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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Radovanovic L, Novakovic A, Petrovic J, Saponjic J. Different Alterations of Hippocampal and Reticulo-Thalamic GABAergic Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons Underlie Different States of Unconsciousness. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076769. [PMID: 37047741 PMCID: PMC10094978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We traced the changes in GABAergic parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons of the hippocampus and reticulo-thalamic nucleus (RT) as possible underlying mechanisms of the different local cortical and hippocampal electroencephalographic (EEG) microstructures during the non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep compared with anesthesia-induced unconsciousness by two anesthetics with different main mechanisms of action (ketamine/diazepam versus propofol). After 3 h of recording their sleep, the rats were divided into two experimental groups: one half received ketamine/diazepam anesthesia and the other half received propofol anesthesia. We simultaneously recorded the EEG of the motor cortex and hippocampus during sleep and during 1 h of surgical anesthesia. We performed immunohistochemistry and analyzed the PV and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) expression. PV suppression in the hippocampus and at RT underlies the global theta amplitude attenuation and hippocampal gamma augmentation that is a unique feature of ketamine-induced versus propofol-induced unconsciousness and NREM sleep. While PV suppression resulted in an increase in hippocampal PSD-95 expression, there was no imbalance between inhibition and excitation during ketamine/diazepam anesthesia compared with propofol anesthesia in RT. This increased excitation could be a consequence of a lower GABA interneuronal activity and an additional mechanism underlying the unique local EEG microstructure in the hippocampus during ketamine/diazepam anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Radovanovic
- Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Novakovic
- Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrovic
- Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Petrovic J, Radovanovic L, Saponjic J. Prodromal local sleep disorders in a rat model of Parkinson's disease cholinopathy, hemiparkinsonism and hemiparkinsonism with cholinopathy. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112957. [PMID: 33038348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the prodromal alterations of local sleep, particularly the motor cortical and hippocampal sleep, along with spontaneous locomotor activity in the rat models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We performed our experiments in adult, male Wistar rats, chronically implanted for sleep recording and divided into four experimental groups: the control (implanted controls), the bilateral pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) lesions (PD cholinopathy), the unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesions (hemiparkinsonism) and the unilateral SNpc/bilateral PPT lesions (hemiparkinsonism with PD cholinopathy). We followed their sleep, basal locomotor activity and spatial habituation for 14 days following the surgical procedures. Severe prodromal local sleep disturbances in the hemiparkinsonian rats were expressed as sleep fragmentation and distinct local NREM/REM EEG microstructure alterations in both the motor cortex and the hippocampus. Alongside the state-unrelated role of the dopaminergic control of theta oscillations and NREM/REM related sigma and beta oscillations, we demonstrated that the REM neurochemical regulatory substrate is particularly important in the dopaminergic control of beta oscillations. In addition, hippocampal prodromal sleep disorders in the hemiparkinsonian rats were expressed as NREM/REM fragmentation and the opposite impact of dopaminergic versus cholinergic control of the NREM delta and beta oscillation amplitudes in the hippocampus, likewise in the motor cortex versus the hippocampus. All these distinct prodromal local sleep disorders and the dopaminergic vs. cholinergic impact on NREM/REM EEG microstructure alterations are of fundamental importance for the further development and follow-up of PD-modifying therapies, and for the identification of patients who are at risk of developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrovic
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd., 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ljiljana Radovanovic
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd., 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd., 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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Petrovic J, Radovanovic L, Saponjic J. Diversity of simultaneous sleep in the motor cortex and hippocampus in rats. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13090. [PMID: 32472657 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the homogeneity/heterogeneity of spontaneous sleep, simultaneously recorded in the motor cortex and the hippocampus of control rats, and particularly analysed simultaneous and non-simultaneous motor cortical and hippocampal non-rapid eye movement (NREM)/rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We demonstrate that the sleep architectures of the motor cortex and hippocampus are different in control rats. There was an increase of NREM duration and a decrease of REM duration in the hippocampus versus the motor cortex. In terms of duration, NREM state is the most heterogeneous in the hippocampus, whereas the REM state is the most heterogeneous in the motor cortex. Whereas the hippocampal NREM duration was increased due to the prolongation of NREM episodes, the hippocampal REM duration decreased due to the decreased number of REM episodes. The heterogeneity of sleep in the motor cortex and hippocampus in control rats was particularly expressed through the inverse alteration of sigma amplitude during NREM sleep and beta/gamma amplitudes during REM sleep in the hippocampus, along with the delta, sigma, beta and gamma amplitudes only during non-simultaneous NREM/REM sleep in the hippocampus. We demonstrated the brain structure-related and NREM/REM state-related heterogeneity of the motor cortical and hippocampal local sleep in control rats. The distinctly altered local NREM/REM states, alongside their episode dynamics and electroencephalographic (EEG) microstructures, suggest the importance of both the local neuronal network substrate and the NREM/REM neurochemical substrate in the control mechanisms of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Radovanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Rajkovic N, Ciric J, Milosevic N, Saponjic J. Novel application of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis in the parvalbumin stained hippocampal gyrus dentatus in distinct rat models of Parkinson’s disease. Comput Biol Med 2019; 115:103482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vucicevic L, Misirkic M, Ciric D, Martinovic T, Jovanovic M, Isakovic A, Markovic I, Saponjic J, Foretz M, Rabanal-Ruiz Y, Korolchuk VI, Trajkovic V. Transcriptional block of AMPK-induced autophagy promotes glutamate excitotoxicity in nutrient-deprived SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 77:3383-3399. [PMID: 31720741 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of autophagy, a controlled lysosomal degradation of cellular macromolecules and organelles, in glutamate excitotoxicity during nutrient deprivation in vitro. The incubation in low-glucose serum/amino acid-free cell culture medium synergized with glutamate in increasing AMP/ATP ratio and causing excitotoxic necrosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Glutamate suppressed starvation-triggered autophagy, as confirmed by diminished intracellular acidification, lower LC3 punctuation and LC3-I conversion to autophagosome-associated LC3-II, reduced expression of proautophagic beclin-1 and ATG5, increase of the selective autophagic target NBR1, and decreased number of autophagic vesicles. Similar results were observed in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Both glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and autophagy inhibition in starved SH-SY5Y cells were reverted by NMDA antagonist memantine and mimicked by NMDA agonists D-aspartate and ibotenate. Glutamate reduced starvation-triggered phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) without affecting the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, a major negative regulator of autophagy. This was associated with reduced mRNA levels of autophagy transcriptional activators (FOXO3, ATF4) and molecules involved in autophagy initiation (ULK1, ATG13, FIP200), autophagosome nucleation/elongation (ATG14, beclin-1, ATG5), and autophagic cargo delivery to autophagosomes (SQSTM1). Glutamate-mediated transcriptional repression of autophagy was alleviated by overexpression of constitutively active AMPK. Genetic or pharmacological AMPK activation by AMPK overexpression or metformin, as well as genetic or pharmacological autophagy induction by TFEB overexpression or lithium chloride, reduced the sensitivity of nutrient-deprived SH-SY5Y cells to glutamate excitotoxicity. These data indicate that transcriptional inhibition of AMPK-dependent cytoprotective autophagy is involved in glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity during nutrient deprivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Vucicevic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Misirkic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Ciric
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Isakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marc Foretz
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ciric J, Kapor S, Perovic M, Saponjic J. Alterations of Sleep and Sleep Oscillations in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:148. [PMID: 30872994 PMCID: PMC6401659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) cholinopathy demonstrated the sleep-related alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations at the cortical and hippocampal levels, cortical drives, and sleep spindles (SSs) as the earliest functional biomarkers preceding hypokinesia. Our aim in this study was to follow the impact of a unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesion in rat on the cortical and hippocampal sleep architectures and their EEG microstructures, as well as the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations, and the SS and high voltage sleep spindle (HVS) dynamics during NREM and REM sleep. We performed unilateral SNpc lesions using two different concentrations/volumes of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 12 μg/1 μl or 12 μg/2 μl). Whereas the unilateral dopaminergic neuronal loss >50% throughout the overall SNpc rostro-caudal dimension prolonged the Wake state, with no change in the NREM or REM duration, there was a long-lasting theta amplitude augmentation across all sleep states in the motor cortex (MCx), but also in the CA1 hippocampus (Hipp) during both Wake and REM sleep. We demonstrate that SS are the hallmarks of NREM sleep, but that they also occur during REM sleep in the MCx and Hipp of the control rats. Whereas SS are always longer in REM vs. NREM sleep in both structures, they are consistently slower in the Hipp. The dopaminergic neuronal loss increased the density of SS in both structures and shortened them in the MCx during NREM sleep, without changing the intrinsic frequency. Conversely, HVS are the hallmarks of REM sleep in the control rats, slower in the Hipp vs. MCx, and the dopaminergic neuronal loss increased their density in the MCx, but shortened them more consistently in the Hipp during REM sleep. In addition, there was an altered synchronization of the EEG oscillations between the MCx and Hipp in different sleep states, particularly the theta and sigma coherences during REM sleep. We provide novel evidence for the importance of the SNpc dopaminergic innervation in sleep regulation, theta rhythm generation, and SS/HVS dynamics control. We suggest the importance of the underlying REM sleep regulatory substrate to HVS generation and duration and to the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Kapor
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lazic K, Ciric J, Saponjic J. Sleep spindle dynamics during NREM and REM sleep following distinct general anaesthesia in control rats and in a rat model of Parkinson's disease cholinopathy. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12758. [PMID: 30136327 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our previous studies and the important role of the thalamo-cortical network in states of unconsciousness, such as anaesthesia and sleep, and in sleep spindles generation, we investigated sleep spindles (SS) and high-voltage sleep spindle (HVS) dynamics during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep following different types of general anaesthesia in both physiological controls and in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) cholinopathy, to follow the impact of anaesthesia on post-anaesthesia sleep at the thalamo-cortical level through an altered sleep spindle dynamics. We recorded 6 hr of spontaneous sleep in all rats, both before and 48 hr after ketamine/diazepam or pentobarbital anaesthesia, and we used 1 hr of NREM or REM sleep from each to validate visually the automatically detected SS or HVS for their extraction and analysis. In the controls, SS occurred mainly during NREM, whereas HVS occurred only during REM sleep. Ketamine/diazepam anaesthesia promoted HVS, prolonged SS during NREM, induced HVS of increased frequency during REM, and increased SS/HVS densities during REM versus NREM sleep. Pentobarbital anaesthesia decreased the frequency of SS during NREM and the HVS density during REM sleep. Although the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesion prolonged SS only during NREM sleep, in these rats, ketamine/diazepam anaesthesia suppressed HVS during both sleep states, whereas pentobarbital anaesthesia promoted HVS during REM sleep. The different impacts of two anaesthetic regimens on the thalamo-cortical regulatory network are expressed through their distinct sleep spindle generation and dynamics that are dependent on the NREM and REM state regulatory neuronal substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lazic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ciric J, Lazic K, Kapor S, Perovic M, Petrovic J, Pesic V, Kanazir S, Saponjic J. Sleep disorder and altered locomotor activity as biomarkers of the Parkinson’s disease cholinopathy in rat. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petrovic J, Milosevic V, Zivkovic M, Stojanov D, Milojkovic O, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and "flow"-possible biomarkers of cognitive impairment and neuropathology of minor stroke. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3839. [PMID: 28970969 PMCID: PMC5623310 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated EEG rhythms, particularly alpha activity, and their relationship to post-stroke neuropathology and cognitive functions in the subacute and chronic stages of minor strokes. Methods We included 10 patients with right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic strokes and 11 healthy controls. All the assessments of stroke patients were done both in the subacute and chronic stages. Neurological impairment was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), whereas cognitive functions were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and MoCA memory index (MoCA-MIS). The EEG was recorded using a 19 channel EEG system with standard EEG electrode placement. In particular, we analyzed the EEGs derived from the four lateral frontal (F3, F7, F4, F8), and corresponding lateral posterior (P3, P4, T5, T6) electrodes. Quantitative EEG analysis included: the group FFT spectra, the weighted average of alpha frequency (αAVG), the group probability density distributions of all conventional EEG frequency band relative amplitudes (EEG microstructure), the inter- and intra-hemispheric coherences, and the topographic distribution of alpha carrier frequency phase potentials (PPs). Statistical analysis was done using a Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with a post-hoc Mann–Whitney U two-tailed test, and Spearman’s correlation. Results We demonstrated transient cognitive impairment alongside a slower alpha frequency (αAVG) in the subacute right MCA stroke patients vs. the controls. This slower alpha frequency showed no amplitude change, but was highly synchronized intra-hemispherically, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, and inter-hemispherically, overlying the frontal cortex. In addition, the disturbances in EEG alpha activity in subacute stroke patients were expressed as a decrease in alpha PPs over the frontal cortex and an altered “alpha flow”, indicating the sustained augmentation of inter-hemispheric interactions. Although the stroke induced slower alpha was a transient phenomenon, the increased alpha intra-hemispheric synchronization, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, the increased alpha F3–F4 inter-hemispheric synchronization, the delayed alpha waves, and the newly established inter-hemispheric “alpha flow” within the frontal cortex, remained as a permanent consequence of the minor stroke. This newly established frontal inter-hemispheric “alpha flow” represented a permanent consequence of the “hidden” stroke neuropathology, despite the fact that cognitive impairment has been returned to the control values. All the detected permanent changes at the EEG level with no cognitive impairment after a minor stroke could be a way for the brain to compensate for the lesion and restore the lost function. Discussion Our study indicates slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and “flow” as potential biomarkers of cognitive impairment onset and/or compensatory post-stroke re-organizational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Petrovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Milosevic
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Olga Milojkovic
- Clinic for Mental Health Protection, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kalauzi
- Department for Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lazic K, Petrovic J, Ciric J, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. REM sleep disorder following general anesthesia in rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 168:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ciric J, Lazic K, Petrovic J, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Age-related disorders of sleep and motor control in the rat models of functionally distinct cholinergic neuropathology. Behav Brain Res 2016; 301:273-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lazic K, Petrovic J, Ciric J, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Impact of anesthetic regimen on the respiratory pattern, EEG microstructure and sleep in the rat model of cholinergic Parkinson’s disease neuropathology. Neuroscience 2015; 304:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ciric J, Lazic K, Petrovic J, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Aging induced cortical drive alterations during sleep in rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 146-148:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bataveljic D, Petrovic J, Lazic K, Saponjic J, Andjus P. Glial response in the rat models of functionally distinct cholinergic neuronal denervations. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:244-52. [PMID: 25250774 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves selective loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, particularly in the nucleus basalis (NB). Similarly, Parkinson's disease (PD) might involve the selective loss of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) cholinergic neurons. Therefore, lesions of these functionally distinct cholinergic centers in rats might serve as models of AD and PD cholinergic neuropathologies. Our previous articles described dissimilar sleep/wake-state disorders in rat models of AD and PD cholinergic neuropathologies. This study further examines astroglial and microglial responses as underlying pathologies in these distinct sleep disorders. Unilateral lesions of the NB or the PPT were induced with rats under ketamine/diazepam anesthesia (50 mg/kg i.p.) by using stereotaxically guided microinfusion of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid (IBO). Twenty-one days after the lesion, loss of cholinergic neurons was quantified by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry, and the astroglial and microglial responses were quantified by glia fibrillary acidic protein/OX42 immunohistochemistry. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the anatomofunctionally related astroglial response following unilateral excitotoxic PPT cholinergic neuronal lesion. Whereas IBO NB and PPT lesions similarly enhanced local astroglial and microglial responses, astrogliosis in the PPT was followed by a remote astrogliosis within the ipslilateral NB. Conversely, there was no microglial response within the NB after PPT lesions. Our results reveal the rostrorostral PPT-NB astrogliosis after denervation of cholinergic neurons in the PPT. This hierarchically and anatomofunctionally guided PPT-NB astrogliosis emerged following cholinergic neuronal loss greater than 17% throughout the overall rostrocaudal PPT dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Bataveljic
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Laser Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Petrovic J, Lazic K, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. REM sleep diversity following the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesion in rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:258-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Petrovic J, Lazic K, Ciric J, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Topography of the sleep/wake states related EEG microstructure and transitions structure differentiates the functionally distinct cholinergic innervation disorders in rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Our study investigates the impact of different volume sham control and excitotoxin microinfusions in vivo on local reactive astroglial response within rat nucleus basalis (NB). We followed the effects of unilateral 200, 100, and 50 nL of sham-control (phosphate buffer PBS) versus ibotenic acid (IBO) microinfusions, mechanical NB lesion (10 µL Hamylton syringe needle positioned into NB for 5 min), or physiological control (intact brain), on the local reactive astroglial response within the NB site, by immunoreactivity against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). NB lesions were identified by NADPHdiaphorase histochemistry. Local astrocytes responses within NB were suppressed by both high volume microinfusions, PBS and IBO (200 and 100 nL) versus mechanical lesion. Our study has proved, for the first time, the volume of microinfusion as critical for any selective pharmacological stimulation or lesion in vivo, and suggest the microinfusion volume less than 50nL as protective for physiological astroglial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bjelobaba
- University of Belgrade, Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Petrovic J, Ciric J, Lazic K, Kalauzi A, Saponjic J. Lesion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in rat augments cortical activation and disturbs sleep/wake state transitions structure. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:562-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Saponjic J, Petrovic J, Kalauzi A, Ciric J, Lazic K, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Sleep-state related EEG amplitude distribution in the rat model of cortical cholinergic innervation disorder. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology; Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrovic
- Department of Neurobiology; Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kalauzi
- Department for Life Sciences; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology; Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - Katarina Lazic
- Department of Neurobiology; Institute for Biological Research - Sinisa Stankovic; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | | | - David W Carley
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research; University of Illinois; Chicago; Illinois; USA
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Kalauzi A, Spasic S, Petrovic J, Ciric J, Saponjic J. Cortico-pontine theta carrier frequency phase shift across sleep/wake states following monoaminergic lesion in rat. Gen Physiol Biophys 2012; 31:163-71. [DOI: 10.4149/gpb_2012_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kesic S, Kalauzi A, Radulovacki M, Carley DW, Saponjic J. Coupling changes in cortical and pontine sigma and theta frequency oscillations following monoaminergic lesions in rat. Sleep Breath 2010; 15:35-47. [PMID: 20135235 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-010-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sigma and theta frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations exhibit substantial and well-recognized shifts with transitions across sleep and wake states. We aimed in this study to test the changes in coupling between these characteristic oscillations of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)/rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep within and between cortical and pontine EEGs following monoaminergic lesion, by using the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. METHODS Experiments were performed in 14 adult, male Sprague Dawley rats chronically instrumented for sleep recording. We lesioned the dorsal raphe nucleus axon terminals in four rats using PCA neurotoxin (p-chloroamphetamine; Sigma-Aldrich, MO) administered as two intraperitoneal (IP) injections (6 mg/kg) 24 h apart. Lesioning of locus coeruleus axon terminals was performed in five rats using DSP-4 neurotoxin (N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzilamine; Sigma-Aldrich, MO) in a single IP dose of 50 mg/kg. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Our previous study [Saponjic et al., Physiol Behav 90:1-10, 2007] demonstrated that these systemically induced monoaminergic lesions failed to produce significant changes in sleep/wake distribution from control conditions. The present study, by using spectral analysis and by examining the Pearson's correlation coefficients and their approximate probability density (APD) distribution profiles in control and lesion condition, demonstrates significant augmentation of the sigma/theta coupling strength, an inversion of cortical sigma/theta coupling direction and emergence of an additional sigma/theta coupling "mode" specific to the post-lesion state only within the cortex. By using the Pearson's correlation coefficients and their APD profiles, instead of classical sleep/wake distribution analysis, as a measure of direction and strength of sigma/theta coupling within and between cortex and pons, we were able to uncover the impact of a tonically decreased level of brain monoamines as altered strength and mode of coupling between sigma and theta oscillations. Specifically, a new mode of sigma/theta coupling emerged following lesion, which was specific to NREM sleep, suggests that loss of monoaminergic signaling interferes with NREM sleep consolidation. Our results also indicate an importance of monoamines in control of the sleep spindle and theta rhythm generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Kesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kalauzi A, Kesic S, Saponjic J. Cortico-pontine theta synchronization phase shift following monoaminergic lesion in rat. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60:79-84. [PMID: 20065500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The experiments were performed in 14 adult, male Sprague Dawley rats chronically instrumented for sleep recording and recorded during baseline condition, following sham injection (saline i.p. 1 ml/kg), and every week for 5 weeks following injection of the systemic neurotoxins (DSP-4 or PCA; 1 ml/kg, i.p.) for chemical axotomy of the locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe (DR) axon terminals. In our former study we demonstrated that the systemically induced lesion of the noradrenergic or serotonergic axon terminals did not affect the sleep-wake distribution from control condition. In this study, by using spectral analysis and phase shift spectra of the cortical and pontine EEG we analyzed cortico-pontine theta oscillation synchronization phase shift on 6-hour recordings in control condition and 28 days following the monoaminergic lesions, as a time for permanently established DR or LC chemical axotomy. Our results demonstrated for the first time that chronically decreased brain monoamines in freely moving rats changed cortico-pontine theta synchronization phase shift. Pons became a leading theta oscillator. We assume that deficit of monoamines induced predominance of the NREM/REM transitions, characterized with phasic theta oscillations (the increased density of clustered P waves which intrinsic frequency corresponds to theta frequency oscillations), and may produced preceding phasic theta versus tonic theta oscillation drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalauzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Bojic T, Saponjic J, Radulovacki M, Carley DW, Kalauzi A. Monotone Signal Segments Analysis as a novel method of breath detection and breath-to-breath interval analysis in rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 161:273-80. [PMID: 18420469 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We applied a novel approach to respiratory waveform analysis--Monotone Signal Segments Analysis (MSSA) on 6-h recordings of respiratory signals in rats. To validate MSSA as a respiratory signal analysis tool we tested it by detecting: breaths and breath-to-breath intervals; respiratory timing and volume modes; and changes in respiratory pattern caused by lesions of monoaminergic systems in rats. MSSA differentiated three respiratory timing (tachypneic, eupneic, bradypneic-apneic), and three volume (artifacts, normovolemic, hypervolemic-sighs) modes. Lesion-induced respiratory pattern modulation was visible as shifts in the distributions of monotone signal segment amplitudes, and of breath-to-breath intervals. Specifically, noradrenergic lesion induced an increase in mean volume (p<or=0.03), with no change of the mean breath-to-breath interval duration (p>or=0.06). MSSA of timing modes detected noradrenergic lesion-induced interdependent changes in the balance of eupneic (decrease; p<or=0.02), and tachypneic (an increase; p<or=0.02) breath intervals with respect to control. In terms of breath durations within each timing mode, there was a tendency toward prolongation of the eupneic (p<or=0.08) and bradypneic-apneic (p<or=0.06) intervals. These results demonstrate that MSSA is sensitive to subtle shifts in respiratory rhythmogenesis not detectable by simple respiratory pattern descriptive statistics. MSSA represents a potentially valuable new tool for investigations of respiratory pattern control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Bojic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Saponjic J, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Modulation of respiratory pattern and upper airway muscle activity by the pedunculopontine tegmentum: role of NMDA receptors. Sleep Breath 2007; 10:195-202. [PMID: 17031714 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-006-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) is postulated to have important functions relevant to the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and arousal, and various motor control systems including respiration. We have recently shown that pharmacologic activation of a neuronal subpopulation within the PPT, induced by micropipette injection of glutamate in nanoliter volumes, can produce respiratory rhythm disturbances and changes in genioglossus muscle activity in anesthetized rats. The aim of this study was to determine whether the respiratory pattern disturbance and increased genioglossus muscle tone induced by glutamate injection within the PPT are mediated by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors within the PPT. Experiments were performed in eight adult male spontaneously breathing Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized using nembutal. Respiratory movements were monitored by piezoelectric strain gauge. Three-barrel glass pipettes were used to pressure inject glutamate (as a probe for respiratory modulating sites), ketamine (an NMDA channel blocker), and oil-red dye (to aid in histological verification of the injection sites) within the PPT. Electroencephalograms were recorded from the sensorimotor cortex, the hippocampus, and the pons, contralateral to the injection site. Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the genioglossus muscle. The typical response to glutamate injection within the PPT respiratory-modulating region was immediate apnea followed by tachypnea and increased genioglossal tonic activity. The noncompetitive NMDA receptor channel-antagonist ketamine, injected at the same site and in the same volume as glutamate (5 nl), blocked respiratory dysrhythmia and genioglossal EMG responses to subsequent glutamate injections. For the first time, the present results suggest that respiratory rhythm and upper airway muscle tone are controlled by the activation of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Saponjic J, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Monoaminergic system lesions increase post-sigh respiratory pattern disturbance during sleep in rats. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:1-10. [PMID: 16989875 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamines are important regulators of behavioral state and respiratory pattern, and the impact of monoaminergic control during sleep is of particular interest for the stability of breathing regulation. The aim of this study was to test the effects of systemically induced chemical lesions to noradrenergic and serotonergic efferent systems, on the expression of sleep-wake states, pontine wave activity, and sleep-related respiratory pattern and its variability. In chronically instrumented male adult Sprague-Dawley rats we lesioned noradrenergic terminal axonal branches by a single intraperitoneal dose of DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-brombenzilamine; 50 mg/kg, i.p.), and serotonergic axonal terminals by two intraperitoneal doses, 24 h apart, of PCA (p-chloroamphetamine; 6 mg/kg, i.p.). In each animal, we recorded sleep, pontine waves (P-waves) and breathing at baseline, following sham injection, and every week for 5 weeks following injection of either systemic neurotoxin. Distinct responses were observed to the two lesions. DSP-4 lesions were associated with a trend toward increased NREM sleep (p < 0.06), decreased wakefulness (p < 0.05) and increased respiratory tidal volume during NREM (p = 0.0002) and REM (p = 0.0001) sleep with respect to baseline. None of these effects, however, were observed during the first 14 days after injection. No significant changes were observed in the frequency of apneas or sighs, nor in the coupling between these two, at any time after DSP-4 injection. Conversely, selective serotonergic lesion by PCA produced no change in the baseline respiratory frequency or tidal volume during sleep or wakefulness, nor was the expression of Wake, NREM or REM sleep affected. Instead, PCA injection resulted in a sustained increase in the frequency and duration of post-sigh apneas (PS) during NREM sleep (p = 0.002). This reflected increased coupling between sighs and apneas, because neither the frequency nor the amplitude of spontaneous sighs was altered by PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saponjic
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Radulovacki M, Stoiljkovic M, Saponjic J, Carley DW. Effects of intertrigeminal region NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on respiratory responses in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 156:40-6. [PMID: 16934539 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disturbance, including apnea, can be induced by microinjection of glutamate into the intertrigeminal region (ITR) of the lateral pons, a region that is anatomically coupled to both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups of the medulla. We showed that the ITR plays a functional role in regulating both vagal reflex apnea and spontaneous sleep-related apnea in rats, but the mechanisms have not been determined. This study shows that functional NMDA receptors are expressed in the ITR since the blockade of these receptors by AP5, a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, was fully effective in blocking apnea induced by glutamate injection within this region. Selective blockade of ITR NMDA receptors had no effect on the immediate apnea evoked by an intravenous 5-HT bolus, whereas the nonspecific glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid significantly increased the duration of this vagal reflex apnea. These findings are of interest because pontine NMDA receptors participate in inspiratory off-switch mechanisms and have been implicated in various short- and long-term potentiation and depression phenomena. These data support the involvement of ITR non-NMDA receptors in modulation of reflex apnea per se, whereas NMDA receptors play a role in damping respiratory responses to transient disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Radulovacki
- Department of Pharmacology, M/C 868, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Saponjic J, Cvorovic J, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Serotonin and noradrenaline modulate respiratory pattern disturbances evoked by glutamate injection into the pedunculopontine tegmentum of anesthetized rats. Sleep 2005; 28:560-70. [PMID: 16171269 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/28.5.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that 2 important neurotransmitters related to behavioral state control, serotonin and noradrenaline, could also be modulators of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT)-induced respiratory dysrhythmia. DESIGN We examined the impact of serotonin and noradrenaline at respiratory control sites in the PPT functionally identified by immediate apnea of 2.5- to 10-second duration, followed by increased variability of breath time (CVT(T)) (P < .04) after locally injecting glutamate in anesthetized rats. SETTING Basic sleep and respiratory neurobiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Glutamate-induced respiratory responses, including increases of total apnea duration and CVT(T), were not different between groups of rats in which we further tested monoaminergic modulatory effects (for CVT(T) P = .98, and for total apnea duration, P = .80). Serotonin or noradrenaline injected at the same sites as glutamate had equal impact on CVT(T) (P = .34) and on mean total apnea duration (P = .80), but pretreatment of PPT sites with serotonin blocked (remained equal to preinjection; P = .11), whereas pretreatment with noradrenaline potentiated (P = .04) the increment of respiratory-timing variability induced by glutamate. The serotonergic-blocking effect on glutamate-induced respiratory dysrhythmia was specific to the PPT: the respiratory responses induced by glutamate injection outside the PPT were not modulated by serotonin (for CVT(T), P = .46, and for mean apnea duration, P = .99). CONCLUSIONS The opposed impact of serotonin and noradrenaline on PPT-induced respiratory dysrhythmia, in contrast to their convergent regulatory role in behavioral state control, suggests a functionally distinct role for the PPT in respiratory-pattern control independent of rapid eye movement sleep control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Section of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (MC 719), 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7323, USA.
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Saponjic J, Radulovacki M, Carley DW. Injection of glutamate into the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei of anesthetized rat causes respiratory dysrhythmia and alters EEG and EMG power. Sleep Breath 2005; 9:82-91. [PMID: 15968572 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-005-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) has been shown to have important functions relevant to the regulation of behavioral states and various motor control systems, including breathing control. Our previous work has shown that the activation of neurons within the PPT, a structure that is typically active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, can produce respiratory disturbances in freely moving and anesthetized rats. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that respiratory modulation by the PPT in anesthetized rats can be evoked in the absence of other signs of an REM-sleep-like state. We characterized electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) changes during respiratory disturbances induced by glutamatergic stimulation of the PPT in spontaneously breathing, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine combination or with nembutal. Respiratory movements were monitored by a piezoelectric strain gauge. Two-barrel glass pipettes were used to pressure inject glutamate, to probe for respiratory effective sites within the PPT, and to inject oil red dye at the end of the experiments for histological verification of the injection sites. The EEGs were recorded from the sensorimotor cortex, hippocampus, and from the pons contralateral from the injection site. The EMGs were recorded from the genioglossus muscle. The initial response to glutamate injection into the respiratory modulating region of the PPT was always a respiratory pattern disturbance. Subsequent activation of EMG and EEG often occurred in ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized rats, but REM-sleep-like patterns were not observed. Respiratory pattern and EMG power changes in nembutal-anesthetized rats were similar, but EEG activation was never observed. Thus, we conclude that respiratory suppression produced by the local activation of PPT neurons may not necessarily be accompanied by an REM-sleep-like cortical state in this anesthetized model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Carley DW, Pavlovic S, Malis M, Knezevic N, Saponjic J, Li C, Radulovacki M. C-fiber activation exacerbates sleep-disordered breathing in rats. Sleep Breath 2005; 8:147-54. [PMID: 15389389 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-004-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that activation of vagal feedback by protoveratrines or serotonin exacerbates sleep apnea in rats, but each of these agents activates multiple afferent fiber types. To elucidate the specific impact of C-fiber activity on sleep apnea, the present study utilized capsaicin (CAP), which stimulates C-fibers via the CAP receptor. Nine adult Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented for chronic polysomnography and recorded for 6 hours on four occasions. Prior to each recording, the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of either saline (control), or CAP 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. Respiration was monitored by single-chamber plethysmography and apneas were scored as breaths longer than 2.5 seconds not preceded by a sigh. CAP increased apneas during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (p < 0.05 vs control) and reduced respiratory minute ventilation by about 15% in all behavioral states (waking, NREM, and REM sleep). We conclude that selective pharmacological activation of C-fibers produces a diathesis of sleep-disordered breathing specific to NREM sleep in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Carley
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Radulovacki M, Pavlovic S, Saponjic J, Carley DW. Modulation of reflex and sleep related apnea by pedunculopontine tegmental and intertrigeminal neurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 143:293-306. [PMID: 15519562 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe and summarize here our recent findings about the role in respiration of two pontine structures that are not classically included in the pontine respiratory group: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the intertrigeminal region (ITR). We also discuss significant contributions of other workers in the field, especially, S. Datta [Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 17: 341-365, 1997], R. Lydic and H. Baghdoyan [Sleep, 25: 617-622, 2002], and N. Chamberlin and C. Saper [J. Neurosci. 18: 6048-6056, 1998], who postulated a role for the ITR in modulating reflex apnea. In anesthetized and freely moving rats we have consistently documented that PPT and ITR have a role in respiration. Neurochemical manipulations of each area affected the brainstem respiratory pattern generator and respiratory pattern variability,observed as spontaneous disturbances during sleep or as induced reflex apnea. Although the exact central mechanisms of apnea cannot be determined from our studies to date, we postulate that reflex and sleep-related apneas in rats share some common brainstem pathways, which may include PPT and ITR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Radulovacki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 868, 901 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Carley DW, Pavlovic S, Malis M, Knezevic N, Saponjic J, Li C, Radulovacki M. C-Fiber Activation Exacerbates Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Rats. Sleep Breath 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-834485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
This study demonstrates respiratory modulation caused by stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), a structure not classically included in the pontine respiratory neuronal network. The long-lasting increase in variability of respiratory parameters following glutamate microinjection into PPT in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing Sprague Dawley rats was more pronounced under ketamine than nembutal anesthesia. The induced respiratory perturbations were characterized by intermittent apneas and increased variability of expiratory (TE) and total (TT) breath durations in all animals. Although the baseline spontaneous breathing patterns (mean values of all respiratory parameters and their variabilities) were equivalent under ketamine and nembutal anesthesia, different anesthetic agents did affect respiratory responses to PPT stimulation by glutamate in terms of latency, duration, and structure. We conclude that glutamatergic stimulation of PPT has a significant impact on the brainstem respiratory pattern generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Medicine, Section of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7323, USA
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Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine whether the newly described anatomical pathway involving the pontine intertrigeminal region (ITR), (Chamberlin and Saper, 1998), has a physiological role in mediating or modulating vagally-induced reflex apnea. We explored the ITR impact on vagal reflex apnea elicited by intravenuously injected 5-HT in ten anesthetized rats. The animals had a catheter inserted into the femoral vein for administration of 5-HT (0.00375 mg) and respiration was recorded by piezo-electric crystal. Multibarrel pipettes were used to pressure inject glutamate (5-10 nl, 10 mM), kynurenic acid (10 nl, 50 mM, a glutamate receptor antagonist), and red dye into the ITR, unilaterally and bilaterally. Intravenous administration of 5-HT produced an immediate 3-s apnea. Microinjections of glutamate into the ITR produced apneas, while microinjections of kynurenic acid blocked the glutamate effect. Following glutamate antagonism, subsequent administration of 5-HT produced apneas of much longer duration (8 s). Acute ponto-medullary transection in two animals yielded even greater prolongation of 5-HT-induced apnea. We conclude that a physiological role for the ITR in respiration is to attenuate vagally-induced reflex apneas. This finding is in agreement with the general modulatory role of pontine structures in autonomic activities including respiration, heart rate and regulation of blood pressure. In addition, our data indicate that medullary circuits, independent of pontine structures, are sufficient to produce 5-HT induced reflex apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Radulovacki
- Department of Pharmacology, M/C 868, University of Illinois at Chicago, 901 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Culic M, Saponjic J, Jankovic B, Rakic L. Effect of cerebellar stimulation on EEG power spectra in the acute model of epilepsy. Indian J Med Res 1994; 100:135-9. [PMID: 7959970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of cerebellar stimulation on epilepsy induced by parenteral administration of penicillin, in rats without or with the lesion of sensorimotor cortex. There were no differences in the EEG activity of the same experimental animal after the first and subsequent penicillin treatments (at least 7 days later). The electrical stimulation (duration of 5-10 min) of the lateral cerebellar nucleus was applied repetitively 135-315 min after penicillin administration, when the EEG power spectra markedly increased. The cerebellar stimulation evoked the decrease of the mean total EEG power spectra, but the effects were temporary. The EEG power spectra were significantly lower (P < 0.05) during the period of 150-330 min after penicillin treatment in experimental sessions with applied cerebellar stimulation in comparison to the experimental sessions without such stimulation. The residual effects (if any) of cerebellar stimulation on the EEG activity in the later period, 345-600 after penicillin treatment were not significant (P > 0.05). Cerebellar stimulation had the same effect among unlesioned animals and animals with prior cortical lesion in the acute model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Culic
- Institute for Biological Research, Center for Multidisciplinary Studies, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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