1
|
Xia Y, Cui K, Alonso A, Lowenstein ED, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Transcription factors regulating the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1072475. [PMID: 36523603 PMCID: PMC9745097 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing (or respiration) is an unconscious and complex motor behavior which neuronal drive emerges from the brainstem. In simplistic terms, respiratory motor activity comprises two phases, inspiration (uptake of oxygen, O2) and expiration (release of carbon dioxide, CO2). Breathing is not rigid, but instead highly adaptable to external and internal physiological demands of the organism. The neurons that generate, monitor, and adjust breathing patterns locate to two major brainstem structures, the pons and medulla oblongata. Extensive research over the last three decades has begun to identify the developmental origins of most brainstem neurons that control different aspects of breathing. This research has also elucidated the transcriptional control that secures the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation that operates during the specification of respiratory neurons, and we will highlight the cell lineages that contribute to the central respiratory circuit. Lastly, we will discuss on genetic disturbances altering transcription factor regulation and their impact in hypoventilation disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Xia
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ke Cui
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Functional Genoarchitecture and Neurobiology Groups, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elijah D. Lowenstein
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R. Hernandez-Miranda
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Breathing (or respiration) is a complex motor behavior that originates in the brainstem. In minimalistic terms, breathing can be divided into two phases: inspiration (uptake of oxygen, O2) and expiration (release of carbon dioxide, CO2). The neurons that discharge in synchrony with these phases are arranged in three major groups along the brainstem: (i) pontine, (ii) dorsal medullary, and (iii) ventral medullary. These groups are formed by diverse neuron types that coalesce into heterogeneous nuclei or complexes, among which the preBötzinger complex in the ventral medullary group contains cells that generate the respiratory rhythm (Chapter 1). The respiratory rhythm is not rigid, but instead highly adaptable to the physic demands of the organism. In order to generate the appropriate respiratory rhythm, the preBötzinger complex receives direct and indirect chemosensory information from other brainstem respiratory nuclei (Chapter 2) and peripheral organs (Chapter 3). Even though breathing is a hard-wired unconscious behavior, it can be temporarily altered at will by other higher-order brain structures (Chapter 6), and by emotional states (Chapter 7). In this chapter, we focus on the development of brainstem respiratory groups and highlight the cell lineages that contribute to central and peripheral chemoreflexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eser Göksu Isik
- Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R Hernandez-Miranda
- Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aquino YC, Cabral LM, Miranda NC, Naccarato MC, Falquetto B, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. Respiratory disorders of Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1-15. [PMID: 34817281 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00363.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, mainly affecting people over 60 yr of age. Patients develop both classic symptoms (tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability) and nonclassical symptoms (orthostatic hypotension, neuropsychiatric deficiency, sleep disturbances, and respiratory disorders). Thus, patients with PD can have a significantly impaired quality of life, especially when they do not have multimodality therapeutic follow-up. The respiratory alterations associated with this syndrome are the main cause of mortality in PD. They can be classified as peripheral when caused by disorders of the upper airways or muscles involved in breathing and as central when triggered by functional deficits of important neurons located in the brainstem involved in respiratory control. Currently, there is little research describing these disorders, and therefore, there is no well-established knowledge about the subject, making the treatment of patients with respiratory symptoms difficult. In this review, the history of the pathology and data about the respiratory changes in PD obtained thus far will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin C Aquino
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís M Cabral
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole C Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique C Naccarato
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panneton WM, Gan Q. The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:524. [PMID: 32581683 PMCID: PMC7290049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such because it is most prominent in marine mammals such as seals, whales, and dolphins, but nevertheless is found in all mammals studied. It consists generally of breathing cessation (apnea), a dramatic slowing of heart rate (bradycardia), and an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction. The DR is thought to conserve vital oxygen stores and thus maintain life by directing perfusion to the two organs most essential for life-the heart and the brain. The DR is important, not only for its dramatic power over autonomic function, but also because it alters normal homeostatic reflexes such as the baroreceptor reflex and respiratory chemoreceptor reflex. The neurons driving the reflex circuits for the DR are contained within the medulla and spinal cord since the response remains after the brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction. Neuroanatomical and physiological data suggesting brainstem areas important for the apnea, bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction induced by underwater submersion are reviewed. Defining the brainstem circuit for the DR may open broad avenues for understanding the mechanisms of suprabulbar control of autonomic function in general, as well as implicate its role in some clinical states. Knowledge of the proposed diving circuit should facilitate studies on elite human divers performing breath-holding dives as well as investigations on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), stroke, migraine headache, and arrhythmias. We have speculated that the DR is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van der Heijden ME, Zoghbi HY. Development of the brainstem respiratory circuit. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e366. [PMID: 31816185 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory circuit is comprised of over a dozen functionally and anatomically segregated brainstem nuclei that work together to control respiratory rhythms. These respiratory rhythms emerge prenatally but only acquire vital importance at birth, which is the first time the respiratory circuit faces the sole responsibility for O2 /CO2 homeostasis. Hence, the respiratory circuit has little room for trial-and-error-dependent fine tuning and relies on a detailed genetic blueprint for development. This blueprint is provided by transcription factors that have specific spatiotemporal expression patterns along the rostral-caudal or dorsal-ventral axis of the developing brainstem, in proliferating precursor cells and postmitotic neurons. Studying these transcription factors in mice has provided key insights into the functional segregation of respiratory control and the vital importance of specific respiratory nuclei. Many studies converge on just two respiratory nuclei that each have rhythmogenic properties during the prenatal period: the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) and retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial nucleus (RTN/pF). Here, we discuss the transcriptional regulation that guides the development of these nuclei. We also summarize evidence showing that normal preBötC development is necessary for neonatal survival, and that neither the preBötC nor the RTN/pF alone is sufficient to sustain normal postnatal respiratory rhythms. Last, we highlight several studies that use intersectional genetics to assess the necessity of transcription factors only in subregions of their expression domain. These studies independently demonstrate that lack of RTN/pF neurons weakens the respiratory circuit, yet these neurons are not necessary for neonatal survival because developmentally related populations can compensate for abnormal RTN/pF function at birth. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szereda-Przestaszewska M, Kaczyńska K. Pharmacologically evoked apnoeas. Receptors and nervous pathways involved. Life Sci 2018; 217:237-242. [PMID: 30553870 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review analyses the knowledge about the incidence of transient apnoeic spells, induced by substances which activate vagal chemically sensitive afferents. It considers the specificity and expression of appropriate receptors, and relevant research on pontomedullary circuits contributing to a cessation of respiration. Insight is gained into an excitatory drive of 5-HT1A serotonin receptors in overcoming opioid-induced respiratory inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szereda-Przestaszewska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Heijden ME, Zoghbi HY. Loss of Atoh1 from neurons regulating hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoresponses causes neonatal respiratory failure in mice. eLife 2018; 7:e38455. [PMID: 29972353 PMCID: PMC6067883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atoh1-null mice die at birth from respiratory failure, but the precise cause has remained elusive. Loss of Atoh1 from various components of the respiratory circuitry (e.g. the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)) has so far produced at most 50% neonatal lethality. To identify other Atoh1-lineage neurons that contribute to postnatal survival, we examined parabrachial complex neurons derived from the rostral rhombic lip (rRL) and found that they are activated during respiratory chemochallenges. Atoh1-deletion from the rRL does not affect survival, but causes apneas and respiratory depression during hypoxia, likely due to loss of projections to the preBötzinger Complex and RTN. Atoh1 thus promotes the development of the neural circuits governing hypoxic (rRL) and hypercapnic (RTN) chemoresponses, and combined loss of Atoh1 from these regions causes fully penetrant neonatal lethality. This work underscores the importance of modulating respiratory rhythms in response to chemosensory information during early postnatal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Panneton WM. The mammalian diving response: an enigmatic reflex to preserve life? Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 28:284-97. [PMID: 23997188 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian diving response is a remarkable behavior that overrides basic homeostatic reflexes. It is most studied in large aquatic mammals but is seen in all vertebrates. Pelagic mammals have developed several physiological adaptations to conserve intrinsic oxygen stores, but the apnea, bradycardia, and vasoconstriction is shared with those terrestrial and is neurally mediated. The adaptations of aquatic mammals are reviewed here as well as the neural control of cardiorespiratory physiology during diving in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on appreciating breathing as a behavior, rather than a stereotypic rhythm. In this review, we focus on the pontine-mediated inspiratory off-switch (IOS) associated with postinspiratory glottal constriction. Further, IOS is examined in the context of pontine regulation of glottal resistance in response to multimodal sensory inputs and higher commands, which in turn rules timing, duration, and patterning of respiratory airflow. In addition, network plasticity in respiratory control emerges during the development of the pons. Synaptic plasticity is required for dynamic and efficient modulation of the expiratory breathing pattern to cope with rapid changes from eupneic to adaptive breathing linked to exploratory (foraging and sniffing) and expulsive (vocalizing, coughing, sneezing, and retching) behaviors, as well as conveyance of basic emotions. The speed and complexity of changes in the breathing pattern of behaving animals implies that "learning to breathe" is necessary to adjust to changing internal and external states to maintain homeostasis and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stuth EAE, Stucke AG, Zuperku EJ. Effects of anesthetics, sedatives, and opioids on ventilatory control. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2281-367. [PMID: 23720250 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive, up to date summary of the effects of volatile, gaseous, and intravenous anesthetics and opioid agonists on ventilatory control. Emphasis is placed on data from human studies. Further mechanistic insights are provided by in vivo and in vitro data from other mammalian species. The focus is on the effects of clinically relevant agonist concentrations and studies using pharmacological, that is, supraclinical agonist concentrations are de-emphasized or excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eckehard A E Stuth
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Anesthesia Research Service, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bonis JM, Neumueller SE, Krause KL, Pan LG, Hodges MR, Forster HV. Contributions of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:10-21. [PMID: 23774145 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we compare the effects of perturbations in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN) and the lateral (LPBN) and medial (MPBN) parabrachial nuclei on the coordination of breathing and swallowing. Cannula was chronically implanted in goats through which ibotenic acid (IA) was injected while awake. Swallows in late expiration (E) always reset while swallows in early inspiration (I) never reset the respiratory rhythm. Before cannula implantation, all other E and I swallows did not reset the respiratory rhythm, and had small effects on E and I duration and tidal volume (VT). However, after cannula implantation in the MPBN and KFN, E and I swallows reset the respiratory rhythm and increased the effects on I and E duration and VT. Subsequent injection of IA into the KFN eliminated the respiratory phase resetting of swallows but exacerbated the effects on I and E duration and VT. We conclude that the KFN and to a lesser extent the MPBN contribute to coordination of breathing and swallowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bonis
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Panneton WM, Gan Q, Sun DW. Persistence of the nasotrigeminal reflex after pontomedullary transection. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 180:230-6. [PMID: 22154693 PMCID: PMC3273655 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most behaviors have numerous components based on reflexes, but the neural circuits driving most reflexes rarely are documented. The nasotrigeminal reflex induced by stimulating the nasal mucosa causes an apnea, a bradycardia, and variable changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). In this study we tested the nasotrigeminal reflex after transecting the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction. The nasal mucosae of anesthetized rats were stimulated with ammonia vapors and their brainstems then were transected. Complete transections alone induced an increase in resting heart rate (HR; p<0.001) and MABP (p<0.001), but no significant change in ventilation. However, the responses to nasal stimulation after transection were similar to those seen prior to transection. HR still dropped significantly (p<0.001), duration of apnea remained the same, as did changes in MABP. Results from rats whose transection were incomplete are discussed. These data implicate that the neuronal circuitry driving the nasotrigeminal reflex, and indirectly the diving response, is intrinsic to the medulla and spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104-1004, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Topchiy I, Radulovacki M, Waxman J, Carley DW. Impact of the vagal feedback on cardiorespiratory coupling in anesthetized rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 175:375-82. [PMID: 21199691 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory coupling can be significantly influenced by both pontine and vagal modulation of medullary motor and premotor areas. We investigated influences of the pontine intertrigeminal region (ITR) and peripheral vagal pathways on the coupling between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and respiration in 9 anesthetized rats. Glutamate injection into the ITR perturbed both respiration and SBP and decreased SBP-respiratory coherence (0.95±0.01 vs 0.89±0.02; (p=0.01). Intravenous infusion of serotonin (5-HT) produced apnea and hypertension and also decreased SBP-respiratory coherence (0.95±0.01 vs 0.72±0.06; p=0.04). Bilateral vagotomy eliminated the cardiorespiratory coherence perturbations induced by central (glutamate injection into the ITR: 0.89±0.03 vs 0.86±0.03; p=0.63) and peripheral (5-HT infusion: 0.89±0.03 vs 0.88±0.02; p=0.98) pharmacologic manipulations. Glutamate stimulation of the ITR postvagotomy increased the relative spectral power density of SBP in the respiratory frequency range (0.25±0.08 vs 0.55±0.06; p=0.01). The data suggest that SBP-respiratory coupling is largely mediated within the central nervous system, with vagal systems acting in a way that disrupts coherence during transient cardiorespiratory disturbances. Although decreased cardiorespiratory coherence may increase cardiac work during perturbations, this may be physiologically advantageous in restoring homeostatic equilibrium of respiration and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Topchiy
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, M/C 802, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 South Damen Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:159-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
15
|
Bonis JM, Neumueller SE, Krause KL, Kiner T, Smith A, Marshall BD, Qian B, Pan LG, Forster HV. Site-specific effects on respiratory rhythm and pattern of ibotenic acid injections in the pontine respiratory group of goats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:171-88. [PMID: 20431022 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To probe further the contributions of the rostral pons to eupneic respiratory rhythm and pattern, we tested the hypothesis that ibotenic acid (IA) injections in the pontine respiratory group (PRG) would disrupt eupneic respiratory rhythm and pattern in a site- and state-specific manner. In 15 goats, cannulas were bilaterally implanted into the rostral pontine tegmental nuclei (RPTN; n = 3), the lateral (LPBN; n = 4) or medial parabrachial nuclei (MPBN; n = 4), or the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN; n = 4). After recovery from surgery, 1- and 10-microl injections (1 wk apart) of IA were made bilaterally through the implanted cannulas during the day. Over the first 5 h after the injections, there were site-specific ventilatory effects, with increased (P < 0.05) breathing frequency in RPTN-injected goats, increased (P < 0.05) pulmonary ventilation (Vi) in LPBN-injected goats, no effect (P < 0.05) in MPBN-injected goats, and a biphasic Vi response (P < 0.05) in KFN-injected goats. This biphasic response consisted of a hyperpnea for 30 min, followed by a prolonged hypopnea and hypoventilation with marked apneas, apneusis-like breathing patterns, and/or shifts in the temporal relationships between inspiratory flow and diaphragm activity. In the awake state, 10-15 h after the 1-microl injections, the number of apneas was greater (P < 0.05) than during other studies at night. However, there were no incidences of terminal apneas. Breathing rhythm and pattern were normal 22 h after the injections. Subsequent histological analysis revealed that for goats with cannulas implanted into the KFN, there were nearly 50% fewer neurons (P < 0.05) in all three PRG subnuclei than in control goats. We conclude that in awake goats, 1) IA injections into the PRG have site-specific effects on breathing, and 2) the KFN contributes to eupneic respiratory pattern generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bonis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stoiljkovic M, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Local antagonism of intertrigeminal region metabotropic glutamate receptors exacerbates apneic responses to intravenous serotonin. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 165:137-42. [PMID: 19026767 PMCID: PMC2773821 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Injections of a broad spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist into the pontine intertrigeminal region (ITR) exacerbate vagal reflex apnea produced by intravenous serotonin infusion. This effect is not reproduced by ITR injections with either NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ITR injection with a metabotropic glutamate antagonist would alter respiratory responses to serotonin (5-HT) intravenous infusions. In anesthetized adult male rats (N=20; Sprague-Dawley) AIDA (1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid), a specific antagonist of the type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu1R), was microinjected unilaterally into the ITR to block 5-HT evoked apnea. Respiratory pattern changes evoked by ITR-glutamate injection and by intravenous serotonin (5-HT) infusion (0.5 microl, 0.05 M; or 2.5x10(-8) mol) were characterized according to apnea expression and duration, as well as coefficients of variation for breath duration (CVTT) and amplitude (CVVT) before and after ITR AIDA injection. Unilateral AIDA blockade of the ITR significantly increased the duration of apnea evoked by 5-HT infusion (p<0.03 for each dose tested) during the 30s following infusion in a dose-dependent fashion, with the two highest doses resulting in intermittent apneas for at least 10 min following a bolus 5-HT infusion. Similar prolonged increases in CVTT and CVVT with respect to control were associated with ITR AIDA injections. These findings suggest that brief perturbations of vagal afferent pathways can produce ongoing respiratory dysrhythmia, including spontaneous apnea, and that glutamatergic neurotransmission within ITR may be important for damping such disturbances. The present observations also suggest that such respiratory damping may be mediated by mGlu1 receptors. These findings extend our understanding of the role of the intertrigeminal region in modulating respiratory reflexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stoiljkovic
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago M/C 802, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Topchiy I, Radulovacki M, Waxman J, Carley DW. Cardiorespiratory effects of intertrigeminal area stimulation in vagotomized rats. Brain Res 2008; 1250:120-9. [PMID: 19028463 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently shown that the pontine intertrigeminal region (ITR) plays an important role in respiratory regulation, including vagally mediated apneic reflexes. Neurons of the ITR have connections with the nucleus tractus solitarius and projections to the ventrolateral medulla. However, the functional targets of these projections are not fully defined. Stimulation of ITR neurons produced respiratory effects, but cardiovascular responses have not been explored. We investigated impact of bilateral vagotomy on respiratory and cardiovascular responses to glutamate microinjections within the ITR in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats. Cardiorespiratory indices, including breath duration (TT), tidal volume (VT), mean cardiac intervals (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP) and their coefficients of variation (CVTT, CVVT, CVSBP, CVPP, respectively) were analyzed in 30 s segments before and after injection of glutamate (10 mM, 30 L) into the ITR. This assessment was carried out both before and after bilateral vagotomy. Glutamate injection evoked apnea and increased CVTT, but these responses were not altered by bilateral vagotomy. In contrast, removing vagal pathways significantly increased volume variability (CVVT), making tidal volume more vulnerable to perturbation from the ITR. Vagotomy prolonged the increase of mean systolic blood pressure observed after glutamate injection and unmasked a delayed but sustained elevation of PP and CVPP after ITR stimulation. The present findings indicate a broad involvement of the ITR in autonomic regulation, including at least cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Topchiy
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, M/C 802, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7323, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Zhang C, Li N, Su L, Wang G. Expression of TASK-1 in brainstem and the occurrence of central sleep apnea in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 161:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Lee KZ, Fuller DD, Lu IJ, Ku LC, Hwang JC. Pulmonary C-fiber receptor activation abolishes uncoupled facial nerve activity from phrenic bursting during positive end-expired pressure in the rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:119-29. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00505.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phasic respiratory bursting in the facial nerve (FN) can be uncoupled from phrenic bursting by application of 9 cmH2O positive end-expired pressure (PEEP). This response reflects excitation of expiratory-inspiratory (EI) and preinspiratory (Pre-I) facial neurons during the Pre-I period and inhibition of EI neurons during inspiration (I). Because activation of pulmonary C-fiber (PCF) receptors can inhibit the discharge of EI and Pre-I neurons, we hypothesized that PCF receptor activation via capsaicin would attenuate or abolish uncoupled FN bursting with an increase from 3 cmH2O (baseline) to 9 cmH2O PEEP. Neurograms were recorded in the FN and phrenic nerve in anesthetized, ventilated, vagally intact adult Wistar rats. Increasing PEEP to 9 cmH2O resulted in a persistent rhythmic discharge in the FN during phrenic quiescence (i.e., uncoupled bursting). Combination of PEEP with intrajugular capsaicin injection severely attenuated or eliminated uncoupled bursting in the FN ( P < 0.05). Additional experiments examined the pattern of facial motoneuron (vs. neurogram) bursting during PEEP application and capsaicin treatment. These single-fiber recordings confirmed that Pre-I and EI (but not I) neurons continued to burst during PEEP-induced phrenic apnea. Capsaicin treatment during PEEP substantially inhibited Pre-I and EI neuron discharge. Finally, analyses of FN and motoneuron bursting across the respiratory cycle indicated that the inhibitory effects of capsaicin were more pronounced during the Pre-I period. We conclude that activation of PCF receptors can inhibit FN bursting during PEEP-induced phrenic apnea by inhibiting EI and I facial motoneuron discharge.
Collapse
|
20
|
Isenovic ER, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Impact of intertrigeminal region AMPA receptor blockade on respiratory responses in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 158:39-44. [PMID: 17462964 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that functional glutamatergic AMPA receptors are expressed in the intertrigeminal region (ITR) of the lateral pons, and that blockade of these receptors by a specific AMPA receptor antagonist (NBQX) would alter respiratory responses both to ITR glutamate injections as well as to vagally mediated reflex apnea induced by intravenous infusion of serotonin. Non-selective blockade of ITR glutamate receptors using kynurenic acid previously was shown to alter both of these respiratory responses. Unilateral ITR injections in 19 anaesthetized spontaneously breathing adult Sprague-Dawley rats with the vagi intact demonstrated that NBQX (10mM): (1) shortened glutamate-induced apnea duration (p=0.006), (2) reduced glutamate-induced apnea frequency (p=0.034) and (3) decreased glutamate-induced apnea density (p=0.006). The same dose of NBQX did not affect vagally mediated reflex apnea induced by intravenous infusion of serotonin. These results show that functional glutamate AMPA receptors are expressed in the ITR but fail to directly demonstrate any specific physiologic role for these receptors in respiratory control. In contrast to antagonism of NMDA receptors which completely blocked the central apnea evoked by glutamate, antagonism of AMPA receptors only partially blocked the effects of glutamate. In contrast to kynurenic acid, antagonists to NMDA and AMPA receptors given separately did not potentiate the duration of reflex apnea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esma R Isenovic
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago M/C 802, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Radulovacki M, Stoiljkovic M, Saponjic J, Carley DW. Effects of intertrigeminal region NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on respiratory responses in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 156:40-6. [PMID: 16934539 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disturbance, including apnea, can be induced by microinjection of glutamate into the intertrigeminal region (ITR) of the lateral pons, a region that is anatomically coupled to both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups of the medulla. We showed that the ITR plays a functional role in regulating both vagal reflex apnea and spontaneous sleep-related apnea in rats, but the mechanisms have not been determined. This study shows that functional NMDA receptors are expressed in the ITR since the blockade of these receptors by AP5, a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, was fully effective in blocking apnea induced by glutamate injection within this region. Selective blockade of ITR NMDA receptors had no effect on the immediate apnea evoked by an intravenous 5-HT bolus, whereas the nonspecific glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid significantly increased the duration of this vagal reflex apnea. These findings are of interest because pontine NMDA receptors participate in inspiratory off-switch mechanisms and have been implicated in various short- and long-term potentiation and depression phenomena. These data support the involvement of ITR non-NMDA receptors in modulation of reflex apnea per se, whereas NMDA receptors play a role in damping respiratory responses to transient disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Radulovacki
- Department of Pharmacology, M/C 868, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Panneton WM, Gan Q, Juric R. Brainstem projections from recipient zones of the anterior ethmoidal nerve in the medullary dorsal horn. Neuroscience 2006; 141:889-906. [PMID: 16753263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the anterior ethmoidal nerve or the nasal mucosa induces cardiorespiratory responses similar to those seen in diving mammals. We have utilized the transganglionic transport of a cocktail of horseradish peroxidase conjugates and anterograde and retrograde tract tracing techniques to elucidate pathways which may be important for these responses in the rat. Label was seen throughout the trigeminal sensory complex after the horseradish peroxidase conjugates were applied to the anterior ethmoidal nerve peripherally. Reaction product was most dense in the medullary dorsal horn, especially in laminae I and II. Injections were made of biotinylated dextran amine into the recipient zones of the medullary dorsal horn from the anterior ethmoidal nerve, and the anterogradely transported label documented. Label was found in many brainstem areas, but fibers with varicosities were noted in specific subdivisions of the nucleus tractus solitarii and parabrachial nucleus, as well as parts of the caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla and A5 (noradrenergic cell group in ventrolateral pons) area. The retrograde transport of FluoroGold into the medullary dorsal horn after injections into these areas showed most neurons in laminae I, II, and V. Label was especially dense in areas which received primary afferent fibers from the anterior ethmoidal nerve. These data identify potential neural circuits for the diving response of the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104-1004, USA.
| | - Q Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104-1004, USA
| | - R Juric
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104-1004, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang M, Alheid GF, Calandriello T, McCrimmon DR. Parabrachial-lateral pontine neurons link nociception and breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 143:215-33. [PMID: 15519557 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the parabrachial complex in cutaneous nociceptor-induced respiratory stimulation in chloralose-urethane anesthetized, vagotomized rats. Noxious stimulation (mustard oil, MO) applied topically to a forelimb or hindlimb enhanced the peak amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve discharge and, with forelimb application, increased phrenic nerve burst frequency. Bilateral inactivation of neural activity in the parabrachial complex with injection of the GABA agonist muscimol (3nl) markedly attenuated the response to MO application. Injection of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold within the medullary ventral respiratory column labeled neurons in dorsolateral pontine regions known to receive nociceptive inputs (i.e., Kolliker-Fuse, lateral crescent, and superior lateral subnuclei of the parabrachial complex). Extracellular recordings of 65 dorsolateral parabrachial neurons revealed about 15% responded to a noxious cutaneous pinch with either an increase or a decrease in discharge and approximately 40% of these exhibited a phasic respiratory-related component to their discharge. In conclusion, parabrachial pontine neurons contribute to cutaneous nociceptor-induced increases in breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, M211, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Radulovacki M, Pavlovic S, Saponjic J, Carley DW. Modulation of reflex and sleep related apnea by pedunculopontine tegmental and intertrigeminal neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 143:293-306. [PMID: 15519562 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe and summarize here our recent findings about the role in respiration of two pontine structures that are not classically included in the pontine respiratory group: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the intertrigeminal region (ITR). We also discuss significant contributions of other workers in the field, especially, S. Datta [Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 17: 341-365, 1997], R. Lydic and H. Baghdoyan [Sleep, 25: 617-622, 2002], and N. Chamberlin and C. Saper [J. Neurosci. 18: 6048-6056, 1998], who postulated a role for the ITR in modulating reflex apnea. In anesthetized and freely moving rats we have consistently documented that PPT and ITR have a role in respiration. Neurochemical manipulations of each area affected the brainstem respiratory pattern generator and respiratory pattern variability,observed as spontaneous disturbances during sleep or as induced reflex apnea. Although the exact central mechanisms of apnea cannot be determined from our studies to date, we postulate that reflex and sleep-related apneas in rats share some common brainstem pathways, which may include PPT and ITR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Radulovacki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 868, 901 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|