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Barbosa JA, Aguirre JCP, Nosach R, Harding JCS, Cantarelli VS, Costa MDO. Characterization of the bacterial fecal microbiota composition of pigs preceding the clinical signs of swine dysentery. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294273. [PMID: 37948383 PMCID: PMC10637667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is a worldwide production-limiting disease of growing-finishing pigs in commercial farms. The importance of the large intestinal microbiota in the swine dysentery pathogenesis has been established, but not well characterized. The objective of this study was to characterize the fecal bacterial microbiota of pigs immediately prior to developing clinical signs of swine dysentery. A total of 60 fecal samples were collected from 15 pigs with SD. Sampling times included a time point prior to SD (d0, n=15), 2 days before mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea was observed (d-2SD, n=15), 1 day before mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea was observed (d-1SD, n=15), and the day when pigs developed mucohemorragic diarrhea (MHD, n=15). Sequencing of cpn60 amplicons was used to profile the microbiome, and analyses were performed on QIIME2. Increased Chao1 index in d-1SD and MHD samples when compared to the d0 was the only change observed in alpha diversity. No differences between sampling times on beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) were found. Although a small sample size was investigated, differential abundance analysis revealed that Alistipes dispar and Parabacteroides gordonii were increased in MHD fecal samples when compared to d-2SD and d-1SD. It is suggested that these taxa may play a role in the pathogenesis of SD, which is known to require the presence of Brachyspira spp. and an anaerobe for severe disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A. Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Juan C. P. Aguirre
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Roman Nosach
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Matheus de O. Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cybulski P, Strutzberg-Minder K, Michalik E, Kondratiuk R, Jablonski A. First molecular detection of Brachyspira suanatina on pig farms in Poland. J Vet Res 2023; 67:353-359. [PMID: 37786846 PMCID: PMC10541668 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prior to the 2000s, swine dysentery was considered to be caused only by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with contributing commensal intestinal anaerobes. Nowadays, it is known that the disease is caused by three strongly beta-haemolytic species of the anaerobic spirochaetal genus Brachyspira, i.e. B. hyodysenteriae and newly emerged B. hampsonii and B. suanatina. Material and Methods The present investigation was carried out in November 2022 on nine Polish high-performing finisher pig farms. At every location one fresh pooled faecal sample was collected from 40 randomly selected pigs of between 60 and 110 kg live weight. Nucleic acid extracted from each pooled faecal sample was analysed by an in-house multiplex PCR for Brachyspira spp., which is capable of confirming the Brachyspira genus and detecting and differentiating Brachyspira species. Results From a total of nine samples examined, the genetic material of B. suanatina was detected in seven. Non-pathogenic/questionably pathogenic Brachyspira spp. were found in six samples. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of B. suanatina in pigs outside Scandinavia, Germany and the United Kingdom. Our research not only provides valuable epidemiological data on B. suanatina infection in Europe but also highlights both the importance of modern laboratory diagnostics and the need for thorough investigation across regions, including retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., 77-320 Przechlewo, Przechlewo, Poland
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Gesellschaft für Innovative Veterinärdiagnostik mbH, 30926 Seelze-Letter, Seelze-Letter, Germany
| | - Edyta Michalik
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., 77-320 Przechlewo, Przechlewo, Poland
| | | | - Artur Jablonski
- Center of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Daniel AGS, Pereira CER, Dorella F, Pereira FL, Laub RP, Andrade MR, Barrera-Zarate JA, Gabardo MP, Otoni LVA, Macedo NR, Correia PA, Costa CM, Vasconcellos AO, Wagatsuma MM, Marostica TP, Figueiredo HCP, Guedes RMC. Synergic Effect of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis Coinfection: Anatomopathological and Microbiome Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2611. [PMID: 37627402 PMCID: PMC10451556 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis coinfection has been observed in the diagnostic routine; however, no studies have evaluated their interaction. This study aimed to characterize lesions and possible synergisms in experimentally infected pigs. Four groups of piglets, coinfection (CO), B. hyodysenteriae (BRA), L. intracellularis (LAW), and negative control (NEG), were used. Clinical signals were evaluated, and fecal samples were collected for qPCR. At 21 days post infection (dpi), all animals were euthanized. Gross lesions, bacterial isolation, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and fecal microbiome analyses were performed. Diarrhea started at 12 dpi, affecting 11/12 pigs in the CO group and 5/11 pigs in the BRA group. Histopathological lesions were significantly more severe in the CO than the other groups. B. hyodysenteriae was isolated from 11/12 pigs in CO and 5/11 BRA groups. Pigs started shedding L. intracellularis at 3 dpi, and all inoculated pigs tested positive on day 21. A total of 10/12 CO and 7/11 BRA animals tested positive for B. hyodysenteriae by qPCR. A relatively low abundance of microbiota was observed in the CO group. Clinical signs and macroscopic and microscopic lesions were significantly more severe in the CO group compared to the other groups. The presence of L. intracellularis in the CO group increased the severity of swine dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. S. Daniel
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Carlos E. R. Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Fernanda Dorella
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Felipe L. Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (F.L.P.); (H.C.P.F.)
| | - Ricardo P. Laub
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Mariana R. Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Javier A. Barrera-Zarate
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Michelle P. Gabardo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Luísa V. A. Otoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Nubia R. Macedo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Paula A. Correia
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Camila M. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Amanda O. Vasconcellos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Mariane M. Wagatsuma
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Thaire P. Marostica
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Henrique C. P. Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (F.L.P.); (H.C.P.F.)
| | - Roberto M. C. Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
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Sato JPH, Daniel AG, Leal CA, Barcellos DE, Guedes RM. Diversity and potential genetic relationships amongst Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from cases of swine dysentery. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Keith BA, Harding JCS, Loewen ME. Mutational analysis of TlyA from Brachyspira hampsonii reveals two key residues conserved in pathogenic bacteria responsible for oligomerization and hemolytic activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130045. [PMID: 34715264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TlyA proteins are expressed in a variety of pathogenic bacteria and possess dual hemolytic and ribosomal RNA methyltransferase functions. While the mechanism of TlyA mediated rRNA methylation is well understood, relatively little is known about the mechanism of TlyA induced hemolysis. METHODS TlyA protein from the pig pathogen Brachyspira hampsonii was heterologously expressed and purified from an E. coli host. Hemolytic activity and rRNA methylation were assessed in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mutate amino acids believed to be involved in TlyA mediated hemolysis. RESULTS Purified TlyA-His protein exhibited both hemolytic and rRNA methyltransferase activities in vitro, with partial inhibition of hemolysis observed under reducing conditions. Mutation of cysteine 80 to alanine impaired hemolytic activity. A C27A/C93A mutant was capable of dimerizing under non-reducing conditions, indicating that a C80-C80 disulfide bond is involved in TlyA oligomerization. A mutation conserved in several avirulent Brachyspira species (S9K) completely abolished hemolytic activity of TlyA. This loss of activity was attributed to impaired oligomerization in the S9K mutant, as assessed by ITC and size-exclusion chromatography experiments. CONCLUSIONS Oligomeric assembly and hemolytic activity of TlyA from Brachyspira hampsonii is dependent on the formation of an intermolecular C80-C80 disulfide bond and noncovalent interactions involving serine 9. The conservation of these amino acids in TlyA proteins from pathogenic bacteria suggests a correlation between tlyA gene mutations and bacterial virulence. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results further elucidate the mechanisms underlying TlyA mediated hemolysis and provide evidence of a conserved mechanism of oligomerization for TlyA family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Keith
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Costa MO, Harding JCS. Swine dysentery disease mechanism: Brachyspira hampsonii impairs the colonic immune and epithelial repair responses to induce lesions. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104470. [PMID: 32889046 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is a global, production-limiting disease of pigs in commercial farms. It is associated with infection by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. hampsonii, and characterized by mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis, SD prevention, treatment or control relies heavily on antimicrobials as no commercial vaccines are available. This is linked to our poor understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Our goal was to characterize the host-pathogen interactions during the early stage of infection. We employed dual RNA-seq to profile mRNA and miRNA following 1-h incubation of colonic explants with a pathogenic or a non-pathogenic B. hampsonii strain. Our results suggest that the pathogenic strain more efficiently interfered with the host's ability to activate and build a humoral response (through IL-4/CCR6/KLHL6 interactions), epithelial wound repair mechanisms (associated with LSECtin impairment of macrophages), induced mitochondrial dysfunction (linked to MDR1), and loss of microbiome homeostasis. The pathogenic strain also up-regulated the expression of stress-associated genes, when compared to the non-pathogenic strain. These results shed a light on the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to SD and will contribute to the development of novel disease control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus O Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK. Canada; Department of Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - John C S Harding
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK. Canada
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The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 31:31/1/e00087-17. [PMID: 29187397 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira pilosicoli is a slow-growing anaerobic spirochete that colonizes the large intestine. Colonization occurs commonly in pigs and adult chickens, causing colitis/typhlitis, diarrhea, poor growth rates, and reduced production. Colonization of humans also is common in some populations (individuals living in village and peri-urban settings in developing countries, recent immigrants from developing countries, homosexual males, and HIV-positive patients), but the spirochete rarely is investigated as a potential human enteric pathogen. In part this is due to its slow growth and specialized growth requirements, meaning that it is not detectable in human fecal samples using routine diagnostic methods. Nevertheless, it has been identified histologically attached to the colon and rectum in patients with conditions such as chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and/or nonspecific abdominal discomfort, and one survey of Australian Aboriginal children showed that colonization was significantly associated with failure to thrive. B. pilosicoli has been detected in the bloodstream of elderly patients or individuals with chronic conditions such as alcoholism and malignancies. This review describes the spirochete and associated diseases. It aims to encourage clinicians and clinical microbiologists to consider B. pilosicoli in their differential diagnoses and to develop and use appropriate diagnostic protocols to identify the spirochete in clinical specimens.
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Zeeh F, Nathues H, Frey J, Muellner P, Fellström C. A review of methods used for studying the molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:181-194. [PMID: 28757022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira (B.) spp. are intestinal spirochaetes isolated from pigs, other mammals, birds and humans. In pigs, seven Brachyspira spp. have been described, i.e. B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia, B. murdochii, B. innocens, B. suanatina and B. hampsonii. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is especially relevant in pigs as it causes swine dysentery and hence considerable economic losses to the pig industry. Furthermore, reduced susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae to antimicrobials is of increasing concern. The epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae infections is only partially understood, but different methods for detection, identification and typing have supported recent improvements in knowledge and understanding. In the last years, molecular methods have been increasingly used. Molecular epidemiology links molecular biology with epidemiology, offering unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases. This review is based on papers published in the field of epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae in pigs. Electronic databases were screened for potentially relevant papers using title and abstract and finally, Barcellos et al. papers were systemically selected and assessed. The review summarises briefly the current knowledge on B. hyodysenteriae epidemiology and elaborates on molecular typing techniques available. Results of the studies are compared and gaps in the knowledge are addressed. Finally, potential areas for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zeeh
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PB 3350, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, PB 3350, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, PB 3350, CH-3001 Bern 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-interactive, PO Box 15327, Miramar, Wellington, 6243, New Zealand.
| | - Claes Fellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mahu M, Pasmans F, Vranckx K, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Vyt P, Vandersmissen T, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Presence and mechanisms of acquired antimicrobial resistance in Belgian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates belonging to different clonal complexes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Daniel AG, Sato JP, Gabardo MP, Resende TP, Barcellos DED, Pereira CE, Vannucci FA, Guedes RM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8μg/ml for doxycycline, >4μg/ml for valnemulin, 8μg/ml for tiamulin, 32μg/ml for tylvalosin, >64μg/ml for lincomycin and >128μg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fábio A. Vannucci
- Microvet-Microbiologia Veterinária Especial, Brasil; University of Minnesota, USA
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Herbst W, Schneider S, Baljer G, Barth SA. An update of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae serotyping. Res Vet Sci 2017; 111:135-139. [PMID: 28249175 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae the causative agent of swine dysentery (SD) has been divided into 9 serotypes on basis of its lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Knowledge on circulating serotypes in Europe, however, is rare. Regarding that immunity to SD is serotype specific an update of B. hyodysenteriae serotyping was undertaken. A LOS band of 10 to 25kDa was identified being appropriate for this purpose. Isolates from Germany, Spain, Denmark, USA and Japan were characterized in the immunoblot by sera raised to serotypes 1 through 7, serogroups H and I (reference strains) and to eight German strains. In total, 57 (51%) isolates responded to at least one of the antisera. Regarding German isolates (n=75) only 35 (46.7%) were identified but mainly by antisera to German strains. Positive Spanish isolates (12 of 17) yielded similar results. In contrast, positively reacting Danish isolates (9 of 12) were mainly identified by antisera to the reference strains as it was the case for recent U.S. (1 of 8) and Japanese isolates (3 of 5). Results indicate that B. hyodysenteriae has a high degree of serological heterogeneity that has probably differently developed in diverse geographical areas over time. This situation represents a challenge for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Herbst
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 85-89, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Simone Schneider
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 85-89, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Georg Baljer
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 85-89, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Borgström A, Scherrer S, Kirchgässner C, Schmitt S, Frei D, Wittenbrink MM. A novel multiplex qPCR targeting 23S rDNA for diagnosis of swine dysentery and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:42. [PMID: 28173799 PMCID: PMC5297149 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multiplex qPCR targeting a 128 bp region on the 23S rDNA gene was developed for detection of Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli, the agents of swine dysentery (SD) and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis (PIS), together with a triplet of apathogenic Brachyspira spp. (B. innocens, B. intermedia, B. murdochii) in porcine feces. The multiplex qPCR was evaluated against a duplex PCR (La et al., J Clin Microbiol 41:3372–5, 2003). Results Using DNA extracted from fecal culture, the multiplex qPCR showed excellent agreement with the duplex PCR (κ = 0.943 and 0.933). In addition, thanks to the three probes whereof one detecting the apathogenic Brachyspria spp., a more diversified overview of the brachyspiral flora in porcine fecal samples can be delivered as a part of the routine diagnostic. The multiplex qPCR with a limit of detection of 5–10 genomic equivalents (GE) per reaction (6 × 102 GE per gram) allows reliable detection of Brachyspira species directly from fecal swab DNA. In line with this, analysis of 202 fecal swabs in comparison with culture-based qPCR showed a high agreement for the causative agents of SD (B.hyodysenteriae: κ = 0.853, sensitivity 87% specificity 98%). Conclusion The novel multiplex qPCR is robust and has a high analytical sensitivity and is therefore suitable for high-throughput screening of porcine fecal swabs for the causative agents of SD. This assay can therefore be used for the direct proof of the pathogenic B. spp. in fecal swabs within the scope of a monitoring program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0939-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgström
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Kirchgässner
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frei
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max M Wittenbrink
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Inclusion of Konjac Flour in the Gestation Diet Changes the Gut Microbiota, Alleviates Oxidative Stress, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Sows. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5899-909. [PMID: 27474722 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01374-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although dietary fibers contribute to health and physiology primarily via the fermentative actions of the gut microbiota of the hosts, few studies have focused on how these interactions influence the metabolic status of sows. Here, the effects of inclusion of konjac flour (KF) in a gestation diet on oxidative stress status, insulin sensitivity, and gut microbiota were investigated to elucidate the correlation between the microbiota and metabolic changes in sows. Sows were assigned to either control or 2.2% KF dietary treatment during gestation. The gut microbiota population in sows during gestation and lactation was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The oxidative stress parameters, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) values, and fatty acids in the blood of sows were also assessed. Compared to the control diet group, KF significantly reduced the serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) but increased the serum concentrations of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in sows on day 1 in lactation. Additionally, sows in the KF group had a lower HOMA insulin resistance value but a higher HOMA insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) value. KF induced changes in the gut microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels. The increased relative abundances of Akkermansia and Roseburia in the KF group were positively correlated with the HOMA-IS. Overall, dietary KF alleviated oxidative stress and improved insulin sensitivity of sows, and the changes in the gut microbiota in response to KF may have been correlated with the host metabolism response. IMPORTANCE To date, the effect of dietary fiber on metabolism responses and gut microbiota in sows has not been investigated. Here, KF supplementation of a gestation diet in sows was found to alleviate oxidative stress and to improve insulin sensitivity. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that KF treatment induces changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum and genus levels. Moreover, the changes of gut microbiota in response to KF may be correlated with the host metabolism response.
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14
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Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fermented liquid food (FLF) and the addition of lactic acid to a diet based on wheat and barley on the development of swine dysentery in pigs experimentally infected with a Danish field isolate of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Furthermore, to confirm if low non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-containing diets reduce swine dysentery the effect of different dietary levels of NSP and resistant starch (RS) was evaluated. These diets were based on cooked rice and animal protein, cooked rice and potato starch, cooked rice and wheat bran, or cooked rice and sugar-beet pulp. The experiment was designed as a randomized-block trial and was performed in triplicate including a total of 192 pigs. After feeding the diets for 2 weeks, six pigs in each group were challenged orally with B. hyodysenteriae and observed for another 4 weeks. After challenge, swine dysentery was observed in all feeding groups. The incidence of disease varied between 94% (rice/wheat bran) and 44% (FLF). The effect of diet on faecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae was statistically significant (P < 0·05). Feeding a diet based on cooked rice with a low content of NSP and RS, did not prevent the development of swine dysentery upon experimental challenge, and increasing the level of NSP or RS did not result in a higher incidence of disease or faecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae. The incidence of swine dysentery in the FLF group was significantly lower (P < 0·05) compared with all other feeding groups, except for the lactic acid group. In conclusion, a low level of NSP or RS in the diet did not prevent the development of swine dysentery. Furthermore, the lowest incidence of disease was observed in the FLF group, even though this diet has a high content of NSP. The addition of organic acids to the food was not able to reduce infection with B. hyodysenteriae.
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15
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Complete Genome Sequence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Type Strain B-78 (ATCC 27164). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00840-16. [PMID: 27540064 PMCID: PMC4991709 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00840-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the complete genome sequence of the type strain B-78 (ATCC 27164) of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of swine dysentery. The 3.1-Mb genome consists of a 3.056-Mb chromosome and a 45-kb plasmid, with 2,617 protein-coding genes, 39 RNA genes, and 40 pseudogenes.
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16
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Casas V, Vadillo S, San Juan C, Carrascal M, Abian J. The Exposed Proteomes of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1103. [PMID: 27493641 PMCID: PMC4955376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli are well-known intestinal pathogens in pigs. B. hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a disease with an important impact on pig production while B. pilosicoli is responsible of a milder diarrheal disease in these animals, porcine intestinal spirochetosis. Recent sequencing projects have provided information for the genome of these species facilitating the search of vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology approaches. However, practically no experimental evidence exists of the actual gene products being expressed and of those proteins exposed on the cell surface or released to the cell media. Using a cell-shaving strategy and a shotgun proteomic approach we carried out a large-scale characterization of the exposed proteins on the bacterial surface in these species as well as of peptides and proteins in the extracellular medium. The study included three strains of B. hyodysenteriae and two strains of B. pilosicoli and involved 148 LC-MS/MS runs on a high resolution Orbitrap instrument. Overall, we provided evidence for more than 29,000 different peptides pointing to 1625 and 1338 different proteins in B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli, respectively. Many of the most abundant proteins detected corresponded to described virulence factors and vaccine candidates. The level of expression of these proteins, however, was different among species and strains, stressing the value of determining actual gene product levels as a complement of genomic-based approaches for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Casas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Vadillo
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carlos San Juan
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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18
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Le Roy CI, Mappley LJ, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Claus SP. Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced avian intestinal spirochaetosis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:28853. [PMID: 26679774 PMCID: PMC4683989 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.28853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a common disease occurring in poultry that can be caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli, a Gram-negative bacterium of the order Spirochaetes. During AIS, this opportunistic pathogen colonises the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of poultry (principally, the ileum, caeca, and colon), which can cause symptoms such as diarrhoea, reduced growth rate, and reduced egg production and quality. Due to the large increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment, the European Union banned in 2006 the prophylactic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock. Consequently, the number of outbreaks of AIS has dramatically increased in the UK resulting in significant economic losses. This review summarises the current knowledge about AIS infection caused by B. pilosicoli and discusses various treatments and prevention strategies to control AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Le Roy
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Luke J Mappley
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, APHA, Weybridge, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK;
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19
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Mirajkar NS, Gebhart CJ. Understanding the molecular epidemiology and global relationships of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from swine herds in the United States: a multi-locus sequence typing approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107176. [PMID: 25192199 PMCID: PMC4156428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in the late 2000s indicated the re-emergence of Swine Dysentery (SD) in the U.S. Although the clinical disease was absent in the U.S. since the early 1990s, it continued to cause significant economic losses to other swine rearing countries worldwide. This study aims to fill the gap in knowledge pertaining to the re-emergence and epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae in the U.S. and its global relationships using a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) approach. Fifty-nine post re-emergent isolates originating from a variety of sources in the U.S. were characterized by MLST, analyzed for epidemiological relationships (within and between multiple sites of swine systems), and were compared with pre re-emergent isolates from the U.S. Information for an additional 272 global isolates from the MLST database was utilized for international comparisons. Thirteen nucleotide sequence types (STs) including a predominant genotype (ST93) were identified in the post re-emergent U.S. isolates; some of which showed genetic similarity to the pre re-emergent STs thereby suggesting its likely role in the re-emergence of SD. In the U.S., in general, no more than one ST was found on a site; multiple sites of a common system shared a ST; and STs found in the U.S. were distinct from those identified globally. Of the 110 STs characterized from ten countries, only two were found in more than one country. The U.S. and global populations, identified as clonal and heterogeneous based on STs, showed close relatedness based on amino acid types (AATs). One predicted founder type (AAT9) and multiple predicted subgroup founder types identified for both the U.S. and the global population indicate the potential microevolution of this pathogen. This study elucidates the strain diversity and microevolution of B. hyodysenteriae, and highlights the utility of MLST for epidemiological and surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita S. Mirajkar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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20
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Hillen S, Willems H, Herbst W, Rohde J, Reiner G. Mutations in the 50S ribosomal subunit of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae associated with altered minimum inhibitory concentrations of pleuromutilins. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:223-9. [PMID: 24948419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, is responsible for severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis with considerable financial loss to worldwide swine production. Antimicrobial resistance against macrolides and lincosamides is widespread and the mechanisms are well known. Currently, the most common treatment for swine dysentery is the use of pleuromutilins and resistance to these drugs also is increasingly being reported. Although resistance mechanisms against pleuromutilins are less clear than for other drugs, they seem to involve alterations of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC), including ribosomal RNA and the ribosomal protein L3. The present study was conducted to examine molecular mechanisms of resistance on a representative set of B. hyodysenteriae field strains with different resistance patterns. In total, we identified 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 23S rRNA gene and genes of the ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L2 and L22. The SNP in the ribosomal protein gene L3 at position 443 led to an amino acid substitution of asparagine (Asn) by serine (Ser) at position 148, significantly associated with MICs for pleuromutilins. Based on this SNP a correct assignment of 71% of the strains with respect to a threshold of >0.625 μg tiamulin/ml was reached. Unexpectedly low MICs in some of the Asn-strains were explained by a second SNP at position 2535 of the 23S rRNA. Our results clearly show the associations between MICs for pleuromutilins and mutations in their binding site. A complete list of SNPs that influence MICs of B. hyodysenteriae strains is needed to enable the interpretation of future molecular susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hillen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Herbst
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, JLU Giessen, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, JLU Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Costa MO, Hill JE, Fernando C, Lemieux HD, Detmer SE, Rubin JE, Harding JCS. Confirmation that "Brachyspira hampsonii" clade I (Canadian strain 30599) causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis in experimentally infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:129. [PMID: 24917084 PMCID: PMC4059474 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Brachyspira hampsonii”, discovered in North America in 2010 associated with dysentery-like illness, is an economically relevant swine pathogen resulting in decreased feed efficiency and increased morbidity, mortality and medication usage. “B. hampsonii” clade II strain 30446 has been shown to be causally associated with mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis. Our objectives were to determine if “Brachyspira hampsonii” clade I strain 30599 is pathogenic to pigs, and to evaluate the relative diagnostic performance of three ante mortem sampling methodologies (direct PCR on feces, PCR on rectal GenoTube Livestock swabs, Brachyspira culture from rectal swabs). Five-week old pigs were intragastrically inoculated thrice with 108 genomic equivalents "B. hampsonii" (n = 12), or served as sham controls (n = 6). Feces were sampled and consistency assessed daily. Necropsies were performed 24 h after peak clinical signs. Results One pig died due to unrelated illness. Nine of 11 inoculated pigs, but no controls, developed mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (MHD). Characteristic lesions of swine dysentery were observed in large intestine. “B. hampsonii” strain 30599 DNA was detected by qPCR in feces of all inoculated pigs for up to 6 days prior to the onset of MHD. The organism was isolated from the feces and colons of pigs demonstrating MHD, but not from controls. B. intermedia was isolated from inoculated pigs without MHD, and from 5 of 6 controls. Conclusions We conclude that “Brachyspira hampsonii” clade I strain 30599 is pathogenic and causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis in susceptible pigs. Moreover, the three sampling methodologies performed similarly. GenoTube Livestock, a forensic swab designed to preserve DNA during shipping is a useful tool especially in settings where timely transport of diagnostic samples is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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22
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Herbst W, Schlez K, Heuser J, Baljer G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae determined by a broth microdilution method. Vet Rec 2014; 174:382. [PMID: 24659031 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Herbst
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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23
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Mahu M, de Jong E, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Vandenbroucke V, Vandersmissen T, Miry C, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Boyen F. First isolation of “Brachyspira hampsonii”
from pigs in Europe. Vet Rec 2014; 174:47. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mahu
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - E. de Jong
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - N. De Pauw
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - L. Vande Maele
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Brusselsesteenweg 370 Melle B-9090 Belgium
| | - V. Vandenbroucke
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - T. Vandersmissen
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - C. Miry
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Boyen
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
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Mappley LJ, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ. Brachyspira and its role in avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:245-60. [PMID: 24355534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The fastidious, anaerobic spirochaete Brachyspira is capable of causing enteric disease in avian, porcine and human hosts, amongst others, with a potential for zoonotic transmission. Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS), the resulting disease from colonisation of the caeca and colon of poultry by Brachyspira leads to production losses, with an estimated annual cost of circa £ 18 million to the commercial layer industry in the United Kingdom. Of seven known and several proposed species of Brachyspira, three are currently considered pathogenic to poultry; B. alvinipulli, B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Currently, AIS is primarily prevented by strict biosecurity controls and is treated using antimicrobials, including tiamulin. Other treatment strategies have been explored, including vaccination and probiotics, but such developments have been hindered by a limited understanding of the pathobiology of Brachyspira. A lack of knowledge of the metabolic capabilities and little genomic information for Brachyspira has resulted in a limited understanding of the pathobiology. In addition to an emergence of antibiotic resistance amongst Brachyspira, bans on the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in livestock are driving an urgent requirement for alternative treatment strategies for Brachyspira-related diseases, such as AIS. Advances in the molecular biology and genomics of Brachyspira heralds the potential for the development of tools for genetic manipulation to gain an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of Brachyspira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Mappley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
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Burrough E, Terhorst S, Sahin O, Zhang Q. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. relative to other enteric pathogens in grow-finish pigs with diarrhea. Anaerobe 2013; 22:111-4. [PMID: 23792232 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp., Lawsonia intracellularis, and Brachyspira spp. are pathogens commonly associated with diarrhea in growing and finishing pigs. Brachyspira spp. infection has recently reemerged as a significant concern due to an increase in the incidence of swine dysentery; however, the mechanisms underlying this increase in dysentery remain largely unknown. Pigs are also well-recognized as potential carriers of Campylobacter spp., particularly Campylobacter coli, yet enteric disease in swine associated with infection by these bacteria is considered uncommon and diagnosis has historically been based upon exclusion of other causes. Accordingly, Campylobacter culture is often excluded in routine diagnostic testing of cases of porcine enterocolitis and the incidence of infection is therefore largely unknown. In this study, feces from 155 cases of clinical diarrhea in grow-finish pigs submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory were cultured for Campylobacter spp. in addition to other testing as indicated for routine diagnostic investigation. Campylobacter culture was positive from 82.6% (128/155) of samples with C. coli accounting for 75% of isolates and Campylobacter jejuni for the remaining 25%. In 14.8% (23/155) of cases a Campylobacter spp. was the sole infectious agent detected; however, there was no association with any particular Campylobacter spp. Interestingly, for those cases with a laboratory diagnosis of Brachyspira-associated disease, 100% (15/15) were also culture positive for Campylobacter spp. suggesting a possible interrelationship between these bacteria in the pig gut. No association was noted between Campylobacter culture results and infection with either Salmonella spp. or L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Swine dysentery: aetiology, pathogenicity, determinants of transmission and the fight against the disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1927-47. [PMID: 23665849 PMCID: PMC3709357 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10051927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Swine Dysentery (SD) is a severe mucohaemorhagic enteric disease of pigs caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which has a large impact on pig production and causes important losses due to mortality and sub-optimal performance. Although B. hyodysenteriae has been traditionally considered a pathogen mainly transmitted by direct contact, through the introduction of subclinically infected animals into a previously uninfected herd, recent findings position B. hyodysenteriae as a potential threat for indirect transmission between farms. This article summarizes the knowledge available on the etiological agent of SD and its virulence traits, and reviews the determinants of SD transmission. The between-herds and within-herd transmission routes are addressed. The factors affecting disease transmission are thoroughly discussed, i.e., environmental survival of the pathogen, husbandry factors (production system, production stage, farm management), role of vectors, diet influence and interaction of the microorganism with gut microbiota. Finally, prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to fight against the disease are briefly described.
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Reproduction of mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis indistinguishable from swine dysentery following experimental inoculation with "Brachyspira hampsonii" strain 30446. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57146. [PMID: 23460829 PMCID: PMC3584117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, swine dysentery, is a severe production limiting disease of swine. Recently, pigs in western Canada with clinical signs indistinguishable from swine dysentery were observed. Despite the presence of spirochetes on fecal smears, recognized Brachyspira spp. including B. hyodysenteriae could not be identified. A phylogenetically distinct Brachyspira, called “B. hampsonii” strain 30446, however was isolated. The purpose of this study was to experimentally reproduce mucohaemorrhagic colitis and characterize strain 30446 shedding following inoculation. Methods and Findings Eighteen 13-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to inoculation (n = 12) or control (n = 6) groups in each of two trials. In trial 1, pigs were inoculated with a tissue homogenate collected from clinically affected field cases. In trial 2, pigs were inoculated with a pure broth culture of strain 30446. In both trials, mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea was significantly more common in inoculated pigs than controls, all of which remained healthy. In animals with mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea, significantly more spirochetes were observed on Gram stained fecal smears, and higher numbers of strain 30446 genome equivalents were detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Strain 30446 was cultured from colon and/or feces of all affected but no control animals at necropsy. Conclusions “Brachyspira hampsonii” strain 30446 causes mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs following a 4–9 day incubation period. Fecal shedding was detectable by day 4 post inoculation, and rarely preceded the onset of mucoid or haemorrhagic diarrhea by more than 2 days. Culture and 30446-specific qPCR are reliable methods of detection of this organism in feces and tissues of diarrheic pigs. The emergence of a novel Brachyspira spp., such as “B. hampsonii”, creates diagnostic challenges including higher risk of false negative diagnostic tests. We therefore recommend diagnostic laboratories routinely use Brachyspira culture, nox-based and species-specific PCR, and DNA sequencing to diagnose Brachyspira-associated colitis in pigs.
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Pringle M, Landén A, Unnerstad HE, Molander B, Bengtsson B. Antimicrobial susceptibility of porcine Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli isolated in Sweden between 1990 and 2010. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:54. [PMID: 22998753 PMCID: PMC3526423 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anaerobic spirochetes Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli cause diarrheal diseases in pigs. Their fastidious nature has hampered standardization of methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. For monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility wild type cutoff values are needed to define where the wild type distribution of MICs ends and no approved cutoffs are available for Brachyspira spp. In this study antimicrobial susceptibility data for both species (in total 906 isolates) were compiled and analyzed and wild type cut off values for B. hyodysenteriae proposed. METHODS The MICs of tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, tylvalosin, doxycycline and lincomycin were determined by broth dilution in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. RESULTS The compiled MICs from the broth dilution tests of the B. hyodysenteriae type strain, B78T (ATCC® 27164T), showed that the method yields reproducible results. In an international perspective the frequencies of isolates with decreased antimicrobial susceptibility were low among both B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli. However, in B. pilosicoli a constant level of 10-15% isolates with tiamulin MICs >4 μg/ml was detected between 2002 and 2010 and in B. hyodysenteriae a gradual increase in tiamulin MICs was seen between 1990 and 2003 although this increase has ceased during the last years. The wild type cutoff values proposed for B. hyodysenteriae are: tiamulin >0.25 μg/ml, valnemulin >0.125 μg/ml, tylosin >16 μg/ml, tylvalosin >1 μg/ml, lincomycin >1 μg/ml and doxycycline >0.5 μg/ml. CONCLUSIONS The broth dilution method used in this study has over the years generated tightly grouped MIC populations for the field isolates and reproducible results for the control strain B78T and is therefore a suitable antimicrobial susceptibility test method for monitoring of Brachyspira spp. Here we propose wild type cutoff values for six antimicrobial agents for B. hyodysenteriae tested by broth dilution based on MIC distributions and the current knowledge on mechanisms of resistance in this species. There are few studies on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and MIC distributions in B. pilosicoli but to some extent the cutoff values proposed for B. hyodysenteriae may be applicable also for monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility in B. pilosicoli.
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Lugsomya K, Tummaruk P, Hampson D, Prapasarakul N. Development of a modified selective medium to enhance the recovery rate of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes from faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:330-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Backhans A, Fellström C. Rodents on pig and chicken farms - a potential threat to human and animal health. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2:IEE-2-17093. [PMID: 22957130 PMCID: PMC3426328 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents can cause major problems through spreading various diseases to animals and humans. The two main species of rodents most commonly found on farms around the world are the house mouse (Mus musculus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Both species are omnivorous and can breed year-round under favourable conditions. This review describes the occurrence of pathogens in rodents on specialist pig and chicken farms, which are usually closed units with a high level of bio-security. However, wild rodents may be difficult to exclude completely, even from these sites, and can pose a risk of introducing and spreading pathogens. This article reviews current knowledge regarding rodents as a hazard for spreading disease on farms. Most literature available regards zoonotic pathogens, while the literature regarding pathogens that cause disease in farm animals is more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Backhans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Backhans A, Jansson D, Aspán A, Fellström C. Typing of Brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on Swedish farms. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Backhans A, Johansson KE, Fellström C. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from wild rodents. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:720-727. [PMID: 23766276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of intestinal spirochaetes of genus Brachyspira in wild rodents was studied by cultivating 209 caecal samples. Spirochaetal cultures were obtained from 83% of rats and 33% of house mice. Biochemical characterization and six different species-specific PCR methods were applied to 101 of 118 isolates and a selection of 34 brachyspiras were further studied by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that isolates representing all the established biochemical phenotypes could be cultured from the rodents, including the porcine pathogens Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. Phylogenetic studies indicated that rodents carry Brachyspira spp. that are closely related to porcine and avian isolates, as well as variants previously not described. One group of hippurate-negative rat isolates were shown to possess the 16S rRNA gene hexa(T) nucleotide segment, previously described only in B. pilosicoli and 'Brachyspira corvi', and phylogenetically they formed a sister lineage of the B. pilosicoli cluster. Furthermore, a large number of the rodents were colonized by slowly growing, non- or weakly haemolytic spirochaetes. Most of these brachyspiras were isolated at 37°C and phylogenetically they formed two separate clusters. Sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA genes indicated that the new variants of Brachyspira spp. may constitute novel species of the genus Brachyspira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Backhans
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. National Veterinary Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kruse R, Essén-Gustavsson B, Fossum C, Jensen-Waern M. Blood concentrations of the cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma during experimentally induced swine dysentery. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:32. [PMID: 18700003 PMCID: PMC2527004 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the cytokine response at infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae can help understanding disease mechanisme involved during swine dysentery. Since this knowledge is still limited the aim of the present study was to induce dysentery experimentally in pigs and to monitor the development of important immunoregulatory cytokines in blood collected at various stages of the disease. Methods Ten conventional pigs (~23 kg) were orally inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae B204T. Eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general body condition. Blood was sampled before inoculation and repeatedly during acute dysentery and recovery periods and cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-6, Il-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA. Results IL-1β was increased at the beginning of the dysentery period and coincided with the appearance of Serum amyloid A and clinical signs of disease. TNF-α increased in all animals after inoculation, with a peak during dysentery, and IL-6 was found in 3 animals during dysentery and in the 2 animals that did not develop clinical signs of disease. IL-10 was found in all sick animals during the recovery period. IFN-γ was not detected on any occasion. Conclusion B. hyodysenteriae inoculation induced production of systemic levels of IL-1β during the dysentery period and increased levels of IL-10 coincided with recovery from dysentery.
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Jansson D, Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Vågsholm I, Gunnarsson A, Ingermaa F, Johansson KE. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens in different housing systems. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:348-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Råsbäck T, Johansson KE, Jansson DS, Fellström C, Alikhani MY, La T, Dunn DS, Hampson DJ. Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for intestinal spirochaetes within the genus Brachyspira. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:4074-4087. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/008540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Råsbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K.-E. Johansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, PO Box 7009, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. S. Jansson
- Department of Pigs, Poultry and Ruminants, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Fellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Y. Alikhani
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - T. La
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - D. S. Dunn
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - D. J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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Jonasson R, Essén-Gustavsson B, Jensen-Waern M. Blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate during experimental swine dysentery. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82:323-31. [PMID: 17078986 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate in association with experimental swine dysentery. Ten pigs (approximately 23kg) were orally inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general appearance, changes in white blood cell counts and increased levels of the acute phase protein Serum Amyolid A. Blood samples were taken before inoculation, during the incubation period, during clinical signs of dysentery and during recovery. Neither plasma glucose nor lactate concentrations changed during the course of swine dysentery, but the serum concentrations of gluconeogenic non-essential amino acids decreased during dysentery. This was mainly due to decreases in alanine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine. Lysine increased during dysentery and at the beginning of the recovery period, and leucine increased during recovery. Glutamine, alanine and tyrosine levels show negative correlations with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. In conclusion, swine dysentery altered the blood concentrations of amino acids, but not of glucose or lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jonasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Comparative Physiology and Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7018, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhang P, Carlson MP, Schneider NR, Duhamel GE. Minimal prophylactic concentration of dietary zinc compounds in a mouse model of swine dysentery. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDietary supplementation with 6000 mg of Zn2+/kg of feed has been shown to modify the clinicopathologic expression ofBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeinfection in a laboratory mouse model of swine dysentery. However, this concentration impaired the body weight gain of the mice. The purpose of the present study was to determine a minimal prophylactic concentration of feed-grade zinc compounds that would not affect the growth of mice challenge-exposed withB. hyodysenteriae. A total of 440, 6- to 8-week-old, C3H/HeN mice were allocated randomly to groups and fed either a defined diet or a defined diet containing either 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg ZnO, ZnSO4or zinc-methionine for 7 days before intra- gastric inoculation withB. hyodysenteriae. From days 7 to 35 after inoculation, mice in each group were necropsied at weekly intervals for determination of body weight, presence ofB. hyodysenteriaein the cecum, and histological assessment of cecal lesions. Only ZnO fed at 2000 mg/kg had a prophylactic effect againstB. hyodysenteriaeinfection without affecting the body weight gain of the mice. The prophylactic effect of Zn2+against infection withB. hyodysenteriaewas also affected by the relative concentration of Fe2+and Zn2+/Fe2+ratio of the diet.
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La T, Hampson D. Serologic detection ofBrachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriaeinfections. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSwine dysentery (SD) caused by the intestinal spirocheteBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeis an economically important disease in pig-producing countries throughout the world. To date, no specific serologic assay is commercially available for the diagnosis of pigs with SD. Several serologic techniques have been identified in the past; however, these tests have all used either whole-cell proteins or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the antigen. Whole-cell antigens are plagued with false-positive reactions due to cross-reactivity with common proteins shared with other spirochetes. LPS antigens produce fewer false-positives; however, false-negatives may result due to LPS components being serogroup-specific. Generally, these techniques are useful for detecting infected herds, but are unreliable for the detection of individual infected pigs. In order to develop improved serologic tests it will be necessary to identify suitable diagnostic antigens, in particular immunogenic cell-surface structures which are specific toB. hyodysenteriaebut common amongst different strains of the species. Recently, we identified and cloned a 30-kDa outer membrane lipoprotein (BmpB) which is specific toB. hyodysenteriaeand is recognized by experimentally and naturally infected pigs. In this review we summarize the available serologic tests for SD, and speculate on the use of recombinant BmpB as an antigen for future development of an improved serologic test for SD diagnosis.
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Mølbak L, Klitgaard K, Jensen TK, Fossi M, Boye M. Identification of a novel, invasive, not-yet-cultivated Treponema sp. in the large intestine of pigs by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4537-40. [PMID: 17005743 PMCID: PMC1698379 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01537-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to identify an unknown species of spirochetes from the pig colonic mucosa. The 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified, and the closest related type strain was Treponema bryantiiT (90.1%). The spirochete, here named "Candidatus Treponema suis," was associated with colitis, including invasion of the surface epithelium as well as superficial parts of the mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Colitis/microbiology
- Colitis/veterinary
- Colon/microbiology
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, rRNA
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Microdissection/methods
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Swine/microbiology
- Swine Diseases/microbiology
- Treponema/classification
- Treponema/genetics
- Treponema/isolation & purification
- Treponemal Infections/microbiology
- Treponemal Infections/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mølbak
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Råsbäck T, Fellström C, Gunnarsson A, Aspán A. Comparison of culture and biochemical tests with PCR for detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:347-53. [PMID: 16457900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional culture and biochemical tests (CBT) were compared with PCR for sensitivity and detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in seeded faeces and clinical samples from diarrhoeic pigs. A duplex PCR system was developed based on primers detecting the tlyA-gene of B. hyodysenteriae and the 16S rRNA-gene of B. pilosicoli. Sensitivities for the PCR system were determined on seeded faeces, using DNA that had been recovered from primary cultures or extracted directly from faeces. Compared to CBT, PCR applied to DNA extracted directly from faeces lowered the sensitivity by a factor of 1000 to 10,000. B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli detection was compared for CBT and PCR using 200 clinical samples. CBT detected more B. hyodysenteriae isolates in the clinical samples than PCR, but fewer B. pilosicoli positive samples. An atypical strongly haemolytic isolate was detected only by CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Råsbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Asano T, Adachi Y. Effects of Griseoviridin and Viridogrisein against Swine Dysentery in Experimental Infection by Using Mice and Pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:555-60. [PMID: 16820711 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Griseoviridin, a known antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, was found to be active against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae--the bacterium causing swine dysentery. An in vitro synergism is observed when it is used in combination with viridogrisein--a simultaneously produced antibiotic. In mouse experiments, the effect of griseoviridin alone was less than that of lincomycin--a commercially available swine dysentery medication. However, a 1:1 mixture of griseoviridin and viridogrisein revealed a noticeable synergistic effect. In an evaluation using pigs artificially infected with B. hyodysenteriae, a large difference was not observed between the effect of griseoviridin alone and that in combination with viridogrisein. Nevertheless, griseoviridin alone exhibited a therapeutic effect superior to that of lincomycin.
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Råsbäck T, Fellström C, Bergsjø B, Cizek A, Collin K, Gunnarsson A, Jensen SM, Mars A, Thomson J, Vyt P, Pringle M. Assessment of diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Brachyspira species using a ring test. Vet Microbiol 2005; 109:229-43. [PMID: 15982833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is no ring test for quality assessment available in Europe for diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the fastidious, anaerobic bacteria of the genus Brachyspira. Therefore, an international ring test for Brachyspira spp. was performed once a year during 2002-2004. Two sets of coded samples were prepared and distributed on each occasion. One set comprised six swabs dipped in pig faeces spiked with Brachyspira spp. intended for diagnostics. The other set comprised two pure strains intended only for susceptibility testing. All methods used were in-house methods. The species used were Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira innocens, Brachyspira murdochii and Brachyspira intermedia. In most cases, the correct Brachyspira spp. were detected. However, the results showed that Brachyspira spp. could be difficult to identify, especially if two Brachyspira spp. were mixed or if the concentration of Brachyspira in faeces was low. Additionally, some laboratories reported Brachyspira growth in control samples that were not seeded with any spirochaetes. The lowest detection level was 10(2) bacteria/ml faeces for both B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli. The susceptibility tests performed showed that disc diffusion was not recommendable for Brachyspira spp. Extended antimicrobial dilution series gave most congruent results. The diversity of the results highlights the importance of ring tests for a high quality of diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for Brachyspira spp. This is the first ring test described for Brachyspira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Råsbäck
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7018, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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43
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Jacobson M, Fellström C, Lindberg R, Wallgren P, Jensen-Waern M. Experimental swine dysentery: comparison between infection models. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:273-280. [PMID: 15017282 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a reproducible porcine infection model with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The influence of different factors was evaluated, namely, age, a diet containing large quantities of soybean meal, housing and administration of cortisol or antacids. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of additional bacteria (Escherichia coli O141, Bacteroides vulgatus or a mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, a field isolate of Bacteroides and Fusobacterium necrophorum) was studied. Experimental infection resulted in an increase in the serum concentrations of the acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A and haptoglobin and the percentages of neutrophils and monocytes. These alterations were specifically related to haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Inoculation combined with feeding of large quantities of soybean meal and group-housing induced swine dysentery in all experimental animals. If the pigs were fed soybean meal, kept in single pens and circulated between the pens, five out of nine developed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Fellström
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Lindberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Wallgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jensen-Waern
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Corona-Barrera E, Smith DGE, La T, Hampson DJ, Thomson JR. Immunomagnetic separation of the intestinal spirochaetes Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from porcine faeces. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:301-307. [PMID: 15017286 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine intestinal spirochaetes are fastidious anaerobic organisms and, as a consequence, it has been necessary to develop various protocols to enhance their isolation from or detection in faeces. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a method developed recently to improve separation of target cells from mixed cell suspensions. The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative sensitivity of IMS for isolation of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with current routine diagnostic methods (culture on selective media and PCR) for detection of these micro-organisms in pig faeces. Neither direct nor indirect IMS methods enhanced the sensitivity of detection of either organism when performed with the recommended washings during sample processing. Performance of the IMS procedure without washing gave sensitivity at levels similar to direct culture onto selective medium. Further development of IMS techniques is required to improve isolation rates of Brachyspira species from faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Corona-Barrera
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - David G E Smith
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Tom La
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hampson
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Jill R Thomson
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
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45
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McCaman MT, Auer K, Foley W, Gabe JD. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae contains eight linked gene copies related to an expressed 39-kDa surface protein. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:1-6. [PMID: 12593966 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A tandemly linked set of four open reading frames (ORFs), identified as vspA-D (variable surface protein) had been identified from previous cloning and sequencing of clones from a genomic library constructed from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strain B204. The predicted translation products of these closely related genes were homologous to (but not identical with) a characterized 39-kDa surface-exposed membrane protein from this animal pathogen. Additional screening of the genomic library has been performed to retrieve what are believed to be additional vsp genes including the one expected to encode this 39-kDa protein. Four new vsp genes have been identified and found to be associated in a second set of four tandemly linked alleles. This new gene cluster of 7481 nucleotides is not adjacent to the original vspA-D gene cluster described but does appear to have arisen from a gene (region) duplication event. The new vsp genes (identified as vspE-H) are oriented parallel to one another and appear to have a set of similar but distinct regulatory elements that may control separate expression of their ORFs. The four adjacent ORFs are of similar size (361-390 codons) and share from 83% to 90% identity in their amino acid sequence. The organization and homologies of these highly conserved multiple gene copies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McCaman
- Berlex Biosciences, Process Development Department, 15049 San Pablo Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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46
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Rothkamp A, Strommenger B, Gerlach GF. Identification of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae-specific DNA fragments using representational difference analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 210:173-9. [PMID: 12044671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel Brachyspira hyodysenteriae-specific DNA fragments, designated as Bh100 and Bh400, were identified using representational difference analysis. To isolate the fragments the combined DNA of the Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira intermedia, Brachyspira murdochii and Brachyspira innocens reference strains was subtracted from the genome of B. hyodysenteriae strain B204. Both fragments were present in a single copy and mapped to different positions on the genome of B. hyodysenteriae B78(T). Larger fragments encompassing the continuous open reading frames (ORF) of Bh100 and Bh400 were cloned and analysed. Whereas the ORF of 2130 bp encompassing Bh100 did not show homology to any known bacterial protein, Bh400 was part of a putative operon with significant homology to the phosphotransferase system of Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rothkamp
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Jensen TK, Boye M, Ahrens P, Korsager B, Teglbjaerg PS, Lindboe CF, Møller K. Diagnostic examination of human intestinal spirochetosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization for Brachyspira aalborgi, Brachyspira pilosicoli, and other species of the genus Brachyspira (Serpulina). J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4111-8. [PMID: 11682538 PMCID: PMC88495 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.11.4111-4118.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochetosis, characterized by end-on attachment of densely packed spirochetes to the epithelial surface of the large intestines as a fringe has been associated with the weakly beta-hemolytic spirochetes Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. In this study, fluorescent in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S or 23S rRNA of B. aalborgi, B. pilosicoli, and the genus Brachyspira was applied to 40 sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal biopsy specimens from 23 Danish and 15 Norwegian patients with histologic evidence of intestinal spirochetosis. Five biopsy specimens from patients without intestinal spirochetosis and three samples from pigs with experimental B. pilosicoli colitis were examined as well. In addition, the 16S ribosomal DNAs of two clinical isolates of B. aalborgi were sequenced, and a PCR procedure was developed for the identification of B. aalborgi in cultures. The genotypic characteristics of the two clinical isolates showed very high (99.5%) similarity with two existing isolates, the type strain of B. aalborgi and a Swedish isolate. Hybridization with the Brachyspira genus-specific probe revealed a brightly fluorescing fringe of spirochetes on the epithelia of 39 biopsy specimens, whereas 1 biopsy specimen was hybridization negative. The spirochetes in biopsy specimens from 13 Danish and 8 Norwegian patients (55.3%) were identified as B. aalborgi. The spirochetes in the biopsy specimens from the other 17 patients hybridized only with the Brachyspira probe, possibly demonstrating the involvement of as-yet-uncharacterized Brachyspira spirochetes in human intestinal spirochetosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Biopsy
- Brachyspira/classification
- Brachyspira/genetics
- Brachyspira/isolation & purification
- Culture Media
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Female
- Genes, rRNA
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
- Intestinal Diseases/microbiology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spirochaetales Infections/diagnosis
- Spirochaetales Infections/microbiology
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Jensen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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48
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Calderaro A, Merialdi G, Perini S, Ragni P, Guégan R, Dettori G, Chezzi C. A novel method for isolation of Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae from pigs with swine dysentery in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2001; 80:47-52. [PMID: 11278122 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae was isolated from 10 of 11 pigs with clinically suspected swine dysentery in six herds in northern Italy. All strains were successfully isolated in the selective blood agar modified medium with spectinomycin and rifampin (BAM-SR) currently used in our laboratory to isolate B. (S.) pilosicoli of human origin, after pre-treatment of intestinal material with spectinomycin and rifampin in foetal calf serum. Isolates had phenotypic characteristics typical of B. (S.) hyodysenteriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calderaro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14-43100, Parma, Italy
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Sacco RE, Hutto DL, Waters WR, Xiasong L, Kehrli ME, Zuckermann FA, Wannemuehler MJ. Reduction in inflammation following blockade of CD18 or CD29 adhesive pathways during the acute phase of a spirochetal-induced colitis in mice. Microb Pathog 2000; 29:289-99. [PMID: 11031123 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2000.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colitis develops in mice infected with Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae. Numerous granulocytes (PMNs) are evident in cecal tissue sections 24-48 h post-infection. The role of PMNs was assessed by utilizing monoclonal antibodies specific for CD18 or CD29 to block PMN recruitment. Macroscopic lesions were less severe in mice treated with either monoclonal antibody compared to lesions observed in isotype control-treated mice. While these monoclonal antibodies may inhibit extravasation of other leukocytes, the central role of PMNs was further demonstrated in that colitis was reduced following neutrophil depletion. There was less edema and epithelial erosions in ceca of mice receiving anti-Ly6G, -CD18 or -CD29 monoclonal antibody compared to mice receiving the control. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in PMN infiltration in tissues of mice treated with anti-CD18. The reduction in infiltrating PMNs did not result from downregulation of neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2 expression in anti-CD18-treated mice. In contrast, PMN recruitment into the cecum was apparently CD29-independent. It is noteworthy that the number of PMNs observed in anti-CD18-treated mice was significantly higher than observed in non-infected mice. The data provide evidence for a threshold number of PMNs necessary for lesion development and indicate that CD18, but not CD29, adhesive pathways are crucial for PMN recruitment in bacterial colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sacco
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Stege H, Jensen TK, Møller K, Baekbo P, Jorsal SE. Prevalence of intestinal pathogens in Danish finishing pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2000; 46:279-92. [PMID: 10960714 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the prevalence of the intestinal bacteria: Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Serpulina intermedia, Brachyspira innocens, Brachyspira pilosicoli, pathogenic Escherichia coli (serogroups O138, O139, O141 and O149) and Salmonella enterica in Danish finishing pig herds. A total of 79 herds was randomly selected and visited during 1998. From each herd, 20 faecal samples were collected from individual pigs weighing 30-50kg. Furthermore, 10 pooled pen samples were collected and examined for S. enterica. In total, 1580 faecal samples and 790 pen samples were collected and examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture. L. intracellularis was found in 74 herds (93.7%), B. hyodysenteriae in two herds (2.5%), S. intermedia in 10 herds (12. 7%), B. innocens in 27 herds (34.2%), B. pilosicoli in 15 herds (19. 0%), pathogenic E. coli in 19 herds (24.1%) and S. enterica in eight herds (10.1%). The within-herd prevalences of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were 25-30%; the within-herd prevalences of the other agents were 5-10%. Three herds (4%) were not infected with any of the bacteria and 25 herds (32%) were only infected with L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stege
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Epidemiology, 27 Bülowsvej, DK-1790, Copenhagen V., Denmark.
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