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Xie J, Fei X, Yan Q, Jiang T, Li Z, Chen H, Wang B, Chao Q, He Y, Fan Z, Wang L, Wang M, Shi L, Zhou T. The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co-opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1812-1832. [PMID: 38339894 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate-limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re-localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV-encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re-localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up-regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs-specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell-specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co-opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fei
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijin Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abraham PE, Hurtado Castano N, Cowan-Turner D, Barnes J, Poudel S, Hettich R, Flütsch S, Santelia D, Borland AM. Peeling back the layers of crassulacean acid metabolism: functional differentiation between Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi epidermis and mesophyll proteomes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:869-888. [PMID: 32314451 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized mode of photosynthesis that offers the potential to engineer improved water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought resilience in C3 plants while sustaining productivity in the hotter and drier climates that are predicted for much of the world. CAM species show an inverted pattern of stomatal opening and closing across the diel cycle, which conserves water and provides a means of maintaining growth in hot, water-limited environments. Recent genome sequencing of the constitutive model CAM species Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi provides a platform for elucidating the ensemble of proteins that link photosynthetic metabolism with stomatal movement, and that protect CAM plants from harsh environmental conditions. We describe a large-scale proteomics analysis to characterize and compare proteins, as well as diel changes in their abundance in guard cell-enriched epidermis and mesophyll cells from leaves of K. fedtschenkoi. Proteins implicated in processes that encompass respiration, the transport of water and CO2 , stomatal regulation, and CAM biochemistry are highlighted and discussed. Diel rescheduling of guard cell starch turnover in K. fedtschenkoi compared with that observed in Arabidopsis is reported and tissue-specific localization in the epidermis and mesophyll of isozymes implicated in starch and malate turnover are discussed in line with the contrasting roles for these metabolites within the CAM mesophyll and stomatal complex. These data reveal the proteins and the biological processes enriched in each layer and provide key information for studies aiming to adapt plants to hot and dry environments by modifying leaf physiology for improved plant sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Abraham
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Natalia Hurtado Castano
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel Cowan-Turner
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jeremy Barnes
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Suresh Poudel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Robert Hettich
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Lin H, Arrivault S, Coe RA, Karki S, Covshoff S, Bagunu E, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Furbank RT, Hibberd JM, Quick WP. A Partial C 4 Photosynthetic Biochemical Pathway in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564463. [PMID: 33178234 PMCID: PMC7593541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of a C4 photosynthetic pathway into C3 rice (Oryza sativa) requires installation of a biochemical pump that concentrates CO2 at the site of carboxylation in modified bundle sheath cells. To investigate the feasibility of this, we generated a quadruple line that simultaneously accumulates four of the core C4 photosynthetic enzymes from the NADP-malic enzyme subtype, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ZmPEPC), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), NADP-malic enzyme (ZmNADP-ME), and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (ZmPPDK). This led to enhanced enzyme activity and mild phenotypic perturbations but was largely neutral in its effects on photosynthetic rate. Measurements of the flux of 13CO2 through photosynthetic metabolism revealed a significant increase in the incorporation of 13C into malate, consistent with increased fixation of 13CO2 via PEP carboxylase in lines expressing the maize PEPC enzyme. However, there was no significant differences in labeling of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) indicating that there was no carbon flux through NADP-ME into the Calvin-Benson cycle. There was also no significant difference in labeling of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) indicating that there was no carbon flux through PPDK. Crossing the quadruple line with a line with reduced glycine decarboxylase H-protein (OsGDCH) abundance led to a photosynthetic phenotype characteristic of the reduced OsGDCH line and higher labeling of malate, aspartate and citrate than in the quintuple line. There was evidence of 13C labeling of aspartate indicating 13CO2 fixation into oxaloacetate by PEPC and conversion to aspartate by the endogenous aspartate aminotransferase activity. While Kranz anatomy or other anatomical modifications have not yet been installed in these plants to enable a fully functional C4 cycle, these results demonstrate for the first-time a partial flux through the carboxylation phase of NADP-ME C4 metabolism in transgenic rice containing two of the key metabolic steps in the C4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- HsiangChun Lin
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert A. Coe
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Shanta Karki
- National Centre for Fruit Development, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Efren Bagunu
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert T. Furbank
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: William Paul Quick,
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Zhang Y, Giuliani R, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Araujo WL, Wang B, Liu P, Sun Q, Cousins A, Edwards G, Fernie A, Brutnell TP, Li P. Characterization of maize leaf pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase using high throughput sequencing. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:670-690. [PMID: 29664234 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In C4 photosynthesis, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyzes the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in the carbon shuttle pathway. Although the biochemical function of PPDK in maize is well characterized, a genetic analysis of PPDK has not been reported. In this study, we use the maize transposable elements Mutator and Ds to generate multiple mutant alleles of PPDK. Loss-of-function mutants are seedling lethal, even when plants were grown under 2% CO2 , and they show very low capacity for CO2 assimilation, indicating C4 photosynthesis is essential in maize. Using RNA-seq and GC-MS technologies, we examined the transcriptional and metabolic responses to a deficiency in PPDK activity. These results indicate loss of PPDK results in downregulation of gene expression of enzymes of the C4 cycle, the Calvin cycle, and components of photochemistry. Furthermore, the loss of PPDK did not change Kranz anatomy, indicating that this metabolic defect in the C4 cycle did not impinge on the morphological differentiation of C4 characters. However, sugar metabolism and nitrogen utilization were altered in the mutants. An interaction between light intensity and genotype was also detected from transcriptome profiling, suggesting altered transcriptional and metabolic responses to environmental and endogenous signals in the PPDK mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Insitut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Wagner Luiz Araujo
- Max-Planck-Insitut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Baichen Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Life Sciences Core Laboratories Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Asaph Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Gerald Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Max-Planck-Insitut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Thomas P Brutnell
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Astley HM, Parsley K, Aubry S, Chastain CJ, Burnell JN, Webb ME, Hibberd JM. The pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase regulatory proteins of Arabidopsis are both bifunctional and interact with the catalytic and nucleotide-binding domains of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:1070-1080. [PMID: 21883547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in C(4) photosynthesis and is also found in C(3) plants. It is post-translationally modified by the PPDK regulatory protein (RP) that possesses both kinase and phosphotransferase activities. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PPDK lead to inactivation and activation respectively. Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes that encode chloroplastic (RP1) and cytosolic (RP2) isoforms of RP, and although RP1 has both kinase and phosphotransferase activities, to date RP2 has only been shown to act as a kinase. Here we demonstrate that RP2 is able to catalyse the dephosphorylation of PPDK, although at a slower rate than RP1 under the conditions of our assay. From yeast two-hybrid analysis we propose that RP1 binds to the central catalytic domain of PPDK, and that additional regions towards the carboxy and amino termini are required for a stable interaction between RP2 and PPDK. For 21 highly conserved amino acids in RP1, mutation of 15 of these reduced kinase and phosphotransferase activity, while mutation of six residues had no impact on either activity. We found no mutant in which only one activity was abolished. However, in some chimaeric fusions that comprised the amino and carboxy termini of RP1 and RP2 respectively, the kinase reaction was severely compromised but phosphotransferase activity remained unaffected. These findings are consistent with the findings that both RP1 and RP2 modulate reversibly the activity of PPDK, and possess one bifunctional active site or two separate sites in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Astley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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6
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Hart Y, Mayo AE, Milo R, Alon U. Robust control of PEP formation rate in the carbon fixation pathway of C(4) plants by a bi-functional enzyme. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:171. [PMID: 22024416 PMCID: PMC3240839 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background C4 plants such as corn and sugarcane assimilate atmospheric CO2 into biomass by means of the C4 carbon fixation pathway. We asked how PEP formation rate, a key step in the carbon fixation pathway, might work at a precise rate, regulated by light, despite fluctuations in substrate and enzyme levels constituting and regulating this process. Results We present a putative mechanism for robustness in C4 carbon fixation, involving a key enzyme in the pathway, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), which is regulated by a bifunctional enzyme, Regulatory Protein (RP). The robust mechanism is based on avidity of the bifunctional enzyme RP to its multimeric substrate PPDK, and on a product-inhibition feedback loop that couples the system output to the activity of the bifunctional regulator. The model provides an explanation for several unusual biochemical characteristics of the system and predicts that the system's output, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) formation rate, is insensitive to fluctuations in enzyme levels (PPDK and RP), substrate levels (ATP and pyruvate) and the catalytic rate of PPDK, while remaining sensitive to the system's input (light levels). Conclusions The presented PPDK mechanism is a new way to achieve robustness using product inhibition as a feedback loop on a bifunctional regulatory enzyme. This mechanism exhibits robustness to protein and metabolite levels as well as to catalytic rate changes. At the same time, the output of the system remains tuned to input levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Hart
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Chastain CJ. Chapter 15 Structure, Function, and Post-translational Regulation of C4 Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chastain CJ, Xu W, Parsley K, Sarath G, Hibberd JM, Chollet R. The pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase regulatory proteins of Arabidopsis possess a novel, unprecedented Ser/Thr protein kinase primary structure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:854-63. [PMID: 17996018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a ubiquitous, low-abundance metabolic enzyme of undetermined function in C3 plants. Its activity in C3 chloroplasts is light-regulated via reversible phosphorylation of an active-site Thr residue by the PPDK regulatory protein (RP), a most unusual bifunctional protein kinase (PK)/protein phosphatase (PP). In this paper we document the molecular cloning and functional analysis of the two unique C3 RPs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The first of these, AtRP1, encodes a typical chloroplast-targeted, bifunctional C4-like RP. The second RP gene, AtRP2, encodes a monofunctional polypeptide that possesses in vitro RP-like PK activity but lacks PP activity, and is localized in the cytosol. Notably, the deduced primary structures of these two highly homologous polypeptides are devoid of any canonical subdomain structure that unifies all known eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ser/Thr PKs into one of three superfamilies, despite the direct demonstration that AtRP1 is functionally a member of this group. Instead, these C3 RPs and the related C4 plant homologues encode a conserved, centrally positioned, approximately 260-residue sequence currently described as the 'domain of unknown function 299' (DUF 299). We propose that vascular plant RPs form a unique protein kinase family now designated as the DUF 299 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Chastain
- Department of Biosciences, Minnesota State University-Moorhead, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA.
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Burnell JN, Chastain CJ. Cloning and expression of maize-leaf pyruvate, Pi dikinase regulatory protein gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:675-80. [PMID: 16696949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; E.C. 2.7.9.1) catalyzes the synthesis of the primary inorganic carbon acceptor, phosphoenolpyruvate in the C4 photosynthetic pathway and is reversibly regulated by light. PPDK regulatory protein (RP), a bifunctional serine/threonine kinase-phosphatase, catalyzes both the ADP-dependent inactivation and the Pi-dependent activation of PPDK. Attempts to clone the RP have to date proven unsuccessful. A bioinformatics approach was taken to identify the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the protein. Based on previously established characteristics including molecular mass, known inter- and intracellular location, functionality, and low level of expression, available databases were interrogated to ultimately identify a single candidate gene. In this paper, we describe the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of this gene and establish its identity as maize PPDK RP by in vitro analysis of its catalytic properties via the cloning and expression of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim N Burnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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10
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Slamovits CH, Keeling PJ. Pyruvate-phosphate dikinase of oxymonads and parabasalia and the evolution of pyrophosphate-dependent glycolysis in anaerobic eukaryotes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:148-54. [PMID: 16400177 PMCID: PMC1360263 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.1.148-154.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In pyrophosphate-dependent glycolysis, the ATP/ADP-dependent enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase are replaced by the pyrophosphate-dependent PFK and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), respectively. This variant of glycolysis is widespread among bacteria, but it also occurs in a few parasitic anaerobic eukaryotes such as Giardia and Entamoeba spp. We sequenced two genes for PPDK from the amitochondriate oxymonad Streblomastix strix and found evidence for PPDK in Trichomonas vaginalis and other parabasalia, where this enzyme was thought to be absent. The Streblomastix and Giardia genes may be related to one another, but those of Entamoeba and perhaps Trichomonas are distinct and more closely related to bacterial homologues. These findings suggest that pyrophosphate-dependent glycolysis is more widespread in eukaryotes than previously thought, enzymes from the pathway coexists with ATP-dependent more often than previously thought and may be spread by lateral transfer of genes for pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio H Slamovits
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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Piserchio A, Prado GN, Zhang R, Yu J, Taylor L, Polgar P, Mierke DF. Structural insight into the role of the second intracellular loop of the bradykinin 2 receptor in signaling and internalization. Biopolymers 2002; 63:239-46. [PMID: 11807751 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The second cytoplasmic loop (IC2) of the bradykinin B2 receptor plays a vital role in its dynamic life cycle including the activation, internalization, desensitization, and resensitization of this receptor. Here, we probe the structure and function of the IC2, with particular emphasis on threonine-137, which is crucial for signal transduction and internalization. Mutation of this threonine to proline (T137P) produces wild type (WT) signaling and complete inhibition of internalization. Incorporation of aspartate (T137D) leads to a marked reduction in receptor signaling but with WT receptor uptake. The T137D mutation coupled with serine to alanine substitution of S335 and S341 within the distal C-terminus recovers signaling, leading to an actually enhanced arachidonic acid release and phosphoinositide turnover compared to WT bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R). To provide a structural basis for the actions of this mutant, the conformational features of IC2 (both WT and mutant) were investigated by high-resolution NMR. The NMR analysis illustrated two prominent alpha-helices at the N- (L123-M138) and C-termini (A149-I156) of the IC2 receptor domain. Incorporating these structural characteristics into a model of BKB2R, we determined that the entire N-terminal helix of IC2 is incorporated as TM3, placing Y131 1.5 helical turns into TM3 and T137 at the membrane surface. The NMR data indicated no structural changes upon substitution of T137D. These results suggest that the altered signaling of the T137D mutant can be attributed to the introduction of a negative charge, indicating that phosphorylation of this residue takes place and participates in the life cycle of this receptor. Additionally, the return to WT signal capacity of the mutation T137D/S335A/S341A, to overcome the deleterious T137D substitution points to a functional interaction between the IC2 and the C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piserchio
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Chastain CJ, Fries JP, Vogel JA, Randklev CL, Vossen AP, Dittmer SK, Watkins EE, Fiedler LJ, Wacker SA, Meinhover KC, Sarath G, Chollet R. Pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase in leaves and chloroplasts of C(3) plants undergoes light-/dark-induced reversible phosphorylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 128:1368-78. [PMID: 11950985 PMCID: PMC154264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2001] [Revised: 10/22/2001] [Accepted: 12/22/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate,orthophosphate (Pi) dikinase (PPDK) is best recognized as a chloroplastic C(4) cycle enzyme. As one of the key regulatory foci for controlling flux through this photosynthetic pathway, it is strictly and reversibly regulated by light. This light/dark modulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the active-site domain by the PPDK regulatory protein (RP), a bifunctional protein kinase/phosphatase. PPDK is also present in C(3) plants, although it has no known photosynthetic function. Nevertheless, in this report we show that C(3) PPDK in leaves of several angiosperms and in isolated intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts undergoes light-/dark-induced changes in phosphorylation state in a manner similar to C(4) dikinase. In addition, the kinetics of this process closely resemble the reversible C(4) process, with light-induced dephosphorylation occurring rapidly (< or =15 min) and dark-induced phosphorylation occurring much more slowly (> or =30-60 min). In intact spinach chloroplasts, light-induced dephosphorylation of C(3) PPDK was shown to be dependent on exogenous Pi and photosystem II activity but independent of electron transfer from photosystem I. These in organello results implicate a role for stromal pools of Pi and adenylates in regulating the reversible phosphorylation of C(3)-PPDK. Last, we used an in vitro RP assay to directly demonstrate ADP-dependent PPDK phosphorylation in desalted leaf extracts of the C(3) plants Vicia faba and rice (Oryza sativa). We conclude that an RP-like activity mediates the light/dark modulation of PPDK phosphorylation state in C(3) leaves and chloroplasts and likely represents the ancestral isoform of this unusual and key C(4) pathway regulatory "converter" enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Chastain
- Department of Biology, Minnesota State University, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA.
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Abstract
We have cloned and characterised a gene that encodes a putative pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) from Trypanosoma cruzi, an enzyme that catalyses the reversible conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. PPDK is absent in mammalian cells, but has been found in a wide variety of other organisms, including plants and bacteria. In T. cruzi, two genes (PPDK1 and PPDK2) are present in a tandem array localised on a 1 Mbp chromosome. Northern and Western blot analyses indicates that PPDK is expressed as a 100-kDa protein in epimastigote, amastigote and trypomastigote forms. PPDK1 and PPDK2 encode an identical protein of 100.8 kDa with a C-terminal extension ending with the sequence AKL, a signal for glycosomal import. Both T. cruzi and T. brucei enzymes possess a 23-residue insertion, that is absent in other PPDKs. A three-dimensional alignment with the crystal structure of the enzyme from Clostridium symbiosum predicts that this insertion is located on the surface of the nucleotide-binding domain. Phylogenetic studies indicate that bacterial and protist PPDKs cluster as a separate group from those of plants. The evolutionary implications and possible role of this enzyme in T. cruzi is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Catalytic Domain
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase/chemistry
- Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase/genetics
- Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology
- Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics
- Trypanosoma cruzi/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Maldonado
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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14
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Chastain CJ, Botschner M, Harrington GE, Thompson BJ, Mills SE, Sarath G, Chollet R. Further analysis of maize C(4) pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase phosphorylation by its bifunctional regulatory protein using selective substitutions of the regulatory Thr-456 and catalytic His-458 residues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 375:165-70. [PMID: 10683263 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In C(4) plants such as maize, pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyzes the regeneration of the initial carboxylation substrate during C(4) photosynthesis. The primary catalytic residue, His-458 (maize C(4) PPDK), is involved in the ultimate transfer of the beta-phosphate from ATP to pyruvate. C(4) PPDK activity undergoes light-dark regulation in vivo by reversible phosphorylation of a nearby active-site residue (Thr-456) by a single bifunctional regulatory protein (RP). Using site-directed mutagenesis of maize recombinant C(4) dikinase, we made substitutions at the catalytic His residue (H458N) and at this regulatory target Thr (T456E, T456Y, T456F). Each of these affinity-purified mutant enzymes was assayed for changes in dikinase activity. As expected, substituting His-458 with Asn results in a catalytically incompetent enzyme. Substitutions of the Thr-456 residue with Tyr and Phe reduced activity by about 94 and 99%, respectively. Insertion of Glu at this position completely abolished activity, presumably by the introduction of negative charge proximal to the catalytic His. Furthermore, neither the T456Y nor inactive H458N mutant enzyme was phosphorylated in vitro by RP. The inability of the former to serve as a phosphorylation substrate indicates that RP is functionally a member of the Ser/Thr family of protein kinases rather than a "dual-specificity" Ser-Thr/Tyr kinase, since our previous work showed that RP effectively phosphorylated Ser inserted at position 456. The inability of RP to phosphorylate its native target Thr residue when Asn is substituted for His-458 documents that RP requires the His-P catalytic intermediate form of PPDK as its protein substrate. For these latter studies, synthetic phosphopeptide-directed antibodies specific for the Thr(456)-P form of maize C(4) PPDK were developed and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Chastain
- Department of Biology, Moorhead State University, Moorhead, Minnesota, 56563, USA.
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15
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Bischoff KM, Kennelly PJ. "In-gel" assay for identifying alternative nucleotide substrates for protein kinases. Anal Biochem 1999; 271:199-202. [PMID: 10419640 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Bischoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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16
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Abstract
C4 plants, including maize, Flaveria, amaranth, sorghum, and an amphibious sedge Eleocharis vivipara, have been employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control C4 photosynthesis gene expression. Current evidence suggests that pre-existing genes were recruited for the C4 pathway after acquiring potent and surprisingly diverse regulatory elements. This review emphasizes recent advances in our understanding of the creation of C4 genes, the activities of the C4 gene promoters consisting of synergistic and combinatorial enhancers and silencers, the use of 5' and 3' untranslated regions for transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, and the function of novel transcription factors. The research has also revealed new insights into unique or universal mechanisms underlying cell-type specificity, coordinate nuclear-chloroplast actions, hormonal, metabolic, stress and light responses, and the control of enzymatic activities by phosphorylation and reductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; e-mail:
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