo K, Suwabe K, Shimizu T, Fukuie T, Byun K, Soya H. Hypoxia-induced lowered executive function depends on arterial oxygen desaturation. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:847-853. [PMID: 29536370 PMCID: PMC10717617 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been traditionally thought that decreasing SpO2 with ascent to high altitudes not only induces acute mountain sickness but also can decrease executive function, the relationship between decreased SpO2 levels and hypoxia-induced lowered executive function is still unclear. Here we aimed to clarify whether hypoxia-induced lowered executive function was associated with arterial oxygen desaturation, using 21 participants performing the color-word Stroop task under normoxic and three hypoxic conditions (FIO2 = 0.165, 0.135, 0.105; corresponding to altitudes of 2000, 3500, and 5000 m, respectively). Stroop interference significantly increased under severe hypoxic condition (FIO2 = 0.105) compared with the other conditions. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between Stroop interference and SpO2. In conclusion, acute exposure to severe hypoxic condition decreased executive function and this negative effect was associated with decreased SpO2. We initially implicated an arterial oxygen desaturation as a potential physiological factor resulting in hypoxia-induced lowered executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ochi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Sports Research and Development Core, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyeongho Byun
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Zhai ZW, Yip SW, Lacadie CM, Sinha R, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Childhood trauma moderates inhibitory control and anterior cingulate cortex activation during stress. Neuroimage 2018; 185:111-118. [PMID: 30342975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is critical for both stress and inhibitory control processes and has been implicated in childhood trauma. This prospective study tested the hypothesis that early trauma moderates the association between inhibitory control during late childhood and ACC stress reactivity during adolescence. METHOD Sixty-four adolescents were stratified into higher- or lower-childhood-trauma groups. Inhibitory control was indicated by fewer errors on a Stroop Color-Word task. Personalized stress cues during functional magnetic resonance imaging assessed neural correlates of stress in adolescents. RESULTS Using a priori-defined anterior (rCZa) and posterior rostral cingulate zones of the ACC, associated with Stroop Color-Word task performance in prior meta-analyses, Stroop errors correlated inversely with activation in the rCZa during stress-cue exposure (r = -.23, p = .04). Childhood trauma moderated the association between Stroop errors and rCZa stress reactivity (interaction = -1.26, p = .02, 95%CI = -2.33,-0.20), where Stroop errors were inversely associated with brain activation among those with higher childhood trauma (simple slopes = -.83, p = .007, 95%CI = -1.40,-0.25). Low stress-related rCZa activation inversely (R2 = 0.19, b = -0.43, p = .001, 95%CI = -4.11,-1.06) and Stroop errors directly (R2 = 0.09, b = 0.27, p = .048, 95%CI = 0.02, 5.8) associated with baseline subjective anxiety while controlling for childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a moderating role of childhood trauma on the relationship between inhibitory control and stress-related ACC activation. Childhood trauma may portend neurodevelopmental changes that impede recruitment of control-associated ACC-functioning during distress, which may relate to dysregulation of stress-induced affective responses. Further work is needed to elucidate relationships between childhood trauma and addictive behaviors precipitated by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheryl M Lacadie
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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37
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Zhou Y, Lutz PE, Wang YC, Ragoussis J, Turecki G. Global long non-coding RNA expression in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex of depressed suicides. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:224. [PMID: 30337518 PMCID: PMC6193959 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of regulatory RNA that may be implicated in psychiatric disorders. Here we performed RNA-sequencing in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex of 26 depressed suicides and 24 matched controls. We first performed differential lncRNA expression analysis, and then conducted Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify co-expression modules associating with depression and suicide. We identified 23 differentially expressed lncRNAs (FDR < 0.1) as well as their differentially expressed overlapping and antisense protein-coding genes. Several of these overlapping or antisense genes were associated with interferon signaling, which is a component of the innate immune response. Using WGCNA, we identified modules of highly co-expressed genes associated with depression and suicide and found protein-coding genes highly connected to differentially expressed lncRNAs within these modules. These protein-coding genes were located distal to their associated lncRNAs and were found to be part of several GO terms enriched in the significant modules, which include: cytoskeleton organization, plasma membrane, cell adhesion, nucleus, DNA-binding, and regulation of dendrite development and morphology. Altogether, we report that lncRNAs are differentially expressed in the brains of depressed individuals who died by suicide and may represent regulators of important molecular functions and biological processes.
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Grants
- R01 DA033684 NIDA NIH HHS
- Dr. G. Turecki holds a Canada Research Chair (Tier 1), FRQS Chercheur National salary award and a NARSAD Distinguished Investigator Award; he is supported by grants FDN148374, MOP93775, MOP11260, MOP119429, and MOP119430 from CIHR, by NIH grant 1R01DA033684, by the FRQS through the Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders, and Related Disorders, and through an investigator-initiated research grant from Pfizer
- Scholarships from the Fondation Fyssen, the Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the American Foundation of Suicide Prevention, the Fondation Deniker and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
- CFI grant number 32557 and Genome Canada Genome Innovation Node awards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Room 7104, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Room 7104, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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38
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Ziaei M, Samrani G, Persson J. Age differences in the neural response to emotional distraction during working memory encoding. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:869-883. [PMID: 29949112 PMCID: PMC6105189 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in attention and working memory (WM) are well documented and may be worsened by the occurrence of distracting information. Emotionally valenced stimuli may have particularly strong distracting effects on cognition. We investigated age-related differences in emotional distraction using task-fMRI. WM performance in older adults was lower for emotional compared with neutral distractors, suggesting a disproportional impairment elicited by emotional task-irrelevant information. Critically, older adults were particularly distracted by task-irrelevant positive information, whereas the opposite pattern was found for younger adults. Age groups differed markedly in the brain response to emotional distractors; younger adults activated posterior cortical regions and the striatum, and older adults activated frontal regions. Also, an age by valence interaction was found for IFG and ACC, suggesting differential modulation of attention to task-relevant emotional information. These results provide new insights into age-related changes in emotional processing and the ability to resolve interference from emotional distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ziaei
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Samrani
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
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39
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Batabyal T, Muthukrishnan S, Sharma R, Tayade P, Kaur S. Neural substrates of emotional interference: A quantitative EEG study. Neurosci Lett 2018; 685:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Martínez-Fernández R, Kibleur A, Chabardès S, Fraix V, Castrioto A, Lhommée E, Moro E, Lescoules L, Pelissier P, David O, Krack P. Different effects of levodopa and subthalamic stimulation on emotional conflict in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5014-5027. [PMID: 30259598 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease impairs the decoding of emotional stimuli reflecting alterations of the limbic cortico-subcortical network. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of both levodopa and subthalamic stimulation on emotional processing in Parkinson's disease. Operated patients (n =16) and matched healthy subjects performed an emotional Stroop task, in which the emotion expressed by a face must be recognized while ignoring an emotional distractive word and that includes a neutral control sub-task. Patients were tested in the four possible treatment conditions (off stim/off med; on stim/off med; off stim/on med; and on stim/on med). High-resolution electroencephalography was recorded while performing the task. Patients made significantly more mistakes in facial emotion recognition than healthy subjects (p < .005). Untreated patients performed worse in the emotional trials than in the control sub-task (p < .05). Fearful faces induced significantly slower reaction times than happy faces in patients (p = .0002), but not in the healthy subjects. The emotional Stroop effect with levodopa was significantly higher than with subthalamic stimulation when fearful faces were assessed (p = .0243). Conversely, treatments did not modulate the Stroop effect of the control sub-task. EEG demonstrated that, compared with the untreated state, levodopa but not subthalamic stimulation significantly increases the amplitude of the event-related potential N170 (p = .002 vs. p = .1, respectively), an electrophysiological biomarker of early aspects of facial processing. The activity of the N170 cortical sources within the right fusiform gyrus was increased by levodopa (p < .05) but not by stimulation. While levodopa normalizes the recognition of emotional facial expression and early EEG markers of emotional processing, subthalamic stimulation does not. Thus, operated patients require dopaminergic medication in addition to stimulation to treat emotional symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Martínez-Fernández
- CINAC-Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Astrid Kibleur
- U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Neurosurgery Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Castrioto
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugénie Lhommée
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Lescoules
- U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Pelissier
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Krack
- Movement Disorders Unit, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Inserm, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Neurosurgery Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Wei L, Guo N, Baeken C, Bi M, Wang X, Qiu J, Wu GR. Grey Matter Volumes in the Executive Attention System Predict Individual Differences in Effortful Control in Young Adults. Brain Topogr 2018; 32:111-117. [PMID: 30203260 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC), considered as one component of temperament, describes an individual's capacity for self-regulation. Previous neuroimaging studies have provided convergent evidence that individual differences in EC are determined by the functioning of neural systems subserving executive attention, primarily comprising the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). Notwithstanding, as previous neuroimaging findings highlighted the structural neural bases of EC in adolescence, during which the PFC is prominently remodeled, the underlying neuroanatomical substrates of EC remain uncertain in young adults. In this study, we included 246 healthy young adults and used voxel-based morphometry analysis to investigate the relationship between EC and grey matter (GM) volumes. Additionally, permutation testing and cross-validation were applied to determine whether GM volumes in the detected regions could predict individual differences in EC. Our results revealed that EC was associated with GM volumes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), demonstrating that these two regions may play a crucial role in EC. Furthermore, the identified regional GM volumes reliably contribute to the prediction of EC confirmed by cross-validation. Overall, these findings provide further evidence for the involvement of the executive attention system in EC, and shed more light on the neuroanatomical substrates of EC in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nana Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.,Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Minghua Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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42
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Gifuni AJ, Kendal A, Jollant F. Neural mapping of guilt: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1164-1178. [PMID: 27704409 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Guilt is a self-conscious emotion associated with the negative appraisal of one's behavior. In recent years, several neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates of guilt, but no meta-analyses have yet identified the most robust activation patterns. A systematic review of literature found 16 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies with whole-brain analyses meeting the inclusion criteria, for a total of 325 participants and 135 foci of activation. A meta-analysis was then conducted using activation likelihood estimation. Additionally, Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling (MACM) analysis was conducted to investigate the functional connectivity of significant clusters. The analysis revealed 12 significant clusters of brain activation (voxel-based FDR-corrected p < 0.05) located in the prefrontal, temporal and parietal regions, mainly in the left hemisphere. Only the left dorsal cingulate cluster survived stringent FWE correction (voxel-based p < 0.05). Secondary analyses (voxel-based FDR-corrected p < 0.05) on the 7 studies contrasting guilt with another emotional condition showed an association with clusters in the left precuneus, the anterior cingulate, the left medial frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus and the left superior temporal gyrus. MACM demonstrated that regions associated with guilt are highly interconnected. Our analysis identified a distributed neural network of left-lateralized regions associated with guilt. While voxel-based FDR-corrected results should be considered exploratory, the dorsal cingulate was robustly associated with guilt. We speculate that this network integrates cognitive and emotional processes involved in the experience of guilt, including self-representation, theory of mind, conflict monitoring and moral values. Limitations of our meta-analyses comprise the small sample size and the heterogeneity of included studies, and concerns about naturalistic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Gifuni
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Frank B. Common building, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, H4H1R3, Canada
| | - Adam Kendal
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Frank B. Common building, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, H4H1R3, Canada
| | - Fabrice Jollant
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Frank B. Common building, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, H4H1R3, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Nîmes, Nîmes, France.
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43
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Comparing adaptation in emotional and non-emotional conflict in patients with schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:558-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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44
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Park SK, Son JW, Chung S, Lee S, Ghim HR, Lee SI, Shin CJ, Kim S, Ju G, Choi SC, Kim YY, Koo YJ, Kim BN, Yoo HJ. Autism and Beauty: Neural Correlates of Aesthetic Experiences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2018; 29:101-113. [PMID: 32595302 PMCID: PMC7289455 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the neural activity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients is different from that of normal individuals when performing aesthetic judgments. Methods: We recruited typical ASD patients without savant skills (ASD group, n=17) and healthy controls (HC group, n=19) for an functional magnetic resonance imaging study. All subjects were scanned while performing aesthetic judgment tasks on two kinds of artwork (magnificent landscape images and fractal images). Differences in brain activation between the two groups were assessed by contrasting neural activity during the tasks. Results: The aesthetic judgment score for all images was significantly lower in the ASD group than in the HC group. During the aesthetic judgment tasks, the ASD group showed less activation than the HC group in the anterior region of the superior frontal gyrus, and more activation in the temporoparietal area and insula, regardless of the type of images being judged. In addition, during the aesthetic judgment task for the fractal images, the ASD group exhibited greater neural activity in the amygdala and the posterior region of the middle/inferior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 37) than the HC group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the brain activation patterns associated with aesthetic experiences in ASD patients may differ from those of normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyoung Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Son
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seungwon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Bugok National Hospital, Changnyeong, Korea
| | - Seungbok Lee
- Department of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hei-Rhee Ghim
- Department of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Ick Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chul-Jin Shin
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Siekyeong Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Gawon Ju
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Yang Yeol Kim
- SeoulTop Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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45
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Choi EJ, Taylor MJ, Hong SB, Kim C, Yi SH. The neural correlates of attachment security in typically developing children. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Feng C, Becker B, Huang W, Wu X, Eickhoff SB, Chen T. Neural substrates of the emotion-word and emotional counting Stroop tasks in healthy and clinical populations: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neuroimage 2018; 173:258-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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47
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Zhu J, Li J, Li X, Rao J, Hao Y, Ding Z, Wang G. Neural Basis of the Emotional Conflict Processing in Major Depression: ERPs and Source Localization Analysis on the N450 and P300 Components. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:214. [PMID: 29896094 PMCID: PMC5986884 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objects: Effective psychological function requires that cognition is not affected by task-irrelevant emotional stimuli in emotional conflict. Depression is mainly characterized as an emotional disorder. The object of this study is to reveal the behavioral and electrophysiological signature of emotional conflict processing in major depressive disorder (MDD) using event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analysis. Method: We used a face–word Stroop task involving emotional faces while recording EEG (electroencephalography) in 20 patients with MDD and 20 healthy controls (HCs). And then ERPs were extracted and the corresponding brain sources were reconstructed using sLORETA. Results: Behaviorally, subjects with MDDs manifested significantly increased Stroop effect when examining the RT difference between happy incongruent trials and happy congruent trials, compared with HC subjects. ERP results exhibited that MDDs were characterized by the attenuated difference between P300 amplitude to sad congruent stimuli and sad incongruent stimuli, as electrophysiological evidence of impaired conflict processing in subjects with MDD. The sLORETA results showed that MDD patients had a higher current density in rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rostral ACC) within N450 time window in response to happy incongruent trials than happy congruent stimuli. Moreover, HC subjects had stronger activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) region in response to incongruent stimuli than congruent stimuli, revealing successful inhibition of emotional distraction in HCs, which was absent in MDDs. Conclusion: Our results indicated that rostral ACC was implicated in the processing of negative emotional distraction in MDDs, as well as impaired inhibition of task-irrelevant emotional stimuli, relative to HCs. This work furnishes novel behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that are closely related to emotional conflict among MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Rao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Hao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Ding
- The Third People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Gangping Wang
- The Third People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
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48
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Gupta R, Raymond JE, Vuilleumier P. Priming by motivationally salient distractors produces hemispheric asymmetries in visual processing. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:1798-1807. [PMID: 29797045 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli that reliably herald the availability of rewards or punishers can acquire value associations, potentially imbuing them with emotional significance and attentional prioritization. Previous work has shown that an emotional stimulus (prime) presented just prior to an attention-demanding task disrupts performance in a lateralized manner that is independent of the prime's emotional valence. Here, we asked whether neutral stimuli with acquired value associations would similarly disrupt attention. In two experiments, adult participants first learned to associate specific face or chair stimuli with a high or low probability of either winning or losing points. These conditioned stimuli then served as primes in a speeded letter-search task. Primes with high versus low outcome probability, regardless of valence, slowed search for targets appearing in the left but not the right visual hemifield, mirroring previous results using emotional primes, and suggesting that motivational mechanisms that compete for control with non-emotional cognitive processes are right-lateralized in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, First floor, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Jane E Raymond
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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To WT, De Ridder D, Menovsky T, Hart J, Vanneste S. The role of the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) in a cognitive and emotional counting Stroop task: Two cases. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:333-345. [PMID: 28598859 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in both cognitive and emotional processing, with cognitive information proposed to be processed through the dorsal/caudal ACC and emotional information through the rostral/ventral ACC. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive and emotional processing using a cognitive and emotional counting Stroop task in two patients in whom abnormalities in the dACC were identified and treated. METHODS Two patients performed the cognitive and emotional counting Stroop task before and after treatment to examine whether the dACC has a specific or more general processing function. RESULTS We observed an overall improvement in the emotional, cognitive, and neutral trials of the counting Stroop task after the intervention, indicating that the dACC is not a subregion of the ACC that only contributes to a specific domain. CONCLUSION This study reveals that the dACC is not just a subregion of the ACC that contributes to a specific cognitive function, but is rather part of a salience network that influences general brain functioning, influencing cognitive as well as emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ting To
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tomas Menovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - John Hart
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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50
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To WT, Eroh J, Hart J, Vanneste S. Exploring the effects of anodal and cathodal high definition transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29535340 PMCID: PMC5849683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been identified as a core region affected by many disorders, representing a promising target for neuromodulation. High Definition-transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has already shown promising outcomes and has been tested to engage deeper structures. This study investigates whether it is possible to modulate dACC activity using anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS. Furthermore, it examines what effects anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS targeting dACC have on cognitive and emotional processing. Forty-five healthy subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: anodal, cathodal, and sham. Resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG) and a cognitive and emotional Counting Stroop task were administered before and after HD-tDCS. RsEEG showed changes: anodal HD-tDCS showed significant increase in beta frequency band activity in dACC, while cathodal HD-tDCS led to significant increase in activity at dorsal and rostral ACC in the theta frequency band. Behavioral changes were also found after anodal HD-tDCS in the cognitive Counting Stroop for incongruent trials and after cathodal HD-tDCS in the emotional Counting Stroop for emotional trials. This study demonstrated that HD-tDCS is able to modulate dACC activity, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a treatment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ting To
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Texas, 75080, USA.
| | - Justin Eroh
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - John Hart
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - Sven Vanneste
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Texas, 75080, USA
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