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Proficient Novel Biomarkers Guide Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury: A Review. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010008. [PMID: 36648873 PMCID: PMC9844481 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate tubular function or injury, or glomerular function or injury that is not significant enough to warrant acute hospitalization of the patient. Finding novel biomarkers of AKI has become a major focus nowadays in nephrology to overcome the further complications of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Many compounds, such as KIM 1, IL 18, NGAL, uromodulin, calprotectin, vanin 1, galactin 3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), urinary Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), retinol binding protein (RBP) and Cystatin C, are released from the renal tubules and thus any alterations in tubular function can be detected by measuring these parameters in urine. Additionally, glomerular injury can be detected by measuring immunoglobulin G, nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin, transferrin, netrin-1, pyruvate kinase M2, etc. in urine. These novel biomarkers will be useful for timing the initial insult and assessing the duration of AKI. According to available research, these biomarkers could be applied to assess the onset of AKI, distinguishing between kidney injury and dysfunction, directing the management of AKI, and enhancing disease diagnosis. Therefore, we intend to present recent developments in our understanding of significant biomarkers implicated in various aspects of renal damage. Numerous biomarkers are implicated in various pathophysiological processes that follow renal injury, and can improve prognosis and risk classification.
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Bayless RL, Moore AR, Hassel DM, Byer BJ, Landolt GA, Nout-Lomas YS. Equine urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase assay validation and correlation with other markers of kidney injury. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:688-695. [PMID: 31347464 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719867124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of equine acute kidney injury (AKI) is hindered by limited markers of early renal damage in horses. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), a lysosomal enzyme in renal tubular epithelium released into urine during tubular insult, has shown promise for early identification of AKI in humans and other species. We validated an assay for NAG in equine urine and measured urinary NAG in 7 azotemic and 7 non-azotemic client-owned adult horses. The enzymatic NAG assay was validated using within- and between-run coefficients of variation (CVs), recovery following standard addition, and linearity of dilution. Intra- and inter-run CVs (21% and 3.2%, respectively), average recovery following standard addition (99-109%), and linearity under serial dilution (R2 = 0.997) were satisfactory. Urine NAG index was significantly correlated with urinary fractional excretion of sodium (FENa; ρ = 0.76, p < 0.001) and plasma creatinine (ρ = 0.74, p = 0.001). Median urine NAG indices were higher in azotemic horses (p = 0.006), in horses with increased urinary FENa (p = 0.006), and in horses with increased urine gamma-glutamyl transferase index (p = 0.032). Urine NAG can be measured in horses and shows positive correlation with 2 current renal biomarkers. Additional work is needed to establish normal equine reference intervals and characterize the increase of urine NAG index in horses in relation to tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Bayless
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
| | - A Russell Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
| | - Diana M Hassel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
| | - Brittney J Byer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
| | - Gabriele A Landolt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Bayless).,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Moore, Hassel, Byer, Landolt, Nout-Lomas)
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Sun Z, Li C, Li L, Nie L, Dong Q, Li D, Gao L, Zang H. Study on feasibility of determination of glucosamine content of fermentation process using a micro NIR spectrometer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:153-160. [PMID: 29747085 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a microbial fermentation product, and NIR spectroscopy is an effective process analytical technology (PAT) tool in detecting the key quality attribute: the GlcNAc content. Meanwhile, the design of NIR spectrometers is under the trend of miniaturization, portability and low-cost nowadays. The aim of this study was to explore a portable micro NIR spectrometer with the fermentation process. First, FT-NIR spectrometer and Micro-NIR 1700 spectrometer were compared with simulated fermentation process solutions. The Rc2, Rp2, RMSECV and RMSEP of the optimal FT-NIR and Micro-NIR 1700 models were 0.999, 0.999, 3.226 g/L, 1.388 g/L and 0.999, 0.999, 1.821 g/L, 0.967 g/L. Passing-Bablok regression method and paired t-test results showed there were no significant differences between the two instruments. Then the Micro-NIR 1700 was selected for the practical fermentation process, 135 samples from 10 batches were collected. Spectral pretreatment methods and variables selection methods (BiPLS, FiPLS, MWPLS and CARS-PLS) for PLS modeling were discussed. The Rc2, Rp2, RMSECV and RMSEP of the optimal GlcNAc content PLS model of the practical fermentation process were 0.994, 0.995, 2.792 g/L and 1.946 g/L. The results have a positive reference for application of the Micro-NIR spectrometer. To some extent, it could provide theoretical supports in guiding the microbial fermentation or the further assessment of bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Can Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lei Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qin Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lingling Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Passricha N, Saifi S, Ansari MW, Tuteja N. Prediction and validation of cis-regulatory elements in 5' upstream regulatory regions of lectin receptor-like kinase gene family in rice. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:669-684. [PMID: 27193099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and developmental processes in response to stress. In transcriptional gene regulation for normal cellular functions, cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) direct the temporal and spatial gene expression with respect to environmental stimuli. A complete insightful of the transcriptional gene regulation system relies on effective functional analysis of CREs. Here, we analyzed the potential putative CREs present in the promoters of rice LecRLKs genes by using PlantCARE database. The CREs in LecRLKs promoters are associated with plant growth/development, light response, plant hormonal regulation processes, various stress responses, hormonal response like ABA, root-specific expression responsive, drought responsive, and cell and organ specific regulatory elements. The effect of methylation on these cis-regulatory elements was also analyzed. Real-time analysis of rice seedling under various stress conditions showed the expression levels of selected LecRLK genes superimposing the number of different CREs present in 5' upstream region. The overall results showed that the possible CREs function in the selective expression/regulation of LecRLKs gene family and during rice plant development under stress.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Computer Simulation
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Genes, Plant
- Light
- Models, Biological
- Multigene Family
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oryza/drug effects
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/radiation effects
- Plant Development/drug effects
- Plant Development/genetics
- Plant Development/radiation effects
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Mitogen/genetics
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Passricha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shabnam Saifi
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mohammad W Ansari
- Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ArunaAsaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, India.
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Ouchi M, Oba K, Saigusa T, Watanabe K, Ohara M, Matsumura N, Suzuki T, Anzai N, Tsuruoka S, Yasutake M. Association between pulse wave velocity and a marker of renal tubular damage (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) in patients without diabetes. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17:290-7. [PMID: 25664677 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors assessed the association between the ratio of urinary activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) to creatinine and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients without overt diabetes mellitus (DM). This was a cross-sectional study of 233 patients who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and no history of kidney disease. Patients were divided into two groups: high NAG group (>5.8 U/g creatinine) and low NAG group (≤5.8 U/g creatinine). Mean baPWVs of the high NAG group were significantly higher than those of the low NAG group in both the eGFR ≥30 and <60 tertiles and the eGFR ≥60 and <90 tertiles. The baPWV was positively correlated with NAG in all patients (r=0.341, P<.001). Stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that the baPWV was significantly related with NAG, age, and systolic blood pressure. Elevated NAG is related to elevated arterial stiffness in patients without DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Le JM, Han YH, Choi SJ, Park JS, Jang JJ, Bae RJN, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Lee YH, Kim D, Lee HY, Park SH, Park CB, Kang JS, Kang JK. Variation of nephrotoxicity biomarkers by urinary storage condition in rats. Toxicol Res 2015; 30:305-9. [PMID: 25584151 PMCID: PMC4289932 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the use of several nephrotoxicity biomarkers in preclinical experiments. In addition, it has been indicated that the result may have been influenced by secondary factors, such as sample storage condition or storage period. In this study, we have assessed the variation in urinary nephrotoxicity biomarkers as a result of urine storage conditions and storage period of the urine. Urine was sampled from specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (19 weeks old), which were housed individually in hanged stainless steel wire mesh cages. Urine was stored at 20℃, at 4℃, or at −70℃ after sampling. The levels of the biomarkers such as beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-C (Cys-C), N-acetyl-β- D-glucosaminidase (NAG), micro albumin (MA), micro protein (MP) were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 144 hr after sampling. The B2M level was significantly decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 144 hr compared to 0 hr at −70℃ (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively) and 24 and 144 hr at 20℃ (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). The Cys-C level was significantly decreased at 144 hr compared to 0 hr at 4℃ (p < 0.01), at 20℃ (p < 0.05) and at 70℃ (p < 0.01). MP and MA levels were not different for 144 hr in all storage conditions. Taken together, B2M and Cys-C levels were modulated by storage temperature and period. For the enhancement of test accuracy, it is suggested that strict protocols be established for samples to minimize the effects of the storage conditions on the detected levels of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Le
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea ; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Han
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Choi
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Ju-Seong Park
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jeong-Jun Jang
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Re-Ji-Na Bae
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Mi Ju Lee
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Myoung Jun Kim
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Duyeol Kim
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Cheol-Beom Park
- Pathology Department, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Namseoul University, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
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Capodicasa E, Angelini A, Tassi C. Isoenzyme A and UrinaryN-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase Activity in Normal Pregnancy. Ren Fail 2011; 33:650-3. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.585262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Smets PMY, Meyer E, Maddens B, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Effect of Sampling Method and Storage Conditions on Albumin, Retinol-Binding Protein, And N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase Concentrations in Canine Urine Samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:896-902. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary markers for renal dysfunction are gaining interest, but effects of sampling method, storage conditions, and urinary tract inflammation or infection on these markers are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to determine the difference in urinary albumin (uALB), urinary retinol-binding protein (uRBP), and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG) concentrations in cystocentesis and voided samples and to investigate concentration changes after storage at −20°C and at −80°C. Effects of a protease inhibitor were also assessed in samples stored at −80°C for 12 months. In a pilot experiment, influence of in vitro hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria on the urinary markers was evaluated. A mixed model was used to calculate mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Urinary ALB, uNAG, and uRBP concentrations were similar in voided and cystocentesis samples. After storage for 4 months at −20°C, uALB concentration was not affected, and uRBP concentration showed a mild and clinically irrelevant decrease, whereas uNAG activity was significantly lower compared with fresh samples. After storage for 12 months at −80°C, uALB and uRBP concentrations did not differ from fresh samples, but uNAG activity was severely decreased. Protease inhibitor addition did not preserve uNAG activity. Experimental hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria did not seem to affect urinary markers, although further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale M. Y. Smets
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Maddens
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Jepson RE, Vallance C, Syme HM, Elliott J. Assessment of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in geriatric cats with variable plasma creatinine concentrations with and without azotemia. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:241-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ozdemir AM, Hopfer U, Erhard P, Monnier VM, Weiss MF. Processing Advanced Glycation End Product-Modified Albumin by the Renal Proximal Tubule and the Early Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1043:625-36. [PMID: 16037286 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by increased quantities of circulating proteins modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Proteins filtered at the glomerulus and presented to the renal proximal tubule are likely to be highly modified by AGEs. The proximal tubule binds, takes up, and catabolizes AGE-modified albumin by pathways different from those of unmodified albumin. These differences were examined in polarized, electrically resistant proximal tubular cells grown in monolayer culture. In patients with type 1 diabetes, urinary excretion of a lysosomal enzyme predicted the development of nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin M Ozdemir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-5048, USA
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Mandić LM, Aćimović JM, Jovanović VB. The possibility of determining N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isoenzymes under alkaline conditions. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:384-9. [PMID: 15766740 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To have a reliable diagnostic test, the influence of urine pH on the determination of the total activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and NAG isoenzyme activities was studied. DESIGN AND METHODS After ultrafiltration and dialysis of the acidic and alkaline urines, the B, A, and A2 forms of NAG were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. RESULTS A significant decrease in the total activity of NAG in alkaline urines (pH around 8 or higher) was found, which makes this determination unreliable. Analysis of the isoenzymic profiles obtained for weakly acidic and alkaline urines (in the pH range from 5.5. to 10.0) showed that the percent fractions of the individual isoenzyme activities in the total NAG activity and their ratios changed only at pH values above 9.5. CONCLUSIONS The determination of the denoted isoenzymes of urinary NAG after ultrafiltration, dialysis, and chromatographic separation on DEAE cellulose is reliable in a wide range of alkaline pH values of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljuba M Mandić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 158, Studentski trg 16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Agras PI, Derbent M, Ozcay F, Baskin E, Turkoglu S, Aldemir D, Tokel K, Saatci U. Effect of Congenital Heart Disease on Renal Function in Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 99:p10-5. [PMID: 15637467 DOI: 10.1159/000081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Doughty MJ. A physiological perspective on the swelling properties of the mammalian corneal stroma. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2003; 26:117-29. [PMID: 16303507 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-0484(03)00048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present studies were designed to assess whether measurement of corneal stroma swelling in the laboratory, especially in non-physiological solutions, was associated with a measurable effect on the keratocytes. METHODS Complete corneal stroma preparations were made from quality- and age-selected recent post-mortem cattle eyes. These were either assessed immediately or incubated in three different solutions, namely a balanced salts solution with glucose (BSSG), isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or pure water. Incubations were carried out at 37 degrees C for 9h, and repeated measures of wet mass made so that the rates and extent of swelling could be determined. After incubation, an aqueous extract was made of the stroma for measurements of the levels the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. RESULTS The initial rates of swelling were lowest in BSSG, marginally faster in PBS and much faster in water. The secondary rates of swelling showed the same sequence being 10.0%/h in BSSG, 14.8%/h in PBS and 34.2%/h in water. Compared to non-incubated preparations, reductions in all three enzyme activities occurred. For LDH, these were 15% with BSSG, 40% in PBS and 80% with water. Similar results were seen with ALDH activity when comparing the three incubation solutions, while incubation in BSSG also resulted in a substantial (40%) reduction in N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity. CONCLUSIONS When immersed in an isotonic BSSG with added glucose at 37 degrees C, the swelling of a complete bovine corneal stroma is much less than smaller pieces of stroma, and also slightly less than if isotonic PBS was used. With the use of BSSG, little or no change in cytoplasmic enzyme activities occurred, but measurable decreases were noted with PBS and very substantial decreases when water was used, indicating a toxic effect on the keratocytes. The observation that substantial decreases in a lysosomal enzyme activity could occur even with the use of BSSG indicate substantial stress is imposed on the stroma during these types of experiments. Notwithstanding, the data collectively indicate that the keratocyte cells within the collagen matrix of the stroma can be substantially damaged and this needs to be taken into account in future experiments on the true physiology of the corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Doughty
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow-Caledonian University, City Campus, Glasgow G4 OBA, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Finazzi Agrò E, Micali S, Maccarrone M, D'Amico A, Vespasiani G, Pasqualetti P, Caltagirone C. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase concentration in patients with spinal cord injury: relationship with urodynamic parameters. Urology 2001; 58:870-4. [PMID: 11744448 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationships between urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) concentrations and urodynamic parameters in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). NAG has been proposed as a marker of renal damage. METHODS Twenty-three patients with SCI were evaluated with urodynamic studies. Urine samples were collected from the 23 patients and 10 healthy volunteers, the NAG levels were evaluated, and the urodynamic parameters were compared with the urinary NAG levels. The patients were divided into two groups according to the amplitude of the hyperreflexic detrusor contractions (HDCs): group A, patients with an HDC amplitude of 40 cm H(2)O or greater, and group B, patients with an HDC amplitude of less than 40 cm H(2)O; group C was composed of healthy volunteers. The urinary NAG concentrations in the three groups were compared. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between the urinary NAG levels and the HDC amplitude and detrusor leak point pressure (P = 0.015 and 0.007, respectively). The urinary NAG concentration was 3.38 U/g in group A, 2.14 U/g in group B, and 2.12 U/g in group C. The differences in the urinary NAG concentrations between groups A and B and between groups A and C were statistically significant (P = 0.03 and P <0.001, respectively). The concentrations between groups B and C were comparable. CONCLUSIONS In our experience, the only urodynamic parameters that clearly and positively correlated with the urinary NAG levels were those expressing the amplitude of intravesical pressure. This result stresses the importance of reducing the intravesical pressure in patients with SCI using alternative treatments or surgical procedures if the usual conservative therapies are not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Finazzi Agrò
- Department of Urology, University "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
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