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Zheng K, Zhang R, Wan Q, Zhang G, Lu Y, Zheng H, Yan F, Peng J, Wu J. Pepper mild mottle virus can infect and traffick within Nicotiana benthamiana plants in non-virion forms. Virology 2023; 587:109881. [PMID: 37703796 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Virions are responsible for the long-distance transport of many viruses, such as Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Emerging evidence indicates viral traffic in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP), yet comprehensive analysis is scarce. In this study, we inoculated plants with PMMoV-GFP, both with and without the coding sequence for the coat protein (CP). PMMoV-GFP was detected in systemic leaves, even in the absence of the CP, despite the presence of much smaller infection areas. Moreover, using leaf extracts from PMMoV-infected plants to perform a root-irrigation experiment, we confirmed that PMMoV can infect plants through root transmission. Diluting the leaf extracts significantly diminished infectivity, and attempts to compensate for the dilution of other components by adding virions above the original level proved ineffective. Our findings strongly indicate that PMMoV can infect and traffick within plants in non-virion forms. Future studies should aim to identify the specific forms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruihao Zhang
- Horticulture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Wosula EN, Tatineni S, Wegulo SN, Hein GL. Effect of Temperature on Wheat Streak Mosaic Disease Development in Winter Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:324-330. [PMID: 30681928 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-16-1053-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the key factors that influence viral disease development in plants. In this study, temperature effect on Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) replication and in planta movement was determined using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged virus in two winter wheat cultivars. Virus-inoculated plants were first incubated at 10, 15, 20, and 25°C for 21 days, followed by 27°C for 14 days; and, in a second experiment, virus-inoculated plants were initially incubated at 27°C for 3 days, followed by 10, 15, 20, and 25°C for 21 days. In the first experiment, WSMV-GFP in susceptible 'Tomahawk' wheat at 10°C was restricted at the point of inoculation whereas, at 15°C, the virus moved systemically, accompanied with mild symptoms, and, at 20 and 25°C, WSMV elicited severe WSMV symptoms. In resistant 'Mace' wheat (PI 651043), WSMV-GFP was restricted at the point of inoculation at 10 and 15°C but, at 20 and 25°C, the virus infected systemically with no visual symptoms. Some plants that were not systemically infected at low temperatures expressed WSMV-GFP in regrowth shoots when later held at 27°C. In the second experiment, Tomahawk plants (100%) expressed systemic WSMV-GFP after 21 days at all four temperature levels; however, systemic WSMV expression in Mace was delayed at the lower temperatures. These results indicate that temperature played an important role in WSMV replication, movement, and symptom development in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. This study also demonstrates that suboptimal temperatures impair WSMV movement but the virus rapidly begins to replicate and spread in planta under optimal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Wosula
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - S Tatineni
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - S N Wegulo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - G L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Zhao J, Liu Q, Zhang H, Jia Q, Hong Y, Liu Y. The rubisco small subunit is involved in tobamovirus movement and Tm-2²-mediated extreme resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:374-83. [PMID: 23148080 PMCID: PMC3532268 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.209213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional movement protein (MP) of Tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) is involved in viral cell-to-cell movement, symptom development, and resistance gene recognition. However, it remains to be elucidated how ToMV MP plays such diverse roles in plants. Here, we show that ToMV MP interacts with the Rubisco small subunit (RbCS) of Nicotiana benthamiana in vitro and in vivo. In susceptible N. benthamiana plants, silencing of NbRbCS enabled ToMV to induce necrosis in inoculated leaves, thus enhancing virus local infectivity. However, the development of systemic viral symptoms was delayed. In transgenic N. benthamiana plants harboring Tobacco mosaic virus resistance-2² (Tm-2²), which mediates extreme resistance to ToMV, silencing of NbRbCS compromised Tm-2²-dependent resistance. ToMV was able to establish efficient local infection but was not able to move systemically. These findings suggest that NbRbCS plays a vital role in tobamovirus movement and plant antiviral defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.Z., Q.L., H.Z., Q.J., Y.L.); and Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.)
| | | | - Haili Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.Z., Q.L., H.Z., Q.J., Y.L.); and Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.)
| | - Qi Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.Z., Q.L., H.Z., Q.J., Y.L.); and Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.Z., Q.L., H.Z., Q.J., Y.L.); and Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.Z., Q.L., H.Z., Q.J., Y.L.); and Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.)
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Moreno IM, Thompson JR, García-Arenal F. Analysis of the systemic colonization of cucumber plants by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:749-759. [PMID: 14993661 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic movement of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in cucumber plants was shown to be from photoassimilate source to sink, thus indicating phloem transport. Nevertheless, CGMMV was not detected by immunocytochemical procedures in the intermediary cell-sieve element complex in inoculated cotyledons, where photoassimilate loading occurs. In stem internodes, CGMMV was first localized in the companion cells of the external phloem and subsequently in all tissues except the medulla, therefore suggesting leakage of the virus from, and reloading into, the transport phloem during systemic movement. In systemically infected sink leaves, CGMMV was simultaneously detected in the xylem and phloem. Interestingly, CGMMV accumulated to high levels in the differentiating tracheids of young leaves implying that the xylem could be involved in the systemic movement of CGMMV. This possibility was tested using plants in which cell death was induced in a portion of the stem by steam treatment. At 24 degrees C, steam treatment effectively prevented the systemic movement of CGMMV, even though viral RNA was detected in washes of the xylem above the steamed internode suggesting that xylem circulation occurred. At 29 degrees C, CGMMV systemically infected steam-treated cucumber plants, indicating that CGMMV can move systemically via the xylem. Xylem transport of CGMMV was, however, less efficient than phloem transport in terms of the time required for systemic infection and the percentage of plants infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Moreno
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Thompson
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F García-Arenal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Culver JN. Tobacco mosaic virus assembly and disassembly: determinants in pathogenicity and resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 40:287-308. [PMID: 12147762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120301.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural proteins of plant viruses have evolved to self-associate into complex macromolecules that are centrally involved in virus biology. In this review, the structural and biophysical properties of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) are addressed in relation to its role in host resistance and disease development. TMV CP affects the display of several specific virus and host responses, including cross-protection, systemic virus movement, hypersensitive disease resistance, and symptom development. Studies indicate that the three-dimensional structure of CP is critical to the control of these responses, either directly through specific structural motifs or indirectly via alterations in CP assembly. Thus, both the structure and assembly of the TMV CP function as determinants in the induction of disease and resistance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Culver
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA.
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