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Toniolo S, Di Lorenzo F, Bernardini S, Mercuri NB, Sancesario GM. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Aβ42/40 Ratio Dose-Dependent Modulation with the ApoE Genotype within the ATN Framework. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12151. [PMID: 37569528 PMCID: PMC10418506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of Alzheimer's disease (AD) now considers the presence of the markers of amyloid (A), tau deposition (T), and neurodegeneration (N) essential for diagnosis. AD patients have been reported to have increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, but that has not been tested within the ATN framework so far. As the field is moving towards the use of blood-based biomarkers, the relationship between BBB disruption and AD-specific biomarkers requires considerable attention. Moreover, other factors have been previously implicated in modulating BBB permeability, including age, gender, and ApoE status. A total of 172 cognitively impaired individuals underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for AD biomarkers, and data on BBB dysfunction, demographics, and ApoE status were collected. Our data showed that there was no difference in BBB dysfunction across different ATN subtypes, and that BBB damage was not correlated with cognitive impairment. However, patients with BBB disruption, if measured with a high Qalb, had low Aβ40 levels. ApoE status did not affect BBB function but had a dose-dependent effect on the Aβ42/40 ratio. These results might highlight the importance of understanding dynamic changes across the BBB in future studies in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Toniolo
- Cognitive Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AZ, UK
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy (G.M.S.)
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy (G.M.S.)
- Non-Invasive Brain Simulation Unit, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy (G.M.S.)
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy (G.M.S.)
| | - Giulia Maria Sancesario
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy (G.M.S.)
- Biobank Unit, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
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APOE Allele Frequency in Southern Greece: Exploring the Role of Geographical Gradient in the Greek Population. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 8:geriatrics8010001. [PMID: 36648906 PMCID: PMC9844375 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the apolipoprotein e4 allele (APOE4) constitutes an established genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia (ADD). We aimed to explore the frequency of the APOE isoforms in the Greek population of Southern Greece. METHODS peripheral blood from 175 Greek AD patients, 113 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 75 healthy individuals. DNA isolation was performed with a High Pure PCR Template Kit (Roche), followed by amplification with a real-time qPCR kit (TIB MolBiol) in Roche's Light Cycler PCR platform. RESULTS APOE4 allele frequency was 20.57% in the ADD group, 17.69% in the MCI group, and 6.67% in the control group. APOE3/3 homozygosity was the most common genotype, while the frequency of APOE4/4 homozygosity was higher in the AD group (8.60%). APOE4 carrier status was associated with higher odds for ADD and MCI (OR: 4.49, 95% CI: [1.90-10.61] and OR: 3.82, 95% CI: [1.59-9.17], respectively). CONCLUSION this study examines the APOE isoforms and is the first to report a higher APOE frequency in MCI compared with healthy controls in southern Greece. Importantly, we report the occurrence of the APOE4 allele, related to ADD, as amongst the lowest globally reported, even within the nation, thus enhancing the theory of ethnicity and latitude contribution.
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Stanitsa E, Economou A, Beratis I, Kontaxopoulou D, Fragkiadaki S, Papastefanopoulou V, Pavlou D, Papantoniou P, Kroupis C, Papatriantafyllou J, Stefanis L, Yannis G, Papageorgiou SG. Effect of Apolipoprotein E4 on the Driving Behavior of Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment or Mild Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1005-1014. [PMID: 34602476 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The driving behavior of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is frequently characterized by errors. A genetic factor affecting cognition is apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), with carriers of APOE4 showing greater episodic memory impairment than non-carriers. However, differences in the driving performance of the two groups have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To compare driving performance in APOE4 carriers and matched non-carriers. METHODS Fourteen APOE4 carriers and 14 non-carriers with amnestic MCI or mild ADD underwent detailed medical and neuropsychological assessment and participated in a driving simulation experiment, involving driving in moderate and high traffic volume in a rural environment. Driving measures were speed, lateral position, headway distance and their SDs, and reaction time. APOE was genotyped through plasma samples. RESULTS Mixed two-way ANOVAs examining traffic volume and APOE4 status showed a significant effect of traffic volume on all driving variables, but a significant effect of APOE4 on speed variability only. APOE4 carriers were less variable in their speed than non-carriers; this remained significant after a Bonferroni correction. To further examine variability in the driving performance, coefficients of variation (COV) were computed. Larger headway distance COV and smaller lateral position COV were observed in high compared to moderate traffic. APOE4 carriers had smaller speed COV compared to non-carriers. CONCLUSION The lower speed variability of APOE4 carriers in the absence of neuropsychological test differences indicates reduced speed adaptations, possibly as a compensatory strategy. Simulated driving may be a sensitive method for detecting performance differences in the absence of cognitive differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Stanitsa
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Economou
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ion Beratis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia Kontaxopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Fragkiadaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vicky Papastefanopoulou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Pavlou
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Papantoniou
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Papatriantafyllou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginiteio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Yannis
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Memory, Cognitive Disorders and Rare Dementias Outpatient Unit, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Park CH, Lee ST, Ki CS, Kim JW. Discrepancy in genotyping of apolipoprotein E between allele-specific PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer or sequencing. Korean J Lab Med 2010; 30:325-8. [PMID: 20603596 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene contains several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are distributed across the gene. The genotype of the APOE gene has important implications as a risk factor for various diseases. We observed 2 cases in which the results of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) of the APOE gene were not consistent with those of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or sequencing analysis. In these cases, genotyping by AS-PCR showed that patients were epsilon2 homozygotes, while sequencing analysis and FRET showed that they were epsilon2/epsilon3 heterozygotes. Herein, we describe the causes of the errors in genotyping and describe the significance of these errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tanriverdi F, Taheri S, Ulutabanca H, Caglayan AO, Ozkul Y, Dundar M, Selcuklu A, Unluhizarci K, Casanueva FF, Kelestimur F. Apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype decreases the risk of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury due to various causes: preliminary data. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:1071-7. [PMID: 18707245 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating public health problem which may result in hypopituitarism. However, the mechanisms and the risk factors responsible for hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction due to TBI are still unclear. Although APO E is one of the most abundant protein in hypothalamo-pituitary region, there is no study investigating the relation between APO E polymorphism and TBI-induced hypopituitarism. This study was undertaken to determine whether APO E genotypes modulate the pituitary dysfunction risk after TBI due to various causes, including traffic accident, boxing, and kickboxing. Ninety-three patients with TBI (mean age, 30.61 +/- 1.25 years) and 27 healthy controls (mean age, 29.03 +/- 1.70 years) were included in the study. Pituitary functions were evaluated, and APO E genotypes (E2/E2; E3/E3; E4/E4; E2/E3; E2/E4; E3/E4) were screened. Twenty-four of 93 subjects (25.8%) had pituitary dysfunction after TBI. The ratio of pituitary dysfunction was significantly lower in subjects with APO E3/E3 (17.7%) than the subjects without APO E3/E3 genotype (41.9%; p = 0.01), and the corresponding odds ratio was 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.78). In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the first time that APO E polymorphism is associated with the development of TBI-induced pituitary dysfunction. Present data demonstrated that APO E3/E3 genotype decreases the risk of hypopituitarism after TBI. The demonstration of the association between the APO E polymorphism and TBI may provide a new point of view in this field and promote further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tanriverdi
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey
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APOE genotyping: comparison of three methods. Clin Exp Med 2008; 9:61-5. [PMID: 18843526 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-008-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer diseases, making its genotyping of potentially predictive value. We developed a rapid, reliable and specific method for determining APOE genotypes by fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) over a high number of samples in a single run using a LightTyper device and dedicated probes. The method, validated with 75 blood samples, was designed to simultaneously detect three common APOE polymorphisms, epsilon(2,) epsilon(3) and epsilon(4), and to identify in a single reaction any of the six following genotypes: epsilon(2)/epsilon(2), epsilon(3)/epsilon(3), epsilon(4)/epsilon(4), epsilon(3)/epsilon(4), epsilon(4)/epsilon(2), epsilon(3)/epsilon(2). The assay involved three phases: (1) DNA extraction, (2) amplification, and (3) melting curve analysis using FRET technique. Briefly, genomic DNA of patients was extracted from total blood. Fragment of APOE was amplified by a first PCR run. Fluorescent labeled probes were added in a second PCR run. FRET genotyping showed following distribution: (1) 1.3% for epsilon(2)/epsilon(2) and epsilon(4)/epsilon(4) homozygotes, (2) 4.0, 6.6 and 14.7% for epsilon(2)/epsilon(4), epsilon(2)/epsilon(3) and epsilon(3)/epsilon(4) heterozygotes, respectively, and (3) 72.0% for epsilon(3)/epsilon(3) homozygotes. Moreover, a careful analysis of the FRET melting curves allowed us to determine the presence of a new polymorphism on the third position of the codon 158 (-AAGCGT-), namely, two nucleotides downstream from the known polymorphism. When the FRET analysis was compared to those obtained by RFLP and sequencing, the presence of this new polymorphism was confirmed only by sequencing thus indicating that RFLP analysis is not always reliable for genotyping.
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Poulson MD, Wittwer CT. Closed-tube genotyping of apolipoprotein E by isolated-probe PCR with multiple unlabeled probes and high-resolution DNA melting analysis. Biotechniques 2007; 43:87-91. [PMID: 17695257 DOI: 10.2144/000112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated-probe PCR (IP-PCR) is a method that combines asymmetric PCR, unlabeled probes, and high-resolution DNA melting while maintaining a closed tube system. A double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) dye LCGreen I was used to detect the unlabeled probes. LCGreen I is also used to detect the 277-base pair PCR product peak as an internal amplification control. To accomplish this, IP-PCR separates the asymmetric PCR amplification step and the detection step of the unlabeled probes. This prevents the probes from interfering with the amplification of the DNA target. The samples are then melted using a high-resolution DNA melting instrument: the HR-1. The closed tube system virtually eliminates PCR product contamination or sample carryover The target apolipoprotein E (APOE) was chosen to test the IP-PCR technique. APOE contains two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located 139 base pairs apart in a GC-rich region of the human genome. The results from this study show that the IP-PCR technique was able to determine the correct APOE genotype for each of the 101 samples. The IP-PCR technique should also be useful in detecting SNPs in other high-GC regions of the human genome.
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Park HD, Park KU, Kim KW, Song J, Chang HE, Heo SR, Lee HJ, Kim JQ. Real-time multiplex PCR assay for genotyping of three apolipoprotein E alleles and two choline acetyltransferase alleles with three hybridization probes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45:346-50. [PMID: 17378730 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) have been suggested as candidate genes for determining the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to simultaneously detect polymorphisms in codons 112 and 158 of APOE and codon 2 of ChAT by hybridization probe multiplexing. METHODS The decrease in fluorescence emitted by LC-Red 610, LC-Red 640, and LC-Red 705 channels was quantified during a gradual temperature increase after amplification. The melting curves were converted to melting peaks by plotting the negative derivative of the fluorescence with respect to temperature (-dF/dT) as a function of temperature. A single pair of hybridization probes and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to confirm the genotyping of APOE and ChAT, respectively, in 183 subjects. RESULTS When a homozygous sample with the CGC/CGC sequence in codon 112 of APOE was analyzed, the mean sequence-specific melting point (T(m)) was 62.8 degrees C, whereas a sample with the TGC/TGC sequence had a T(m) of 54.7 degrees C. A similar fluorescence pattern appeared with a different T(m) at 66.9 degrees C (CGC/CGC) and 59.7 degrees C (TGC/TGC) for codon 158 of APOE. For the ChAT polymorphism, the melting temperature (61.4 degrees C) of the G allele was higher than that of the A allele (54.7 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS This real-time multiplex PCR technique can be carried out in a single tube and can differentiate between the three polymorphic sites of the two genes associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Doo Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang CYJ, Smith BF. Development of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for allelic discrimination of gangliosidoses in cats. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:231-5. [PMID: 17331010 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays with allele-specific primers to provide a rapid and accurate diagnostic and screening test for the 3 mutations identified as causes of gangliosidoses in domestic cats. SAMPLE POPULATION DNA samples obtained from archived feline blood samples submitted for GM1 and GM2 testing. PROCEDURES A qPCR assay was developed for each mutation to monitor the efficiency of PCR amplification. Results were determined on the basis of the fluorescent intensity of DNA staining. RESULTS Samples from 60 cats were screened by use of the 3 qPCR assays. Of these, 59 qPCR results agreed with the sequence-derived genotypes. The phenotype (affected) for the other cat agreed with results for the qPCR assay, which indicated that interpretation of the sequence-based result was incorrect. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The qPCR assays offer a sensitive, rapid, and reproducible technique for allelic discrimination without the need for complicated processing steps, such as hybridization or sequencing, after PCR procedures. These assays may prove beneficial for a rapid diagnosis of gangliosidoses in cats and could also provide a means for reliable large-scale screening for the carrier state, thereby accelerating the eradication of these debilitating diseases from feline populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Young J Wang
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Abstract
With the rapid expansion of genomic health care, nurses are exposed to emerging genetic technologies in a wide variety of clinical and research settings; however, nurses have limited knowledge about these technologies. The polymerase chain reaction procedure, which is the foundation of current molecular genetic technologies, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and microarray analysis are described in this article. The applications, strengths, and limitations of each technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Cashion
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Pantelidis P, Lambert-Hammill M, Wierzbicki AS. Simple sequence-specific-primer-PCR method to identify the three main apolipoprotein E haplotypes. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1945-8. [PMID: 14578332 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.021683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Pantelidis
- Pan-Pathology Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Bhardwaj
- Department of Pediatrics, 22-412 MDCC, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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Vrettou C, Traeger-Synodinos J, Tzetis M, Malamis G, Kanavakis E. Rapid screening of multiple beta-globin gene mutations by real-time PCR on the LightCycler: application to carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia syndromes. Clin Chem 2003; 49:769-76. [PMID: 12709368 DOI: 10.1373/49.5.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobinopathies are priority genetic diseases for prevention programs. Rapid genotype characterization is fundamental in the diagnostic laboratory, especially when offering prenatal diagnosis for carrier couples. METHODS As a model, we designed a protocol based on the LightCycler technology to screen for a spectrum of beta-globin gene mutations in the Greek population. Design was facilitated by dual fluorochrome detection and close proximity of many mutations. Three probe sets were capable of screening 95% of beta-globin gene mutations in the Greek population, including IVSII-745C-->G, HbS, Cd5-CT, Cd6-A, Cd8-AA, IVSI-1G-->A, IVSI-5G-->A, IVSI-6T-->C, IVSI-110G-->A, and Cd39 C-->T. RESULTS The protocol, standardized by analysis of 100 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes with known mutations, was 100% reliable in distinguishing wild-type from mutant alleles. Subsequent screening of 100 Greek beta-thalassemia heterozygotes with unknown mutations found 96 of 100 samples heterozygous for 1 of the 10 mutations, although melting curves were indistinguishable for mutations HbS/Cd6 and IVSI-5/IVSI-1, indicating a need of alternative methods for definitive diagnosis. One sample demonstrating a unique melting curve was characterized by sequencing as Cd8/9+G. Three samples carried mutations outside the gene region covered by the probes. The protocol was 100% accurate in 25 prenatal diagnosis samples, with 14 different genotype combinations diagnosed. The protocol was also flexible, detecting five beta-globin gene mutations from other population groups (IVSI-1G-->T, IVSI-5G-->C, IVSI-116T-->G, Cd37 TGG-->TGA, and Cd41/42 -TCTT). CONCLUSIONS The described LightCycler system protocol can rapidly screen for many beta-globin gene mutations. It is appropriate for use in many populations for directing definitive mutation diagnosis and is suited for rapid prenatal diagnosis with low cost per assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vrettou
- Medical Genetics, Athens University, St Sophia's Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
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