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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Israr MZ, Bernieh D, Salzano A, Cassambai S, Yazaki Y, Suzuki T. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS): basics and clinical applications. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:883-896. [PMID: 32229653 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) has been used for more than 30 years. Compared with other analytical techniques, it offers ease of use, high throughput, robustness, cost-effectiveness, rapid analysis and sensitivity. As advantages, current clinical techniques (e.g. immunoassays) are unable to directly measure the biomarker; rather, they measure secondary signals. MALDI-MS has been extensively researched for clinical applications, and it is set for a breakthrough as a routine tool for clinical diagnostics. Content This review reports on the principles of MALDI-MS and discusses current clinical applications and the future clinical prospects for MALDI-MS. Furthermore, the review assesses the limitations currently experienced in clinical assays, the advantages and the impact of MALDI-MS to transform clinical laboratories. Summary MALDI-MS is widely used in clinical microbiology for the screening of microbial isolates; however, there is scope to apply MALDI-MS in the diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic drug monitoring and biopsy imaging in many diseases. Outlook There is considerable potential for MALDI-MS in clinic as a tool for screening, profiling and imaging because of its high sensitivity and specificity over alternative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Israr
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dennis Bernieh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrea Salzano
- IRCCS SDN, Diagnostic and Nuclear Research Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Shabana Cassambai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yoshiyuki Yazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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3
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Isolation of bacteria from artificial bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using density gradient centrifugation and their accessibility by Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5193-5200. [PMID: 34215913 PMCID: PMC8405473 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method to identify medical samples of bacteria. Because Raman spectroscopy detects the biochemical properties of a cell, there are many factors that can influence and modify the Raman spectra of bacteria. One possible influence is a proper method for isolation of the bacteria. Medical samples in particular never occur in purified form, so a Raman-compatible isolation method is needed which does not affect the bacteria and thus the resulting spectra. In this study, we present a Raman-compatible method for isolation of bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid using density gradient centrifugation. In addition to measuring the bacteria from a patient sample, the yield and the spectral influence of the isolation on the bacteria were investigated. Bacteria isolated from BAL fluid show additional peaks in comparison to pure culture bacteria, which can be attributed to components in the BAL sample. The isolation gradient itself has no effect on the spectra, and with a yield of 63% and 78%, the method is suitable for isolation of low concentrations of bacteria from a complex matrix. Graphical abstract ![]()
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4
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Audano M, Pedretti S, Ligorio S, Giavarini F, Caruso D, Mitro N. Investigating metabolism by mass spectrometry: From steady state to dynamic view. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4658. [PMID: 33084147 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining reactions in organisms. These biochemical reactions are organized in metabolic pathways, in which one metabolite is converted through a series of steps catalyzed by enzymes in another chemical compound. Metabolic reactions are categorized as catabolic, the breaking down of metabolites to produce energy, and/or anabolic, the synthesis of compounds that consume energy. The balance between catabolism of the preferential fuel substrate and anabolism defines the overall metabolism of a cell or tissue. Metabolomics is a powerful tool to gain new insights contributing to the identification of complex molecular mechanisms in the field of biomedical research, both basic and translational. The enormous potential of this kind of analyses consists of two key aspects: (i) the possibility of performing so-called targeted and untargeted experiments through which it is feasible to verify or formulate a hypothesis, respectively, and (ii) the opportunity to run either steady-state analyses to have snapshots of the metabolome at a given time under different experimental conditions or dynamic analyses through the use of labeled tracers. In this review, we will highlight the most important practical (e.g., different sample extraction approaches) and conceptual steps to consider for metabolomic analysis, describing also the main application contexts in which it is used. In addition, we will provide some insights into the most innovative approaches and progress in the field of data analysis and processing, highlighting how this part is essential for the proper extrapolation and interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Ligorio
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Flavio Giavarini
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
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5
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Siriwardane DA, Wang C, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Quantification of phospholipid degradation products in liposomal pharmaceutical formulations by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Mika A, Sledzinski T, Stepnowski P. Current Progress of Lipid Analysis in Metabolic Diseases by Mass Spectrometry Methods. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:60-103. [PMID: 28971757 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with lipid alterations, and they affect the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease. A reliable analytical instrument to detect changes in the composition or structures of lipids and the tools allowing to connect changes in a specific group of lipids with a specific disease and its progress, is constantly lacking. Lipidomics is a new field of medicine based on the research and identification of lipids and lipid metabolites present in human organism. The primary aim of lipidomics is to search for new biomarkers of different diseases, mainly civilization diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review studies reporting the application of mass spectrometry for lipid analysis in metabolic diseases. METHOD Following an extensive search of peer-reviewed articles on the mass spectrometry analysis of lipids the literature has been discussed in this review article. RESULTS The lipid group contains around 1.7 million species; they are totally different, in terms of the length of aliphatic chain, amount of rings, additional functional groups. Some of them are so complex that their complex analyses are a challenge for analysts. Their qualitative and quantitative analysis of is based mainly on mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Mass spectrometry techniques are excellent tools for lipid profiling in complex biological samples and the combination with multivariate statistical analysis enables the identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Andersson J, Roger K, Larsson M, Sparr E. The Impact of Nonequilibrium Conditions in Lung Surfactant: Structure and Composition Gradients in Multilamellar Films. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1315-1325. [PMID: 30410969 PMCID: PMC6202641 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-protein mixture that covers the lung alveoli, lung surfactant, ensures mechanical robustness and controls gas transport during breathing. Lung surfactant is located at an interface between water-rich tissue and humid, but not fully saturated, air. The resulting humidity difference places the lung surfactant film out of thermodynamic equilibrium, which triggers the buildup of a water gradient. Here, we present a millifluidic method to assemble multilamellar interfacial films from vesicular dispersions of a clinical lung surfactant extract used in replacement therapy. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, infrared, Raman, and optical microscopies, we show that the interfacial film consists of several coexisting lamellar phases displaying a substantial variation in water swelling. This complex phase behavior contrasts to observations made under equilibrium conditions. We demonstrate that this disparity stems from additional lipid and protein gradients originating from differences in their transport properties. Supplementing the extract with cholesterol, to levels similar to the endogenous lung surfactant, dispels this complexity. We observed a homogeneous multilayer structure consisting of a single lamellar phase exhibiting negligible variations in swelling in the water gradient. Our results demonstrate the necessity of considering nonequilibrium thermodynamic conditions to study the structure of lung surfactant multilayer films, which is not accessible in bulk or monolayer studies. Our reconstitution methodology also opens avenues for lung surfactant pharmaceuticals and the understanding of composition, structure, and property relationships at biological air-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny
Marie Andersson
- Physical
Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
- Laboratoire
de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut
National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université
Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31330, France
| | - Kevin Roger
- Laboratoire
de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut
National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université
Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31330, France
- E-mail:
| | - Marcus Larsson
- Department
of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Physical
Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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Großgarten M, Holzlechner M, Vennemann A, Balbekova A, Wieland K, Sperling M, Lendl B, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Karst U, Wiemann M. Phosphonate coating of SiO 2 nanoparticles abrogates inflammatory effects and local changes of the lipid composition in the rat lung: a complementary bioimaging study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:31. [PMID: 30012173 PMCID: PMC6048815 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-known inflammatory and fibrogenic changes of the lung upon crystalline silica are accompanied by early changes of the phospholipid composition (PLC) as detected in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs) evoke transient lung inflammation, but their effect on PLC is unknown. Here, we compared effects of unmodified and phosphonated amorphous silica NP and describe, for the first time, local changes of the PLC with innovative bioimaging tools. METHODS Unmodified (SiO2-n), 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propyl methylphosphonate coated SiO2-n (SiO2-p) as well as a fluorescent surrogate of SiO2-n (SiO2-FITC) nanoparticles were used in this study. In vitro toxicity was tested with NR8383 alveolar macrophages. Rats were intratracheally instilled with SiO2-n, SiO2-p, or SiO2-FITC, and effects on lungs were analyzed after 3 days. BALF from the right lung was analyzed for inflammatory markers. Cryo-sections of the left lung were subjected to fluorescence microscopy and PLC analyses by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MS), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IR), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments. RESULTS Compared to SiO2-p, SiO2-n NPs were more cytotoxic to macrophages in vitro and more inflammatory in the rat lung, as reflected by increased concentration of neutrophils and protein in BALF. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a typical patchy distribution of SiO2-FITC located within the lung parenchyma and alveolar macrophages. Superimposable to this particle distribution, SiO2-FITC elicited local increases of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), whereas phoshatidylserine (PS) and signals from triacylgyceride (TAG) were decreased in the same areas. No such changes were found in lungs treated with SiO2-p or particle-free instillation fluid. CONCLUSIONS Phosphonate coating mitigates effects of silica NP in the lung and abolishes their locally induced changes in PLC pattern. Bioimaging methods based on MALDI-MS may become a useful tool to investigate the mode of action of NPs in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Großgarten
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Holzlechner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Balbekova
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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9
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Mika A, Kaczynski Z, Stepnowski P, Kaczor M, Proczko-Stepaniak M, Kaska L, Sledzinski T. Potential Application of 1H NMR for Routine Serum Lipidome Analysis -Evaluation of Effects of Bariatric Surgery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15530. [PMID: 29138414 PMCID: PMC5686116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine laboratory lipid assays include simple measurements of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and HDL. However, lipids are a large group of compounds involved in many metabolic pathways, and their alterations may have serious health consequences. In this study, we used 1H NMR to analyze lipids extracted from sera of 16 obese patients prior to and after bariatric surgeries. We observed a post-surgery decrease in serum concentrations of lipids from various groups. The hereby presented findings imply that 1H NMR is suitable for rapid, simple and non-invasive detection of lipids from 30 structural groups, among them triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, total phospholipids, total, free and esterified cholesterol, total and unsaturated fatty acids. NMR-based analysis of serum lipids may contribute to a substantial increase in the number of routinely determined markers from this group; therefore, it may find application in clinical assessment of obese subjects prior to and after bariatric surgeries, as well as in the examination of patients with other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Kaczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kaczor
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Proczko-Stepaniak
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kaska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Szabó A, Mézes M, Fébel H. Body mass related variations in the polar lipid fatty acyl chain composition of the mammalian lung and alveolar surfactant. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 64:289-304. [PMID: 24013891 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.64.2013.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In nine mammalian species (mouse - cattle: 21.5 g-503 kg) lung total phospholipids (PL), alveolar surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) fatty acyl (FA) chain composition was tested relating to body mass (BM) and resting respiratory rate (RRR) associated adaptations. In PL, PC and SM oleic acid (C18:1 n9) provided negative correlations with RRR. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was strongly, positively correlated with RRR in the pulmonary PLs, and myristic (C14:0) acid correlated positively with RRR in the surfactant PCs. In pulmonary PLs negative allometry was found for myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic (C16:1 n7) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n3) acids and total saturation, while oleic (C18:1 n9), alpha-linolenic (C18:3 n3) and gondoic (C20:1 n9) acids, total n9 FA s and monounsaturation increased allometrically. In surfactant PC FA s palmitic acid provided negative, while oleic acid and monounsaturation positive allometry; the average FA chain length (ACL) was identical in all species. Surfactant SM FA composition was fully species independent for palmitic and arachidonic acids, total saturation, monounsaturation and ACL. The in vivo lipid peroxidation rate was species independent. The variability of lung PLs was consonant with the "membrane pacemakers theory", while surfactant PC composition was mostly related to RRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szabó
- Kaposvár University Faculty of Animal Science Guba S. u. 40 H-7400 Kaposvár Hungary
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11
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Reis A, Rudnitskaya A, Blackburn GJ, Mohd Fauzi N, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. A comparison of five lipid extraction solvent systems for lipidomic studies of human LDL. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1812-24. [PMID: 23670529 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipidome profile of fluids and tissues is a growing field as the role of lipids as signaling molecules is increasingly understood, relying on an effective and representative extraction of the lipids present. A number of solvent systems suitable for lipid extraction are commonly in use, though no comprehensive investigation of their effectiveness across multiple lipid classes has been carried out. To address this, human LDL from normolipidemic volunteers was used to evaluate five different solvent extraction protocols [Folch, Bligh and Dyer, acidified Bligh and Dyer, methanol (MeOH)-tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME), and hexane-isopropanol] and the extracted lipids were analyzed by LC-MS in a high-resolution instrument equipped with polarity switching. Overall, more than 350 different lipid species from 19 lipid subclasses were identified. Solvent composition had a small effect on the extraction of predominant lipid classes (triacylglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phosphatidylcholines). In contrast, extraction of less abundant lipids (phosphatidylinositols, lyso-lipids, ceramides, and cholesterol sulfates) was greatly influenced by the solvent system used. Overall, the Folch method was most effective for the extraction of a broad range of lipid classes in LDL, although the hexane-isopropanol method was best for apolar lipids and the MeOH-TBME method was suitable for lactosyl ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Wang HYJ, Liu CB, Wu HW, Kuo JS. Direct profiling of phospholipids and lysophospholipids in rat brain sections after ischemic stroke. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2057-2064. [PMID: 20552694 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, a deleterious cerebrovascular event, is caused by a critical reduction in the blood flow to the brain parenchyma that leads to brain injury and loss of brain functions. The inflammatory responses following ischemia often aggravate the neurological damage. Several pro-inflammatory mediators released after stroke are closely related to the metabolism of phospholipids. In this study we directly profiled the changes in phospholipids in the infarcted rat cerebral cortex 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Several phosphatidylcholine (PC) species and sphingomyelin (SM) were significantly decreased after infarction. The cationization pattern of the remaining PCs showed a prominent shift from a mostly potassiated or protonated form to a predominantly sodiated pattern. Stroke also elevated the lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and heme in tissue. The isobaric pairs in PC and LPC classes were resolved by masses through their respective alkali metal adducts in the presence of CsCl. The major fatty acyl LPC species were also structurally confirmed by MALDI-MS/MS. Overall, the results described the changes in PC and LPC species in the infarcted rat cortex. The elevated tissue levels of LPCs and heme signify the ongoing pathological lipid breakdown and the state of parenchymal inflammation. The elevated LPC level in tissue suggests a means of intervention through lysophospholipid metabolism that could potentially benefit the management of stroke and other acute neurological injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Yan J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lian-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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13
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Estrada R, Puppato A, Borchman D, Yappert MC. Reevaluation of the phospholipid composition in membranes of adult human lenses by (31)P NMR and MALDI MS. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1798:303-11. [PMID: 19925778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid composition of adult human lens membranes differs dramatically from that of any other mammalian membrane. Due to minimal cell turnover, cells in the nucleus of the human lens may be considered as the longest lived cells in our body. This work reassesses previous assignments of phospholipid (31)P NMR resonances in adult human lenses. The new assignments are based not only on chemical shifts but also on temperature coefficients. By addition of known phospholipids and examination by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, several misassigned resonances have been corrected. The revised composition reveals the possible presence of ceramide-1-phosphate and dihydroceramide-1-phosphate. Among glycerophospholipids, the most abundant one does not correspond to phosphatidylglycerol but may be due to the lysoform of alkyl-acyl analogs of phosphatidylethanolamine. Besides sphingophospholipids, adult human lens membranes contain significant amounts of ether (1-O-alkyl) glycerophospholipids and their corresponding lysoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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14
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Walther FJ, Hernández-Juviel JM, Gordon LM, Waring AJ, Stenger P, Zasadzinski JA. COMPARISON OF THREE LIPID FORMULATIONS FOR SYNTHETIC SURFACTANT WITH A SURFACTANT PROTEIN B ANALOG. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:563-79. [PMID: 16019988 DOI: 10.1080/019021490951531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is an essential component of pulmonary surfactant. Synthetic dimeric SP-B(1-25) (SP-B(1-25)), a peptide based on the N-terminal domain of human SP-B, efficiently mimics the functional properties of SP-B. The authors investigated the optimum lipid composition for SP-B(1-25) by comparing the effects of natural lung lavage lipids (NLL), a synthetic equivalent of NLL (synthetic lavage lipids SLL), and a standard lipid mixture (TL) on the activities of SP-B(1-25). Surfactant preparations were formulated by mixing 2 mol% SP-B(1-25) in NNL, SLL, and TL. Calfactant, a calf lung lavage extract with SP-B and SP-C, was a positive control and lipids without peptide were negative controls. Minimum surface tension measured on a captive bubble surfactometer was similar for the three SP-B(1-25) surfactant preparations and calfactant. The effects on lung function were compared in ventilated, lavaged, surfactant-deficient rats. Oxygenation and lung volumes were consistently higher in rats treated with calfactant and SP-B(1-25) in NLL or SLL than in rats treated with SP-B(1-25) in TL. Fourier transform infrared spectra observed abnormal secondary conformations for SP-B(1-25) in TL as a possible cause for the reduced lung function. Lipid composition plays a crucial role in the in vitro and in vivo functions of SP-B(1-25) in surfactant preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J Walther
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA.
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15
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Lane AN, Fan TWM, Higashi RM, Tan J, Bousamra M, Miller DM. Prospects for clinical cancer metabolomics using stable isotope tracers. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 86:165-73. [PMID: 19454273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics provides a readout of the state of metabolism in cells or tissue and their responses to external perturbations. For this reason, the approach has great potential in clinical diagnostics. For more than two decades, we have been using stable isotope tracer approaches to probe cellular metabolism in greater detail. The ability to enrich common compounds with rare isotopes such as carbon ((13)C) and nitrogen ((15)N) is the only practical means by which metabolic pathways can be traced, which entails following the fate of individual atoms from the source molecule to products via metabolic transformation. Changes in regulation of pathways are therefore captured by this approach, which leads to deeper understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of cells. Using lessons learned from pathways tracing in cells and organs, we have been applying this methodology to human cancer patients in a clinical setting. Here we review the methodologies and approaches to stable isotope tracing in cells, animal models and in humans subjects.
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16
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Lorkiewicz P, Cecilia Yappert M. 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-5-nitropyridine as a basic matrix for negative-mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis of phospholipids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:137-43. [PMID: 19086041 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fast and easy analysis of phospholipids (PLs) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been well demonstrated. However, when using common organic matrices, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), the detection of most PL classes in positive-ion mode is difficult when PLs containing zwitterionic groups, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) are present. To reduce this limitation, 2-(2-aminoethyloamino)-5-nitropyridine (AAN), a basic compound, was evaluated as an alternative matrix. Negative-ion spectra showed enhanced detection of phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidyl serines (PSs), phosphatidyl glycerols (PGs), and phosphatidyl inositols (PIs) in simple mixtures and in a crude methanolic soybean extract. The relative ionization efficiency (RIE) was highest for PIs and lowest for PGs, PSs, and PEs. Compared to DHB and para-nitroaniline, AAN resulted in greater sensitivity for the detection of PL classes in the negative mode. Indeed, the S/N ratio was nearly an order of magnitude higher than that reported for similar PI concentrations but with DHB. MALDI spots produced with AAN were homogeneous thus allowing automation and improved reproducibility. Positive-mode traces could also be acquired with AAN as the matrix, but with lower sensitivity than in the negative mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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17
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Abstract
Many diseases as atherosclerosis and metabolic dysfunctions are known to correlate with changes of the lipid profile of tissues and body fluids. Therefore, the importance of reliable methods of lipid analysis is obvious. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was so far primarily used for protein analysis, this method has itself proven to be very useful in lipid analysis, too. This review provides an overview of applications of MALDI-TOF MS in lipid analysis and summarizes the specific advantages and drawbacks of this modern soft-ionization method. The focus will be on the analysis of body fluids and cells as well as the diagnostic potential of the method in the lipid field. It will be shown that MALDI-TOF mass spectra can be recorded in a very short time and provide important information on the lipid as well as the fatty acyl composition of the lipids of an unknown sample. However, it will also be shown that only selected lipid classes (in particular those with quaternary ammonia groups as phosphatidylcholine) are detected if crude mixtures are analyzed as they are more sensitively detectable than other ones. This review ends with a short outlook emphasizing current methodological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Keating E, Rahman L, Francis J, Petersen A, Possmayer F, Veldhuizen R, Petersen NO. Effect of cholesterol on the biophysical and physiological properties of a clinical pulmonary surfactant. Biophys J 2007; 93:1391-401. [PMID: 17526587 PMCID: PMC1929052 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.099762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that forms a surface-active film at the air-water interface of alveoli capable of reducing surface tension to near 0 mN/m. The role of cholesterol, the major neutral lipid component of pulmonary surfactant, remains uncertain. We studied the physiological effect of cholesterol by monitoring blood oxygenation levels of surfactant-deficient rats treated or not treated with bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES) containing zero or physiological amounts of cholesterol. Our results indicate no significant difference between BLES and BLES containing cholesterol immediately after treatment; however, during ventilation, BLES-treated animals maintained higher PaO2 values compared to BLES+cholesterol-treated animals. We used a captive bubble tensiometer to show that physiological amounts of cholesterol do not have a detrimental effect on the surface activity of BLES at 37 degrees C. The effect of cholesterol on topography and lateral organization of BLES Langmuir-Blodgett films was also investigated using atomic force microscopy. Our data indicate that cholesterol induces the formation of domains within liquid-ordered domains (Lo). We used time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry and principal component analysis to show that cholesterol is concentrated in the Lo phase, where it induces structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Surface Science Western, Western Science Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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19
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Schiller J, Süβ R, Fuchs B, Müller M, Zschörnig O, Arnold K. Recent applications of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and31P NMR spectroscopy in phospholipid research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.1.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Khan MA, Wang Y, Heidelberger S, Alvelius G, Liu S, Sjövall J, Griffiths WJ. Analysis of derivatised steroids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and post-source decay mass spectrometry. Steroids 2006; 71:42-53. [PMID: 16199070 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutral steroids are difficult to analyse using desorption ionisation methods coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). However, steroids with an unhindered ketone group can readily be derivatised with the Girard P (GP) reagent to give GP hydrazones. Steroid GP hydrazones contain a quaternary nitrogen atom and are readily desorbed in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) process, giving an improvement in sensitivity of two orders of magnitude. Steroids without a ketone group, but with a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta5 function, can be readily converted to 3-oxo-Delta4 steroids and subsequently derivatised to GP hydrazones for MALDI analysis. In addition to giving strong [M]+ ions upon MALDI, steroid GP hydrazones give informative post-source decay (PSD) spectra. By using the accurate mass of the precursor-ion measured by MALDI-MS, in combination with the structural information encoded in its PSD spectrum, steroid structures can readily be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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21
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Yurkova I, Shadyro O, Kisel M, Brede O, Arnhold J. Radiation-induced free-radical transformation of phospholipids: MALDI-TOF MS study. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 132:235-46. [PMID: 15555608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under the action of free-radical reaction initiators on membrane phospholipids, complex processes are taking place in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the phospholipids. Realization of these processes results in a mixture consisting of the initial lipids and their peroxidation and fragmentation products. Identification of compounds in such mixtures requires analytical methods of high sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy to be applied. These properties are characteristic of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method. In the studies of radiation-induced free-radical transformations of phosphatidylglycerol, the MALDI-TOF MS in combination with thin layer chromatography (TLC) has been shown to be able to detect and identify products of free-radical transformations taking place in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the phospholipid. Thus, the MALDI-TOF MS can serve as a suitable analytical tool to investigate free-radical transformations of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yurkova
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
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22
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Estrada R, Yappert MC. Regional phospholipid analysis of porcine lens membranes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2004; 39:1531-1540. [PMID: 15578747 DOI: 10.1002/jms.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of most mammalian phospholipid (PL) classes was demonstrated in a crude extract of porcine lens membranes. When 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was used as the matrix, positive-ion spectra allowed the accurate quantification of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs). Other PLs such as phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens (PEps), phosphatidylethanolamine ethers (PEes) and phosphatidylserines (PSs), could also be detected, but their lower ionization efficiency led to negative errors in their quantification. Despite this limitation, it was possible to determine relative changes among PLs extracted from cortical and nuclear regions. Negative-ion spectra were acquired with the use of p-nitroaniline (PNA) as the matrix. Because neither PCs nor SMs produce negative ions, other PL classes can be analyzed selectively. The absolute quantification of the various PL classes detectable in negative-ion spectra was also affected by differences in ionization efficiencies. However, the trends in compositional changes between cortical and nuclear-fiber PLs were in agreement with those obtained by (31)P NMR spectroscopy. MALDI-TOFMS also offers the possibility of studying variations in the acyl-chain distribution of the various species comprising each PL class. For porcine lenses, PCs, PEs and phosphatidylinositols (PIs) exhibited the greatest depletions in going from cortical to nuclear membranes. Among their individual species, those with two or more sites of unsaturation suffered the most significant reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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23
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Schiller J, Süss R, Arnhold J, Fuchs B, Lessig J, Müller M, Petković M, Spalteholz H, Zschörnig O, Arnold K. Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry in lipid and phospholipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:449-88. [PMID: 15458815 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the analysis of lipids and phospholipids is continuously increasing due to the importance of these molecules in biochemistry (e.g. in the context of biomembranes and lipid second messengers) as well as in industry. Unfortunately, commonly used methods of lipid analysis are often time-consuming and tedious because they include previous separation and/or derivatization steps. With the development of "soft-ionization techniques" like electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), mass spectrometry became also applicable to lipid analysis. The aim of this review is to summarize so far available experiences in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis of lipids. It will be shown that MALDI-TOF MS can be applied to all known lipid classes and the characteristics of individual lipids will be discussed. Additionally, some selected applications in medicine and biology, e.g. mixture analysis, cell and tissue analysis and the determination of enzyme activities will be described. Advantages and disadvantages of MALDI-TOF MS in comparison to other established lipid analysis methods will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schiller
- Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Shadyro O, Yurkova I, Kisel M, Brede O, Arnhold J. Formation of phosphatidic acid, ceramide, and diglyceride on radiolysis of lipids: identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:1612-24. [PMID: 15182861 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
By use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, phosphatidic acid was found to be the main product of gamma radiolysis of cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol. It has been shown that gamma irradiation of such glycolipids as cerebroside and galactosyl diglyceride leads to formation of ceramide and diglyceride, respectively. These findings, combined with those obtained earlier, allowed an assumption to be made that, owing to radiation-induced free radical fragmentation of lipids in their polar moiety, formation of signaling molecules can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Shadyro
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
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25
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Sommerer D, Süss R, Hammerschmidt S, Wirtz H, Arnold K, Schiller J. Analysis of the phospholipid composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from man and minipig by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in combination with TLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:199-206. [PMID: 15030895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 12/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces of lungs are covered by the surfactant, an aqueous mixture of different phospholipids (PL) and proteins. Although the surfactant represents a relatively simple mixture of only a few PL (primarily phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)), reliable methods of routine lipid analysis of the surfactant are still lacking. It will be shown that matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a suitable technique for the differentiation of the apolar components of the surfactant of different species. Samples of man and minipig are used in this study since both are known to vary in their PL composition. PL of surfactant were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the obtained subfractions subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis in order to monitor the presence of even minor PL species. It will be shown that besides PG and PC, also phosphatidylethanolamine, -inositol and sphingomyelin can be detected in surfactant of man, whereas only sphingomyelin could be detected in the minipig sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sommerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Rujoi M, Estrada R, Yappert MC. In Situ MALDI-TOF MS Regional Analysis of Neutral Phospholipids in Lens Tissue. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1657-63. [PMID: 15018564 DOI: 10.1021/ac0349680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are important sources of lipid second messengers that participate in cell signaling pathways. Consequently, their analysis in biological tissues has received increased attention. Current approaches for PL analysis include an extraction step and subsequent identification of the main PL classes by either 31P NMR spectroscopy or chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. Previous in vitro studies revealed regional changes in the PL composition of mammalian lenses at different growth stages. In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of direct in situ analysis of two relevant PL classes, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs), in slices of fresh or fixed (2.5% formaldehyde) mammalian lenses. The chosen matrix was p-nitroaniline, as it generated superior sensitivity when compared to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, the compound most commonly used for in vitro analysis of PLs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Regional differences in the relative amounts of PCs and SMs were in agreement with trends demonstrated by previous in vitro studies. Fresh and fixed tissue of the same lens gave comparable relative levels of PCs and SMs. In situ analysis of PLs by MALDI-TOF MS offers a rapid and sensitive tool for the mapping of PLs in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Rujoi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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27
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Hammerschmidt S, Schiller J, Kuhn H, Meybaum M, Gessner C, Sandvoss T, Arnold K, Wirtz H. Influence of tidal volume on pulmonary NO release, tissue lipid peroxidation and surfactant phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1639:17-26. [PMID: 12943964 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress during ventilation may cause or aggravate acute lung injury. This study investigates the influence of low vs. high tidal volume (V(t)) on factors known to play key roles in acute lung injury: nitric oxide release, eNOS and iNOS gene expression, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and surfactant phospholipids (PL). Isolated rabbit lungs were subjected to one of three ventilation patterns for 135 min (V(t)-PEEP): 6 ml/kg-0 cm H(2)O. 12 ml/kg-0 cm H(2)O 6 ml/kg-5 cm H(2)O, 12 ml/kg-0 cm H(2)O, and 6 ml/kg-5 cm H(2)O resulted in comparable peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). This allowed comparing low and high V(t) without dependence on PIP. Ventilatory patterns did not induce changes in pulmonary artery pressure, vascular permeability (K(f,c)), PIP or pulmonary compliance. High V(t) in comparison with both of the low V(t) groups caused an increase in BALF-nitrite (30.6+/-3.0* vs. 21.4+/-2.2 and 16.2+/-3.3 microM), BALF-PL (1110+/-19* vs. 750+/-68 and 634+/-82 microg/ml), and tissue LPO product accumulation (0.62+/-0.051* vs. 0.48+/-0.052 and 0.43+/-0.031 nmol/mg), *P<0.05 each. Perfusate nitrite and BALF-PL composition (assessed by use of 31P-NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) did not differ among the groups. High V(t) ventilation reduced eNOS gene expression but did not affect iNOS expression. The increased release of NO and the accumulation of LPO products may represent early lung injury while elevated BALF-PL may reflect distension-induced surfactant secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hammerschmidt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care and Cardiology, Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Pulfer M, Murphy RC. Electrospray mass spectrometry of phospholipids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:332-64. [PMID: 12949918 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play a central role in the biochemistry of all living cells. These molecules constitute the lipid bilayer defining the outer confines of a cell, but also serve as the structural entities which confine subcellular components. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool useful for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and the sphingolipid, sphingomyelin. Collision induced decomposition of both positive and negative molecular ion species yield rich information as to the polar head group of the phospholipid and the fatty-acyl substituents esterified to the glycerophospholipid backbone. This review presents the current level of understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of various product ions following collisional activation of molecular ion species generated by electrospray ionization of the common glycerophospholipids, including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin. Recent advances in the application of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization is also considered. Several applications of mass spectrometry applied to phospholipid analysis are presented as they apply to physiology as well as pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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29
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Rodriguez Capote K, McCormack FX, Possmayer F. Pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) restores the surface properties of surfactant after oxidation by a mechanism that requires the Cys6 interchain disulfide bond and the phospholipid binding domain. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20461-74. [PMID: 12600986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212697200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species produced by activated leuko-cytes in the alveolar epithelial lining fluid have been implicated in the inactivation of pulmonary surfactant and the impairment of lung function. Oxidation of bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES), a therapeutic surfactant, with hypochlorous acid (H-BLES) or the Fenton reaction (F-BLES) led to temporary increases in conjugated dienes and formation of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the appearance of lipid hydroperoxides, peroxides, lysophospholipids, and free fatty acids. Captive bubble tensiometer studies of H-BLES demonstrated prolonged adsorption times, film instability at low surface tensions during film compression, and reduced respreadability during film expansion. F-BLES exhibited prolonged adsorption times, a marked effect on increasing compressibility during compression, and a lesser effect on reducing respreadability on expansion. Addition of native bovine or rat surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) reversed the effects of oxidation on surfactant biophysical properties. Studies using mutant recombinant rat SP-As indicated that an intact carbohydrate recognition domain and disulfide-dependent oligomeric assembly are critical for these effects, but the collagen-like region is not required. We conclude that SP-A can reverse the detrimental effects of surfactant oxidation on the biophysical properties of surfactant, by a mechanism that is dependent on interchain disulfide bond formation and the C-terminal domains of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Rodriguez Capote
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Biochemistry, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Fetal and Neonatal Health and Development, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5A5, Canada
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30
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Schiller J, Süss R, Petković M, Zschörnig O, Arnold K. Negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectra of complex phospholipid mixtures in the presence of phosphatidylcholine: a cautionary note on peak assignment. Anal Biochem 2002; 309:311-4. [PMID: 12413465 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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