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Zhang Y, Schernthaner J, Labbé N, Hefford MA, Zhao J, Simmonds DH. Improved protein quality in transgenic soybean expressing a de novo synthetic protein, MB-16. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:455-67. [PMID: 24435987 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed nutritional quality, a synthetic gene, MB-16 was introduced into the soybean genome to boost seed methionine content. MB-16, an 11 kDa de novo protein enriched in the essential amino acids (EAAs) methionine, threonine, lysine and leucine, was originally developed for expression in rumen bacteria. For efficient seed expression, constructs were designed using the soybean codon bias, with and without the KDEL ER retention sequence, and β-conglycinin or cruciferin seed specific protein storage promoters. Homozygous lines, with single locus integrations, were identified for several transgenic events. Transgene transmission and MB-16 protein expression were confirmed to the T5 and T7 generations, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of developing seed showed that the transcript peaked in growing seed, 5-6 mm long, remained at this peak level to the full-sized green seed and then was significantly reduced in maturing yellow seed. Transformed events carrying constructs with the rumen bacteria codon preference showed the same transcription pattern as those with the soybean codon preference, but the transcript levels were lower at each developmental stage. MB-16 protein levels, as determined by immunoblots, were highest in full-sized green seed but the protein virtually disappeared in mature seed. However, amino acid analysis of mature seed, in the best transgenic line, showed a significant increase of 16.2 and 65.9 % in methionine and cysteine, respectively, as compared to the parent. This indicates that MB-16 elevated the sulfur amino acids, improved the EAA seed profile and confirms that a de novo synthetic gene can enhance the nutritional quality of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Zhang
- Eastern Cereals and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A0C6, Canada
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Rajasekaran A, Kalaivani M. Designer foods and their benefits: A review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 50:1-16. [PMID: 24425882 PMCID: PMC3550947 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Designer foods are normal foods fortified with health promoting ingredients. These foods are similar in appearance to normal foods and are consumed regularly as a part of diet. In this article we have reviewed the global regulatory status and benefits of available designer foods such as designer egg, designer milk, designer grains, probiotics, designer foods enriched with micro and macronutrients and designer proteins. Designer foods are produced by the process of fortification or nutrification. With the advances in the biotechnology, biofortification of foods using technologies such as recombinant DNA technology and fermentation procedures are gaining advantage in the industry. The ultimate acceptability and extensive use of designer foods depend on proper regulation in the market by the regulatory authorities of the country and by creating consumer awareness about their health benefits through various nationwide programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rajasekaran
- />KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore, 641 048 Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Kalaivani
- />Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh India
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Beauregard M, Hefford MA. Enhancement of essential amino acid contents in crops by genetic engineering and protein design. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:561-74. [PMID: 17309730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance and urgency of providing humans and animals with quality proteins are reflected in the growing scientific and industrial interest in augmenting the nutritive value of the world's protein sources. Such nutritive value is determined by the protein content in 'essential amino acids', those that cannot be synthesized de novo and that must be supplied from the diet. It is the object of this review to discuss recent advances in the genetic modification of crops that aim to provide enhanced quantities of essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Beauregard
- Plant Biology Group, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, G9A 5H7.
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Khoudi H, Beauregard M. The de novo designed nutritive protein MB-1Trp does not resist proteolytic degradation in alfalfa leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:1039-43. [PMID: 16386425 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported on a de novo designed protein "milk bundle-1Trp" (MB-1Trp) as a source of selected essential amino acids (EAA) for ruminant feeding. Here, we attempt to express this de novo designed protein in alfalfa. The microbial version of the gene encoding the protein was modified in order to achieve two expression strategies in transgenic alfalfa plants. Chimeric MB-1Trp genes alone or fused to a signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence were introduced into alfalfa via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on individual transgenic lines demonstrated that the MB-1Trp gene was correctly integrated and transcribed into mRNA. However, under our conditions, it was impossible to detect MB-1Trp protein expression in any of the transgenic plants analyzed. In order to assess MB-1Trp stability in alfalfa, Escherichia coli-derived MB-1Trp was incubated with proteins extracted from leaves of a non-transgenic plant. This study revealed a high susceptibility of mature MB-1Trp to alfalfa proteases, which may have contributed to its lack of accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Khoudi
- Plant Biology Research Group, Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Que., Canada G9A5H7
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Ouameur AA, Mangier E, Diamantoglou S, Rouillon R, Carpentier R, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Effects of organic and inorganic polyamine cations on the structure of human serum albumin. Biopolymers 2004; 73:503-9. [PMID: 14991668 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The presence of several high affinity binding sites on human serum albumin (HSA) makes it a possible target for many organic and inorganic molecules. Organic polyamines are widely distributed in living cells and their biological roles have been associated with their physical and chemical interactions with proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. This study is designed to examine the effects of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and cobalt [Co(III)]-hexamine cations on the solution structure of HSA using Fourier transform IR, UV-visible, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic results show that polyamine cations are located along the polypeptide chains with no specific interaction. The order of perturbations is associated with the number of positive charges of the polyamine cation: spermine > Co(III)-hexamine > spermidine > putrescine. The overall binding constants are 1.7 x 10(4), 1.1 x 10(4), 5.4 x 10(3), and 3.9 x 10(3)M(-1), respectively. The protein conformation is altered (IR and CD data) with reductions of alpha helices from 60 to 55% for free HSA to 50-40% and with increases of beta structures from 22 to 15% for free HSA to 33-23% in the presence of polyamine cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed Ouameur
- GREIB, Département de Chemie-Biologie, Université du Québec á Trois-Riviéres, C. P. 500, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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Gaudreau S, Novetta-Dellen A, Neault JF, Diamantoglou S, Tajmir-Riahi HA. 3?-Azido-3?-deoxythymidine binding to ribonuclease A: Model for drug-protein interaction. Biopolymers 2003; 72:435-41. [PMID: 14587066 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease A (RNase A) with several high affinity binding sites is a possible target for many organic and inorganic molecules. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is the first clinically effective drug for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The drug interactions with protein and nucleic acids are associated with its mechanism of action in vivo. This study was designed to examine the interaction of AZT with RNase A under physiological conditions. Reaction mixtures of constant protein concentration (2%) and different drug contents (0.0001-0.1 mM) are studied by UV-visible, FTIR, and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods in order to determine the drug binding mode, the drug binding constant, and the effects of drug complexation on the protein and AZT conformations in aqueous solution. The spectroscopic results showed one major binding for the AZT-RNase complexes with an overall binding constant of 5.29 x 10(5) M(-1). An increase in the protein alpha helicity was observed upon AZT interaction, whereas drug sugar pucker remained in the C2'-endo/anti conformation in the AZT-RNase complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaudreau
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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Gaudreau S, Neault JF, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Interaction of AZT with human serum albumin studied by capillary electrophoresis, FTIR and CD spectroscopic methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2002; 19:1007-14. [PMID: 12023803 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2002.10506804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The thymidine analog 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is still one of the effective drugs against human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection. AZT has been used as inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the virus encoded enzyme which catalyzes transcription of viral RNA to DNA. The drug interaction with protein has been included in its mechanism of action. Human serum albumin (HSA) is a carrier of many drugs in vivo and thus AZT-HSA complexation can serve as a model for drug-protein interaction. This study was designed to examine the interaction of AZT with human serum albumin at physiological conditions using constant protein concentration (0.2% or 2%) and different drug contents (5 to 1000 microM). Capillary electrophoresis, FTIR and CD spectroscopic methods were used to determine the drug binding mode, the drug binding constant and the effects of drug-HSA complexation on the protein and AZT conformations in aqueous solution. Capillary electrophoresis and spectroscopic results showed two major bindings for the AZT-HSA complexes with K(1)=1.9 x 10(6) M(-1)and K(2)= 2.1 x 10(4) M(-1). Minor alterations of the protein secondary structure from that of the alpha-helix to beta-sheet were observed upon drug complexation, whereas the drug sugar pucker remained in the C2'-endo/anti conformation upon protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaudreau
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Mavromatis K, Tsigos I, Tzanodaskalaki M, Kokkinidis M, Bouriotis V. Exploring the role of a glycine cluster in cold adaptation of an alkaline phosphatase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2330-5. [PMID: 11985615 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to explore the role of glycine clusters on the cold adaptation of enzymes, we designed point mutations aiming to alter the distribution of glycine residues close to the active site of the psychrophilic alkaline phosphatase from the Antarctic strain TAB5. The mutagenesis targets were residues Gly261 and Gly262. The replacement of Gly262 by Ala resulted in an inactive enzyme. Substitution of Gly261 by Ala resulted to an enzyme with lower stability and increased energy of activation. The double mutant G261A/Y269A designed on the basis of side-chain packing criteria from a modelled structure of the enzyme resulted in restoration of the energy of activation to the levels of the native enzyme and in an increased stability compared to the mutant G261A. It seems therefore, that the Gly cluster in combination with its structural environment plays a significant role in the cold adaptation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mavromatis
- Department of Biology, Division of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, University of Crete, Greece
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Doucet A, Williams M, Gagnon MC, Sasseville M, Beauregard M. Engineering nutritious proteins: improvement of stability in the designer protein MB-1 via introduction of disulfide bridges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:92-98. [PMID: 11754549 DOI: 10.1021/jf010839d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein design is currently used for the creation of new proteins with desirable traits. In this laboratory the focus has been on the synthesis of proteins with high essential amino acid content having potential applications in animal nutrition. One of the limitations faced in this endeavor is achieving stable proteins despite a highly biased amino acid content. Reported here are the synthesis and characterization of two disulfide-bridged mutants derived from the MB-1 designer protein. Both mutants outperformed their parent protein MB-1 with their bridge formed, as shown by circular dichroism, size exclusion chromatography, thermal denaturation, and proteolytic degradation experiments. When the disulfide bridges were cleaved, the mutants' behavior changed: the mutants significantly unfolded, suggesting that the introduction of Cys residues was deleterious to MB-1-folding. In an attempt to compensate for the mutations used, a Tyr62-Trp mutation was performed, leading to an increase in bulk and hydrophobicity in the core. The Trp-containing disulfide-bridged mutants did not behave as well as the original MB-1Trp, suggesting that position 62 might not be adequate for a compensatory mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Doucet
- Groupe de Recherche en Energie et Information Biomoléculaire, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
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Doucet A, Beauregard M. A Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Protein Ladder Made of Disulfide-Bridged Proteins. Anal Biochem 2001; 292:296-7. [PMID: 11355864 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD79 Antigens
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/methods
- Escherichia coli
- Molecular Weight
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Reference Standards
- Staining and Labeling
- Transformation, Bacterial
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doucet
- Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
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