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Pedatella S, Cerchia C, Manfra M, Cioce A, Bolognese A, Lavecchia A. Antitumor agents 7. Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and molecular modeling of new l-lysine-conjugated pyridophenoxazinones as potent DNA-binding ligands and topoisomerase IIα inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111960. [PMID: 31869654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of l-lysine-conjugated pyridophenoxazinones 2-5 and 2'-5' were designed and synthesized for developing compounds with multimodal anticancer potentialities. All compounds inhibited the proliferation of a panel of human liquid and solid neoplastic cell lines. 2 and 5 were the most active compounds with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. UV-vis, 1H NMR, unwinding, and docking experiments demonstrated that they intercalate between the middle 5'-GC-3' base pairs with the carboxamide side chain lying into major groove. Charge-transfer contribution to the complex stability, evaluated by ab initio calculations, was found to correlate with cytotoxicity. Relaxation and cleavage assays showed that 2 and 5 selectively target Topo IIα over Topo IIβ and stimulate the formation of covalent Topo II-DNA complexes, functioning as poisons. Moreover, compound 5 induced DNA damage and arrested MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase. Altogether, the work provides interesting structure-activity relationships in the pyridophenoxazinone-l-lysine conjugate series and identifies 5 as a promising candidate for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pedatella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cynthia 6, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Anna Cioce
- Department of Glycotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adele Bolognese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cynthia 6, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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2
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Ochwang'i DO, Kimwele CN, Oduma JA, Gathumbi PK, Kiama SG, Efferth T. Cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants of the Kakamega County (Kenya) against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:233-240. [PMID: 29309859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The geographical location of Kakamega County proximal to the Kakamega Rain Forest in Kenya and its rich flora represents an interesting resource of traditional medicinal plants. The medicinal plants in the present study are traditionally used to treat cancer in Kakamega County as recorded in published literature. AIM OF THE STUDY Due to multidrug resistance (MDR) and severe side effects of currently used drugs in clinical oncology, new candidate compounds are urgently required to improve treatment outcome. The present study explored the in vitro cytotoxic potential of 34 organic and 19 aqueous extracts of Kakamega medicinal plants towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS The cytotoxicity was determined using the resazurin assay. Eight organic and two aqueous plant extracts inhibited the growth of CCRF-CEM leukemia cells by more than 50%. The organic extracts were Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex poir (6.6% of untreated control), Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (19.4%), Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich (38.6%), Phyllanthus fischeri Pax (40.7%), Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Esser Synonym: Sapium ellipticum (Hochst. kraus) Pax (41.8%), Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (45.4%) and Futumia africana Benth. (45.8%) and Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze (48%). The aqueous extracts were Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (31.3%) and Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Esser Synonym: Sapium ellipticum (Hochst. Kraus) Pax (48.2%). In addition to P-glycoprotein-expressing tumor cells, we also investigated other mechanisms of drug resistance, i.e. BCRP- or EGFR-transfected and TP53-knockout tumor cells. Some extracts also showed considerable cytotoxic activity against these drug-resistant cell lines. As demonstrated for selected examples, some extracts exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, if applied in combination with other extracts. DISCUSSION The panel of medicinal plants used in the Kakamega County for cancer treatment revealed indeed cytotoxicity to various extent towards cancer cells in vitro. Hence, our results may at least in part substantiate the traditional use of these compounds to treat cancer. Even more interesting, several extracts inhibited otherwise drug-resistant tumor cell lines with similar or even better efficacy than their drug-sensitive counterparts. This provides an attractive perspective for further exploration of their anticancer potential to combat drug resistance of refractory tumors.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Medicine, African Traditional
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxazines/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Xanthenes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Charles N Kimwele
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jemimah A Oduma
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Peter K Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Anthraquinone antitumour agents, doxorubicin, pirarubicin and benzoperimidine BP1, trigger caspase-3/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis of leukaemia sensitive HL60 and resistant HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:380-92. [PMID: 22198116 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834f8ab4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of selected anthraquinone antitumour agents - doxorubicin (DOX), pirarubicin (PIRA) and benzoperimidine BP1 - on inducing apoptosis of the sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line and its multidrug resistance sublines overexpressing P-glycoprotein (HL60/VINC) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (HL60/DOX). All agents used at IC50 and IC90 were able to influence the cell cycle of sensitive HL60 and resistant cells and induce apoptosis. Interestingly, it was seen that HL60/VINC cells were more susceptible to undergo caspase-3/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis induced by the studied anthraquinone compounds compared with HL60 and HL60/DOX cells. However, the examined agents did not change the expression of Fas receptors on the surface of HL60-sensitive and-resistant cells.
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4
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Role of structural factors of antitumour anthraquinone derivatives and analogues in the ability to undergo bioreductive activation by NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. Implications for increasing the activity against sensitive and multidrug-resistant leukaemia HL60 cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:393-405. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834fcf4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Zheng Z, Aojula H, Clarke D. Reduction of doxorubicin resistance in P-glycoprotein overexpressing cells by hybrid cell-penetrating and drug-binding peptide. J Drug Target 2010; 18:477-87. [PMID: 20088680 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903548347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug efflux by the membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a key role in multidrug resistance (MDR). In order to bypass P-gp, thus overcoming MDR, a hybrid peptide comprising a cell penetrating peptide (Tat) and a drug binding motif (DBM) has been developed to noncovalently bind and deliver doxorubicin (Dox) into MDR cells. The uptake of Dox into the leukemia cell line K562 and its P-gp overexpressing subline KD30 increased in the presence of DBM-Tat peptide. Confocal microscopy indicated that DBM-Tat associated Dox was directed to a perinuclear area of KD30 cells, while this was not observed in parent K562 cells. When KD30 cells were pretreated with the endosomotropic agent chloroquine (CLQ), peptide associated Dox redistributed into the cytosol, indicating that endocytosis was the predominant uptake route. Altered drug uptake kinetics observed by cellular accumulation assay also supported an endocytic uptake. In the presence of CLQ, DBM-Tat was able to enhance the cytotoxicity of Dox by 68.4% at 5 microM peptide concentration in KD30 cells but there were only minor effects on Dox cytotoxicity in K562 cells even in the presence of CLQ. Thus, combining Dox with DBM-Tat reduces P-gp mediated drug efflux, without a requirement for drug modification or inhibiting P-gp function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Paine MJI, Wolf CR, Tarasiuk J. The role of bioreductive activation of doxorubicin in cytotoxic activity against leukaemia HL60-sensitive cell line and its multidrug-resistant sublines. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:89-97. [PMID: 15942634 PMCID: PMC2361480 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical usefulness of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the presence of membrane transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein, MRP1) responsible for the active efflux of drugs out of resistant cells. Doxorubicin is a well-known bioreductive antitumour drug. Its ability to undergo a one-electron reduction by cellular oxidoreductases is related to the formation of an unstable semiquionone radical and followed by the production of reactive oxygen species. There is an increasing body of evidence that the activation of bioreductive drugs could result in the alkylation or crosslinking binding of DNA and lead to the significant increase in the cytotoxic activity against tumour cells. The aim of this study was to examine the role of reductive activation of DOX by the human liver NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in increasing its cytotoxic activity especially in regard to MDR tumour cells. It has been evidenced that, upon CPR catalysis, DOX underwent only the redox cycling (at low NADPH concentration) or a multistage chemical transformation (at high NADPH concentration). It was also found, using superoxide dismutase (SOD), that the first stage undergoing reductive activation according to the mechanism of the redox cycling had the key importance for the metabolic conversion of DOX. In the second part of this work, the ability of DOX to inhibit the growth of human promyelocytic-sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line as well as its MDR sublines exhibiting two different phenotypes of MDR related to the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (HL60/VINC) or MRP1 (HL60/DOX) was studied in the presence of exogenously added CPR. Our assays showed that the presence of CPR catalysing only the redox cycling of DOX had no effect in increasing its cytotoxicity against sensitive and MDR tumour cells. In contrast, an important increase in cytotoxic activity of DOX after its reductive conversion by CPR was observed against HL60 as well as HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, 3a Felczaka St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - M J I Paine
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C R Wolf
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - J Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, 3a Felczaka St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, 3a Felczaka St, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland. E-mail:
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Stefańska B, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Antonini I, Martelli S, Arciemiuk M, Piwkowska A, Rogacka D, Borowski E. 2,7-Dihydro-3H-pyridazino[5,4,3-kl]acridin-3-one derivatives, novel type of cytotoxic agents active on multidrug-resistant cell lines. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1969-75. [PMID: 15727851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier postulated that the presence of a pyridazone ring fused with an anthracenedione moiety resulted in the analog's ability to overcome multidrug resistance of tumor cells [J. Med. Chem.1999, 42, 3494]. High cytotoxic activity of obtained anthrapyridazones [Bioorg. Med. Chem.2003, 11, 561] toward the resistant cell lines, prompted us to synthesize the similarly modified acridine compounds. A series of pyridazinoacridin-3-one derivatives (2b-h) were prepared from the reaction of 9-oxo-9,10-dihydroacridine-1-carboxylate with POCl(3), followed by addition of the appropriate (alkylamino)alkylhydrazines. In vitro cytotoxic activity toward sensitive and resistant leukemia cell lines: L1210, K562, K562/DX, HL-60, HL-60/VINC, and HL-60/DX, with various type of multidrug resistance (MDR and MRP) was determined. The compounds studied exhibited in comparison to the reference cytostatics (DX, MIT) desirable very low resistance indexes (RI). Variations have been observed depending upon the substituent and the type of drug exporting pump. The cytotoxic activities of examined compounds, as well as of model anthrapyridazone derivative PDZ, were lower than those of reference drugs (DX, MIT) due to their diminished affinity to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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8
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Dias N, Goossens JF, Baldeyrou B, Lansiaux A, Colson P, Di Salvo A, Bernal J, Turnbull A, Mincher DJ, Bailly C. Oxoazabenzo[de]anthracenes Conjugated to Amino Acids: Synthesis and Evaluation as DNA-Binding Antitumor Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:949-58. [PMID: 16029036 DOI: 10.1021/bc050065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of an original series of oxoazabenzo[de]anthracenes conjugated to an amino acid: Ala, Phe, Pro, Lys, or Gly (4a-e, respectively). The compounds, derived from 1,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione, were studied for DNA binding and cytotoxicity. Melting temperature, fluorescence quenching, and surface plasmon resonance methods all indicated that the lysine derivative 4d binds to DNA much more strongly that the Pro, Ala, and Gly conjugates whereas the Phe analogue showed the lowest DNA binding capacity. These compounds form intercalation complexes with DNA, as judged from electric linear dichroism and topoisomerase I-based DNA unwinding experiments. Preferential binding of 4d to defined sequences such as 5'-CTAAAGG and 5'-ATGC was evidenced by DNase I footprinting. This Lys conjugate was found to be over 20 times more cytotoxic to CEM human leukemia cells than the other conjugates, with an IC50 in the submicromolar range. A high antiproliferative activity, likely attributable to the enhanced DNA binding capacity, is maintained despite the incapacity of the compound to stabilize topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes. The cell cycle effects of 4d consisted in an S phase accumulation of cells coupled with a pro-apoptotic action (appearance of hypodiploid sub-G1 cells) which were confirmed by measuring the inhibition of BrdU incorporation into DNA and labeling of phosphatidylserine residues with annexin V-FITC by means of flow cytometry. Altogether, the work provides interesting structure-activity relationships in the oxoazabenzo[de]anthracene-amino acid conjugate series and identifies the lysine derivative 4d as a promising candidate for further in vivo evaluation and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dias
- INSERM U-524 et Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, IRCL, 59045 Lille, France
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9
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Tarasiuk J, Majewska E, Seksek O, Rogacka D, Antonini I, Garnier-Suillerot A, Borowski E. The role of structural factors in the kinetics of cellular uptake of pyrazoloacridines and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines: implications for overcoming multidrug resistance towards leukaemia K562/DOX cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1815-23. [PMID: 15450947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumour cells to a wide array of antitumour drugs, structurally diverse and having different mechanisms of action, constitutes the major obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer. Our approach to search for non-cross resistant antitumour agents is based on the rational design of derivatives, which have a high kinetics of passive cellular uptake rendering their active efflux by MDR exporting pumps inefficient. Recently, two families of acridine cytotoxic agents were obtained, pyrazoloacridines (PACs) and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines (PPACs). The aim of this study was to examine molecular basis of the reported differences in retaining cytotoxic activity of these derivatives at cellular level against resistant erythroleukaemia K562/DOX (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) cell line. The study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method, which allows continuous monitoring of the uptake and efflux of fluorescent molecules by living cells. It was demonstrated that the presence of two additional rings, pyrazole and pyrimidine, fused to the acridine chromophore structure (PPAC) favoured more rapid cellular diffusion than the presence of only one additional pyrazole ring (PAC). The presence of hydrophobic substituent OCH3 markedly favoured the cellular uptake of pyrazoloacridines and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines while compounds having hydrophilic substituent OH exhibited very low kinetics of cellular uptake. In contrast, it was found that neither structure of the ring system nor the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of examined substituents determined the rate of active efflux of these compounds by P-glycoprotein. Our data showed that a nearly linear relation exists between the resistance factor (RF) and lnV+ reflecting the impact of the cellular uptake rate (V+) on the ability of these compounds to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tarasiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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10
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Didziapetris R, Japertas P, Avdeef A, Petrauskas A. Classification analysis of P-glycoprotein substrate specificity. J Drug Target 2004; 11:391-406. [PMID: 15203928 DOI: 10.1080/10611860310001648248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of P-glycoprotein substrate specificity (S(PGP)) can be viewed as a constituent part of a compound's "pharmaceutical profiling" in drug design. This task is difficult to achieve due to several factors that raised many contradictory opinions: (i) the disparity between the S(PGP) values obtained in different assays, (ii) the confusion between Pgp substrates and inhibitors, (iii) the confusion between lipophilicity and amphiphilicity of Pgp substrates, and (iv) the dilemma of describing class-specific relationships when Pgp has no binding sites of high ligand specificity. In this work, we compiled S(PGP) data for 1000 compounds. All data were represented in a binary format, assigning S(PGP) = 1 for substrates and S(PGP) = 0 for non-substrates. Each value was ranked according to the reliability of experimental assay. Two data sets were considered. Set 1 included 220 compounds with S(PGP) from polarized transport across MDR1 transfected cell monolayers. Set 2 included the entire list of 1000 compounds, with S(PGP) values of generally lower reliability. Both sets were analysed using a stepwise classification structure-activity relationship (C-SAR) method, leading to derivation of simple rules for crude estimation of S(PGP) values. The obtained rules are based on the following factors: (i) compound's size expressed through molar weight or volume, (ii) H-accepting given by the Abraham's beta (that can be crudely approximated by the sum of O and N atoms), and (iii) ionization given by the acid and base pKa values. Very roughly, S(PGP) can be estimated by the "rule of fours". Compounds with (N + O) > or = 8, MW > 400 and acid pKa > 4 are likely to be Pgp substrates, whereas compounds with (N + O) < or = 4, MW < 400 and base pKa < 8 are likely to be non-substrates. The obtained results support the view that Pgp functioning can be compared to a complex "mini-pharmacokinetic" system with fuzzy specificity. This system can be described by a probabilistic version of Abraham's solvation equation, suggesting a certain similarity between Pgp transport and chromatographic retention. The chromatographic model does not work in the case of "marginal" compounds with properties close to the "global" physicochemical cut-offs. In the latter case various class-specific rules must be considered. These can be associated with the "amphiphilicity" and "biological similarity" of compounds. The definition of class-specific effects entails construction of the knowledge base that can be very useful in ADME profiling of new drugs.
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Koehler A, Alpermann T, Lauritzen B, Van Noorden CJF. Clonal xenobiotic resistance during pollution-induced toxic injury and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in liver of female flounder (Platichthys flesus (L.)). Acta Histochem 2004; 106:155-70. [PMID: 15147637 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile and adult female flounder (Platichthys flesus (L.)) were caught either in the estuary of the most polluted European river, the Elbe, or as controls in a reference site to study pollution-induced xenobiotic resistance in their livers in relation to pathological alterations. In juvenile fish, livers displayed reversible and irreversible degenerative toxipathic lesion types but never showed (pre)neoplastic changes. Tumour frequencies up to 70% were found macroscopically in livers of adult female flounder which had progressed to adenomas and carcinomas in the most polluted site. Because male adult flounder show only up to 50% of livers containing early preneoplastic foci but never malignancies, we focussed our study on female individuals. (Pre)neoplastic changes ranged from early eosinophilic foci to basophilic foci, adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Adenomas were generally eosinophilic whereas carcinomas were mainly basophilic. These phenotypical sequential changes strongly resemble those found in chemically-induced liver carcinogenesis in mammals. Characteristic mutations known from mammalian cancers have not been found so far in these flounder livers. Therefore, we investigated whether epigenetic events had induced a metabolic "resistant phenotype" of (pre)malignant cancer cells during hepatocellular carcinogenesis. With a quantitative immunohistochemical approach, we studied expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multixenobiotic resistance (MXR), cytochrome P4501A1, glutathione-S-transferase-A which are key proteins in xenobiotic metabolism and elimination. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, the major source of the reducing power NADPH which is needed for biotransformation, oxyradical scavenging and biosynthesis, was detected as well. We observed upregulation of G6PDH activity already in early preneoplastic eosinophilic foci and subsequent further upregulation in basophilic foci and carcinomas. P-gp started to become overexpressed in basophilic foci and was overexpressed even more strongly in carcinomas and their invasively-growing protrusions (satellites). In carcinomas, P-gp protein was predominantly present in membranes of lysosomes which are the intracellular sites of deposition of xenobiotics. CYP450 was reduced whereas GST-A was increased in these carcinomas. Progression towards malignancy was positively correlated with levels of mitogenic organochlorines in these livers which are "fingerprint contaminants" of the river Elbe. We conclude that (pre)neoplastic hepatocytes in female flounder acquire growth advantages over normal hepatocytes by epigenetic metabolic adaptations during liver carcinogenesis as a result of chronic exposure to (pro)carcinogens in the polluted habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Koehler
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Marine and Polar Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Haus C, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
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12
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Głowacka-Rogacka D, Arciemiuk M, Kupiec A, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Borowski E, Tarasiuk J. The activity of latent benzoperimidine esters to inhibit P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 dependent efflux of pirarubicin from several lines of multidrug resistant tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 28:283-93. [PMID: 15350632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/03/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance of tumor cells is associated with the presence of membrane proteins responsible for the cytostatics export. Recently, we have synthesized a new family of benzoperimidines causing the futile cycle of MDR pumps. In this study, biological data for benzoperimidine esters are presented for selected cell lines: sensitive (HL-60, GLC4, K562), P-gp resistant (HL-60/VINC, K562/DX), MRP1 resistant (HL-60/DX) and MRP1/LRP resistant (GLC4/DX). Their ability to inhibit the efflux of anthracycline antitumor drug, pirarubicin and to restore its accumulation in MDR cells was studied using a spectrofluorometric method which allows to follow the uptake and efflux of fluorescent molecules by living cells. Benzoperimidine esters had high effectiveness in inhibiting pirarubicin efflux and in restoring its accumulation in resistant cells. In contrast, examined esters were less active in vitro in restoration of pirarubicin cytotoxicity towards resistant cells because an enzymatic cleavage of esters occurs in presence of serum esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Głowacka-Rogacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Stefańska B, Arciemiuk M, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Dzieduszycka M, Kupiec A, Martelli S, Borowski E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,7-Dihydro-3H-dibenzo[de,h]cinnoline-3,7-dione derivatives, a novel group of anticancer agents active on a multidrug resistant cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:561-72. [PMID: 12538021 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of anthrapyridazone derivatives with one or two basic side chains at various positions in the tetracyclic chromophore have been synthesized. The key intermediates in the synthesis are 2,7-dihydro-3H-dibenzo[de,h]cinnoline-3,7-diones 1, 12 and 15 monosubstituted at position 2 (4d, 16a-e), or 6 (2a-f) or disubstituted at positions 2 and 6 (4a-c) or 2 and 8 (17a-e) with appropriate alkylaminoalkylamines. All analogues showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia (L1210) and human leukemia (K562) cell lines. The compounds were also active against human leukemia multidrug resistant (K562/DX) cell line with resistance index (RI) in the range 1-3 depending on the compound's structure. Two of the most active in vitro compounds 4a and 11 were tested in vivo against murine P388 leukemia and displayed antileukemic activity comparable with that of Mitoxantrone. DNA-binding assays were performed and DNA affinity data were correlated with the structures of the compounds. The cytoplasmatic membrane affinity values (log k'(IAM)) have also been determined and the correlation with the resistance indexes discussed. The anthrapyridazones constitute a novel group of antitumor compounds that can overcome multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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Yang JY, Luo HY, Lin QY, Liu ZM, Yan LN, Lin P, Zhang J, Lei S. Subcellular daunorubicin distribution and its relation to multidrug resistance phenotype in drug-resistant cell line SMMC-7721/R. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:644-9. [PMID: 12174371 PMCID: PMC4656313 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i4.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation between subcellular daunorubicin distribution and the multidrug resistance phenotype in drug-resistant cell line SMMC-7721/R.
METHODS: The multidrug resistant cell line SMMC-7721/R, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, was established. Antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) were used to obtain different multidrug resistance phenotypes by inhibiting the expression of mdr1 gene and/or multidrug resistance-related protein gene (mrp) using Lipofectamine as delivery agent. Expression of mdr1 and mrp genes was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Intracellular daunorubicin (DNR) concentration was measured by flow cytometry. Subcellular DNR distribution was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Adriamycin (ADM) and DNR sensitivity was examined by MTT method.
RESULTS: Low level expression of mdr1 and mrp mRNAs and no expression of P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-related protein (P190) were detected in parental sensitive cells SMMC-7721/S, but over-expression of these two genes was observed in drug-resistant cell SMMC-7721/R. The expression of mdr1 and mrp genes in SMMC-7721/R cells was down-regulated to the level in the SMMC-7721/S cells by AS-ODN. Intracellular DNR concentration in SMMC-7721/S cells was 10 times higher than that in SMMC-7721/R cells. In SMMC7721/S cells intracellular DNR distributed evenly in the nucleus and cytoplasm, while in SMMC-7721/R cells DNR distributed in a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm and was reduced in the nucleus. DNR concentration in SMMC-7721/R cells co-transfected with AS-ODNs targeting to mdr1 and mrp mRNAs recovered to 25 percent of that in SMMC7721/S cells. Intracellular DNR distribution pattern in drug-resistant cells treated by AS-ODN was similar to drug-sensitive cell, and the cells resistance index (RI) to DNR and ADM decreased at most from 88.0 and 116.0 to 4.0 and 2.3, respectively. Co-Transfection of two AS-ODNs showed a stronger synergistic effect than separate transfection.
CONCLUSIONS: P-gp and P190 are two members mediating MDR in cell line SMMC7721/R. Intracellular drug concentration increase and subcellular distribution change are two important factors in multidrug resistance (MDR) formation. The second factor, drugs transport by P-gp and P190 from cell nucleus to organell in cytoplasm, may play a more important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Yang
- Department of General surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Teodori E, Dei S, Scapecchi S, Gualtieri F. The medicinal chemistry of multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing drugs. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:385-415. [PMID: 12058813 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a kind of resistance of cancer cells to multiple classes of chemotherapic drugs that can be structurally and mechanistically unrelated. Classical MDR regards altered membrane transport that results in lower cell concentrations of cytotoxic drug and is related to the over expression of a variety of proteins that act as ATP-dependent extrusion pumps. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) are the most important and widely studied members of the family that belongs to the ABC superfamily of transporters. It is apparent that, besides their role in cancer cell resistance, these proteins have multiple physiological functions as well, since they are expressed also in many important non-tumoural tissues and are largely present in prokaryotic organisms. A number of drugs have been identified which are able to reverse the effects of Pgp, MRPI and sister proteins, on multidrug resistance. The first MDR modulators discovered and studied in clinical trials were endowed with definite pharmacological actions so that the doses required to overcome MDR were associated with unacceptably high side effects. As a consequence, much attention has been focused on developing more potent and selective modulators with proper potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetics that can be used at lower doses. Several novel MDR reversing agents (also known as chemosensitisers) are currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of resistant tumours. This review is concerned with the medicinal chemistry of MDR reversers, with particular attention to the drugs that are presently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teodori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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16
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Tarasiuk J, Stefańska B, Plodzich I, Tkaczyk-Gobis K, Seksek O, Martelli S, Garnier-Suillerot A, Borowski E. Anthrapyridones, a novel group of antitumour non-cross resistant anthraquinone analogues. Synthesis and molecular basis of the cytotoxic activity towards K562/DOX cells. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1513-23. [PMID: 11906965 PMCID: PMC1573273 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Multidrug resistance (MDR) to antitumour agents, structurally dissimilar and having different intracellular targets, is the major problem in cancer therapy. MDR phenomenon is associated with the presence of membrane proteins which belong to the ATP-binding cassette family transporters responsible for the active drug efflux leading to the decreased intracellular accumulation. 2. The search of new compounds able to overcome MDR is of prime importance. 3. Recently we have synthesized a new family of anthrapyridone compounds. The series contained derivatives modified with appropriate hydrophobic or hydrophylic substituents at the side chain. 4. The interaction of these derivatives with erythroleukemia K562 sensitive and K562/DOX resistant (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) cell lines has been examined. The study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method which allows to continuously follow the uptake and efflux of fluorescent molecules by living cells. 5. It was demonstrated that the increase in the lipophilicity of anthrapyridones favoured the very fast cellular uptake exceeding the rate of P-gp dependent efflux out of the cell. For these derivatives, very high accumulation (the same for sensitive and resistant cells) was observed and the in vitro biological data confirmed that these compounds exhibited comparable cytotoxic activity towards sensitive and P-gp resistant cell line. In contrast, anthrapyridones modified with hydrophylic substituents exhibited relatively low kinetics of cellular uptake. 6. For these derivatives decreased accumulation in resistant cells was observed and the in vitro biological data demonstrated that they were much less active against P-gp resistant cells in comparison to sensitive cells. 7. We also studied, using confocal microscopy, the intracellular distribution of anthrapyridones in NIH-3T3 cells. Our data showed that these compounds were strongly accumulated in the nucleus and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tarasiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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