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Bullock KM, Burton D, Corona J, Diederich A, Glover B, Harvey K, Mitchell MB, Trone MD, Yule R, Zhang Y, Toczko JF. Process Development and Scale-Up of a PPARγ Agonist: Selection of the Manufacture Route. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op800211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Bullock
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Delphilia Burton
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - John Corona
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Ann Diederich
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Bobby Glover
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Kim Harvey
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Mark B. Mitchell
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Mark D. Trone
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Robert Yule
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Yong Zhang
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer F. Toczko
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A
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Buysschaert M, Bobbioni E, Starkie M, Frith L. Troglitazone in combination with sulphonylurea improves glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by sulphonylurea therapy alone. Troglitazone Study Group. Diabet Med 1999; 16:147-53. [PMID: 10229309 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of troglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist developed primarily for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)), 100 or 200mg/day, in terms of glycaemic control, lipid profile and tolerability, when given in addition to existing sulphonylurea therapy. METHODS A 16-week, randomized, parallel-group placebo-controlled trial in 259 Type 2 diabetic patients already on sulphonylurea therapy. RESULTS At week 16, adjusted geometric mean HbA1c with troglitazone 100mg (7.7%; P=0.023) and 200mg (7.4%; P<0.001) was lower with sulphonylurea alone (8.2%). At all weeks, adjusted geometric mean fasting serum glucose levels were lower in both troglitazone groups, compared with sulphonylurea alone (P=0.007 to P<0.001). At week 16, both troglitazone groups showed reductions in immune reactive insulin compared with sulphonylurea alone (200mg, 13%; P=0.032: 100mg, 5%; NS). Troglitazone reduced serum levels of nonesterified fatty acids at week 16 (100 g, 12%; P=0.042) and at all weeks (200mg, 17-24%; P=0.014 to P<0.001). The incidence of drug-related adverse events was similar in all groups (23-24% of patients). There was no apparent association between hypoglycaemia and the addition of troglitazone to sulphonylurea therapy. CONCLUSIONS Troglitazone 100 or 200 mg added to usual sulphonylurea therapy in patients with Type 2 DM is associated with a significant improvement in glycaemic control, without altering the adverse-event profile of the sulphonylurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buysschaert
- Service d'Endocrinologie et Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Henke BR, Blanchard SG, Brackeen MF, Brown KK, Cobb JE, Collins JL, Harrington WW, Hashim MA, Hull-Ryde EA, Kaldor I, Kliewer SA, Lake DH, Leesnitzer LM, Lehmann JM, Lenhard JM, Orband-Miller LA, Miller JF, Mook RA, Noble SA, Oliver W, Parks DJ, Plunket KD, Szewczyk JR, Willson TM. N-(2-Benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine PPARgamma agonists. 1. Discovery of a novel series of potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agents. J Med Chem 1998; 41:5020-36. [PMID: 9836620 DOI: 10.1021/jm9804127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel series of antidiabetic N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine derivatives which are potent, selective PPARgamma agonists. Through the use of in vitro PPARgamma binding and functional assays (2S)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-((1-methyl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropenyl)+ ++amin o)propionic acid (2) was identified as a structurally novel PPARgamma agonist. Structure-activity relationships identified the 2-aminobenzophenone moiety as a suitable isostere for the chemically labile enaminone moiety in compound 2, affording 2-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)propionic acid (9). Replacement of the benzyl group in 9 with substituents known to confer in vivo potency in the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic agents provided a dramatic increase in the in vitro functional potency and affinity at PPARgamma, affording a series of potent and selective PPARgamma agonists exemplified by (2S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-¿4-[2-(methylpyridin-2-ylamino+ ++)ethoxy ]phenyl¿propionic acid (18), 3-¿4-[2-(benzoxazol-2-ylmethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl¿-(2S)-((2- benzoylph enyl)amino)propanoic acid (19), and (2S)-((2-benzoylphenyl)amino)-3-¿4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-y l)e thoxy]phenyl¿propanoic acid (20). Compounds 18 and 20 show potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity when given orally in two rodent models of type 2 diabetes. In addition, these analogues are readily prepared in chiral nonracemic fashion from L-tyrosine and do not show a propensity to undergo racemization in vitro. The increased potency of these PPARgamma agonists relative to troglitazone may translate into superior clinical efficacy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Henke
- Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Young MA, Eckland DJ, Eastmond R, Lettis S. Establishing the dose response curve for metabolic control with troglitazone, an insulin action enhancer, in type 2 diabetes patients. Ann Med 1998; 30:206-12. [PMID: 9667800 DOI: 10.3109/07853899808999405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Troglitazone is a novel once-daily oral antidiabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes patients. Here, we report the overall dose response characteristics of troglitazone, with respect to effects on metabolic control, using a pharmacodynamic model. Data from week 12 from two previously reported double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging multicentre studies examining once-daily doses of 10, 30, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg of troglitazone were combined for the analyses. The pharmacodynamic relationships for relevant parameters of metabolic control were modelled using a nonlinear regression modelling programme. The troglitazone dose-concentration relationship was linear over 10-800 mg. Using an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model, ED50 values of approximately 100 mg and 200 mg were found for fasting serum glucose and triglycerides, respectively. The 200 mg dose for HbA1c showed an inconsistent reduction compared with placebo between the two studies; this illustrates the difficulties associated with comparing results from different assay techniques. Insulin and nonesterified fatty acid reductions compared with placebo were not consistent between studies, and no pharmacodynamic modelling was possible. No changes in body weight were observed at any dose. Troglitazone was as well tolerated as placebo across the dose range investigated. This pharmacodynamic analysis has established that 200-600 mg once daily can be considered the therapeutic dose range of troglitazone that significantly improves metabolic control in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Young
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Ltd, Greenford, Middlesex, UK.
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