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Sparatore F, Sparatore A. 3,3-Disubstituted 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Affinity to Sigma Receptors. Molecules 2023; 29:132. [PMID: 38202715 PMCID: PMC10780181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
By reducing the 2-nitrophenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone with sodium dithionite, an unexpected yellow compound was obtained instead of the corresponding colorless amino derivative. Many years later, the structure of this compound, namely, cyclohexane-3-spiro-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine, was demonstrated. From that time, the reduction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of different kinds of ketones, followed by air oxidation of the initially formed amino compounds, has represented a general way to synthesize a variety of 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines. Many derivatives have been obtained so far by a single research group, and most of them have demonstrated interesting pharmacological activities, mainly antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects and other activities with lower diffusion. Moreover, 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines represent a novel class of ligands for sigma receptors, with nanomolar affinity to the σ1 subtype. This property might promote the development of agents for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and proliferative pathologies. The present commentary, by collecting compounds and biological results obtained so far, intends to celebrate the centennial of the discovery of the first member of this class of compounds and to promote further investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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General methodology for the chemoselective N-alkylation of (2,2,6,6)-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol: Contribution of microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ghandi M, Sherafat F, Sadeghzadeh M, Alirezapour B. One-pot synthesis and sigma receptor binding studies of novel spirocyclic-2,6-diketopiperazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2676-9. [PMID: 27090556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
New spirocyclic-2,6-diketopiperazine derivatives containing benzylpiperidine and cycloalkane moieties were synthesized by a one-pot two-step sequential Ugi/intramolecular N-amidation process in moderate to good yields. The in vitro ligand-binding profile studies performed on the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors revealed that the σ1 affinities and subtype selectivities of three spirocyclic piperidine derivatives are generally comparable to those of spirocycloalkane analogues. Compared to the low σ1 affinities obtained for cycloalkyl-substituted spirocyclic-2,6-diketopiperazines with n=2, those with n=1 proved to have optimal fitting with σ2 subtype by exhibiting higher affinities. Moreover, the best binding affinity and subtype selectivity was identified for compound 3c with Kiσ1=5.9±0.5nM and Kiσ2=563±21nM as well as 95-fold σ1/σ2 selectivity ratio, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghandi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155 6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sherafat
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155 6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), PO Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Alirezapour
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), PO Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
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Jovené C, Jacquet M, Marrot J, Bourdreux F, Kletsky ME, Burov ON, Gonçalves AM, Goumont R. Revisiting the Synthesis of 4,6-Difluorobenzofuroxan: A Study of Its Reactivity and Access to Fluorinated Quinoxaline Oxides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cortés E, Méndez L, Mata EG, Abonia R, Quiroga J, Insuasty B. Synthesis of 3-aryl-1,2,4-benzotriazines via intramolecular cyclization of solid-supported o-hydrazidoanilines. Mol Divers 2012; 16:839-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tonelli M, Vazzana I, Tasso B, Boido V, Sparatore F, Fermeglia M, Paneni MS, Posocco P, Pricl S, Colla PL, Ibba C, Secci B, Collu G, Loddo R. Antiviral and cytotoxic activities of aminoarylazo compounds and aryltriazene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4425-40. [PMID: 19482481 PMCID: PMC7127694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Twelve aminoarylazocompounds (A-C) and 46 aryltriazene 7 derivatives (D-G) have been synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a panel of 10 RNA and DNA viruses. Eight aminoazocompounds and 27 aryltriazene derivatives exhibited antiviral activity, sometimes of high level, against one or more viruses. A marked activity against BVDV and YFV was prevailing among the former compounds, while the latter type of compounds affected mainly CVB-2 and RSV. None of the active compounds inhibited the multiplication of HIV-1, VSV and VV. Arranged in order of decreasing potency and selectivity versus the host cell lines, the best compounds are the following; BVDV: 1>7>8>4; YFV: 7>5; CVB-2: 25>56>18; RSV: 14>20>55>38>18>19; HSV-1: 2. For these compounds the EC(50) ranged from 1.6 microM (1) to 12 microM (18), and the S. I. from 19.4 (1) to 4.2 (2). Thus the aminoarylazo and aryltriazene substructures appear as interesting molecular component for developing antiviral agents against ss RNA viruses, particularly against RSV and BVDV, which are important human and veterinary pathogens. Finally, molecular modeling investigations indicated that compounds of structure A-C, active against BVDV, could work targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), having been observed a good agreement between the trends of the estimated IC(50) and the experimental EC(50) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Iana Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Vito Boido
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dell’Ambiente e delle Materie prime, Università di Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Paneni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dell’Ambiente e delle Materie prime, Università di Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Posocco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dell’Ambiente e delle Materie prime, Università di Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dell’Ambiente e delle Materie prime, Università di Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, Km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Cristina Ibba
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, Km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Barbara Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, Km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Gabriella Collu
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, Km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Roberta Loddo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, Km 4.500, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
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Tonelli M, Boido V, Canu C, Sparatore A, Sparatore F, Paneni MS, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, La Colla P, Casula L, Ibba C, Collu D, Loddo R. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic arylazoenamines. Part III: antiviral activity of selected classes of arylazoenamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8447-65. [PMID: 18760610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-five arylazoenamines, characterized by different types of aryl and basic moieties, have been synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a panel of ten RNA and DNA viruses. The most commonly affected viruses were, in decreasing order, CVB-2, RSV, BVDV, YFV, and Sb-1; the remaining viruses were either not affected (HIV-1, VSV, and VV) or susceptible only to a very few compounds (Reo-1 and HSV-1). Thirty-five compounds exhibited high activity, with EC(50) in the range 0.8-10 microM, and other 28 compounds had EC(50) between 11 and 30 microM, thus indicating that the arylazoenamine molecular pattern is an interesting novel pharmacophore for antiviral agents against ssRNA viruses. Moreover, some compounds (as 28, 32, 42, and 53) appear of high interest, being devoid of toxicity on the human MT-4 cells (CC(50)>100 microM). A ligand-based computational approach was employed to identify highly predictive pharmacophore models for the most frequently affected viruses CVB-2, RSV, and BVDV. These models should allow the design of second generation of more potent inhibitors of these human and veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Willand N, Folléas B, Boutillon C, Verbraeken L, Gesquière JC, Tartar A, Deprez B. Efficient, two-step synthesis of N-substituted nortropinone derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Corbera J, Vaño D, Martínez D, Vela JM, Zamanillo D, Dordal A, Andreu F, Hernandez E, Perez R, Escriche M, Salgado L, Yeste S, Serafini MT, Pascual R, Alegre J, Calvet MC, Cano N, Carro M, Buschmann H, Holenz J. A Medicinal-Chemistry-Guided Approach to Selective and Druglike Sigma 1 Ligands. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:140-54. [PMID: 16892345 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on a medicinal-chemistry-guided approach, three novel series of druglike cycloalkyl-annelated pyrazoles were synthesized and display high affinity (pKi>8) for the sigma1 receptor. Structure-affinity relationships were established, and the different scaffolds were optimized with respect to sigma1 binding and selectivity versus the sigma2 receptor and the hERG channel, resulting in selective compounds that have Ki values (for sigma1) in the subnanomolar range. Selected compounds were screened for cytochrome P450 inhibition (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4), metabolic stability (rat and human liver microsomes), and cell-membrane permeability (Caco-2). They showed favorable in vitro ADME properties as well as favorable calculated druglike and experimental physicochemical properties. Furthermore, compounds 7 f and 17 a, for example, displayed high selectivity (affinity) for the sigma1 receptor against a wide range of other receptors (>60). With these valuable tool compounds in hand, we are further exploring the role of the sigma1 receptor in relevant animal models corresponding to such medicinal indications as drug abuse, pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Corbera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratorios Dr. Esteve S.A. Av. Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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Christoffers J, Scharl H, Frey W, Baro A. Transformation of an optically active decahydro-6-isoquinolone scaffold: perfect Felkin-Anh diastereoselectivity. Org Lett 2004; 6:1171-3. [PMID: 15040750 DOI: 10.1021/ol049831q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure decahydro-6-isoquinolone derivative 7 (>99% de, 97% ee) was obtained from the Michael addition product 3. Interestingly, aldehyde 7 reacted with a number of different Grignard reagents to give the secondary alcohols 9 in good yields as single diastereomers. This result can be explained by taking the Felkin-Anh model into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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